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ZEKÂİ DEDE Skip to content (ö. 1897)
Türk mûsikisi bestekârı ve mûsiki hocası.
Mehmed Zekâi Dede 1240 (1824-25) yılında İstanbul Eyüp’te Cedîd Ali Paşa mahallesinde doğdu. Babası Cedîd Ali Paşa Camii imamı hâfız Süleyman Hikmetî Efendi, annesi Zînetî Hanım’dır. İlk eğitimini Lâlîzâde Seyyid Abdülbâki Efendi İbtidâî Mektebi’nde yaptıktan sonra amcası hâfız İbrahim Zühdî Efendi’nin yanında hıfza başladı, bir taraftan da babasının hat derslerine devam etti. On dokuz yaşında hâfızlığını bitirdiğinde babasından da hat icâzeti aldı. Ayrıca Balçıklı Hoca Ali Efendi’den Arapça ve mantık okuduğu sırada Hamâmîzâde İsmâil Dede Efendi’nin talebelerinden Eyyûbî Şâhinbeyzâde Mehmed Bey’den ilk mûsiki derslerini alarak meşke başladı. Bu arada Mısırlı Mustafa Fâzıl Bey’in (Paşa) Eyüp Bahariye’deki konağına mûsiki muallimi oldu ve 7 Haziran 1845’te onunla birlikte Mısır’a gitti. Bir ara İstanbul’a geldiyse de (1851) tekrar Mısır’a döndü. Mustafa Fâzıl Bey’in Mart 1858’de İstanbul’a gelmesinin ardından ölümüne kadar (1875) maiyetinden hiç ayrılmadı.
1864’te babasının hacda vefatı üzerine onun imâmet görevi kendisine intikal etti. Bunun yanında, Eyüp’teki Mihrişah Vâlide Sultan ve Şah Sultan ibtidâî mekteplerinin sülüs ve nesih hattı muallimliğiyle görevlendirildi ve hayatının sonuna kadar bu göreve devam etti. Aynı yıl Yenikapı Mevlevîhânesi postnişini Osman Selâhaddin Dede tarafından sikkesi “tekbirlendi”; 4 Mayıs 1868’de seyrüsülûkünü tamamlayıp Mevlevî oldu. Mustafa Fâzıl Paşa’nın ölümüyle büyük bir sarsıntı geçiren Zekâi Dede, 1876’da Dârüşşafaka Mektebi’nde fahrî olarak başlayıp 1883’te asalete geçtiği mûsiki muallimliğiyle, 18 Haziran 1885’te Bahariye Mevlevîhânesi kudümzenbaşısı Ârif Dede’nin ölümünün ardından getirildiği kudümzenbaşılık görevini de vefatına kadar sürdürdü. Zekâi Dede’ye “dedelik” unvanının tarikat çilesini doldurmadan kudümzenbaşılık dolayısıyla verildiği de burada özellikle belirtilmelidir. Zekâi Dede 24 Kasım 1897 tarihinde vefat etti, ertesi gün Eyüp Sultan Camii’nde kılınan cenaze namazından sonra Eyüp Gümüşsuyu’ndaki Kâşgarî Dergâhı civarında bulunan aile mezarlığına defnedildi. Talebelerinden Ahmet Avni Konuk onun vefatı üzerine yazdığı, “Ey bülbül-i hoş-nevâ hâmûş ol” mısraıyla başlayan manzumesini sûzidil makamında ve kâr formunda bestelemiştir. Zekâi Dede’nin oğlu Ahmet Irsoy (ö. 1943) son dönemin önemli mûsikişinaslarındandır.
Dinî ve din dışı mûsiki sahalarında bestelediği pek çok eserle Türk mûsikisi bestekârları arasında önemli bir yer edinen Zekâi Dede, yetiştirdiği talebeler vasıtasıyla zengin bir repertuvarın günümüze ulaşmasında köprü vazifesi görmüştür. Mûsikiye dair ilk derslerinin ardından bir yıl içerisinde on civarında fasıl geçmesinin yanı sıra bazı şarkı ve ilâhiler bestelemeye başlamıştır. Bu arada hat derslerini de ihmal etmemiş, bir yıl kadar Kazasker Mustafa İzzet Efendi’den sülüs ve nesih meşketmiş, bu hocasının delâletiyle Hamâmîzâde İsmâil Dede’den mûsiki dersleri almıştır. Onun İsmâil Dede’den meşkettiği ilk eser Rauf Yektâ Bey’in ifadesine göre (Esâtîz-i Elhân , s. 14) Zaharya’nın segâh makamındaki, “Çeşm-i meygûnun ki bezm-i meyde cânan döndürür” mısraıyla başlayan murabbaı, Ahmet Irsoy’a göre ise (Türk Musikisi Klasiklerinden Mevlevî Âyinleri , XVI, 815) İsmâil Dede’nin hicaz makamındaki, “Ey çeşm-i âhû hicr ile tenhâlara saldın beni” mısraı ile başlayan nakış bestesidir. İsmâil Dede Efendi’den bazı fasıllar geçen Zekâi Dede onun evinde tanıştığı Dellâlzâde İsmâil Efendi ve Sermüezzin Rifat Bey’den de faydalanmış, Kahire’de bulunduğu sırada ünlü müzisyen Şeyh Muhammed Şehâbeddin ile görüşerek ondan Arap mûsikisinin özelliklerini öğrenme imkânı bulmuştur. Dinî mûsikinin şuğul formunda başarılı eserler vermesinin sebebi de bu ilgi olmalıdır.
Eserlerinde klasik üslûbun ifade özelliklerinin kuvvetle hissedildiği Zekâi Dede Hamâmîzâde İsmâil Dede Efendi’den sonra XIX. yüzyılın en büyük bestekârı kabul edilir. İsmâil Dede Efendi’ye aynı zamanlarda talebelik yapmalarına rağmen Hacı Ârif Bey’in yeni bestekârlık anlayışından tamamen farklı bir üslûp benimseyen Zekâi Dede klasik anlayışa İsmâil Dede’den bile daha bağlı bir tavır ortaya koymuştur. Geniş bir form çerçevesinde şekillenen eserlerindeki makam zenginliği onun özelliklerindendir. Eserlerinde güfte, usul ve melodinin zevkli bir üslûpla bağdaşarak ortaya koyduğu ifade gücü hemen dikkati çeker. Hicazkâr makamına yeni bir hareket ve seyir kazandırmış, az kullanılan bazı makamların yanı sıra bûselik ve kürdî seyirle karar eden birleşik makamlardan çok sayıda beste yapmıştır. Ayrıca bayatî-bûselik makamını terkip etmiş ve râhatfezâ makamına hicaz-aşiran adını vermiştir. Sadun Aksüt, onun her usulü büyük bir başarı ile kullanmakla beraber özellikle lenk fahte usulünü hiçbir bestekârda rastlanmayacak bir mükemmeliyette kullandığını söyler. Dinî ve mistik özelliklerin ön planda tutulduğu eserlerinin toplam 500 civarında olduğu söylenirse de bunlardan ancak 300’e yakın eseri günümüze ulaşabilmiştir. İsmâil Dede’nin isteğiyle bestelediği, “Dil hasret-i vaslın ile nâlân gel efendim” mısraıyla başlayan sûzidil ağır semâisi onun bestekârlıkta ilk eseri, “Şehinşâh-ı cihân-bân-ı risâlet şâh-ı zî unvan” mısraıyla başlayan uşşak ilâhisi de son bestesidir. “Teaşşaktü bi-envârı cemâlik” (bazı eserlerde Ahmet Irsoy’un bestesi olarak kayıtlıdır) ve “Şeribtü bi-ke’si’l-ünsi” mısralarıyla başlayan hicaz; “Muhammed eşrefü’l-Arabi ve’l-Acem”, “El-hamdü li’llâhi’llezî sultânehû na‘tü’l-ezel”, “Muallâ gavs-i subhânî” mısralarıyla başlayan rast; “Şefîu’l-halkı fi’l-mahşer” mısraıyla başlayan uşşak şuğulleriyle, “Kerîmallah rahîmallah”, “Durmaz yanar vücudum” mısralarıyla başlayan acem-aşiran; “Sâlike olmaz ayân ilm-i hakîkat miftâh” mısraıyla başlayan sûzinak; “Ey Hudâ’dan lutf u ihsân isteyen” mısraıyla başlayan uşşak; “Tövbe edelim zenbimize” mısraıyla başlayan rast; “Yüce sultânım derde dermânım” mısraıyla başlayan sûzidil ilâhileri ve, “Yâ Resûlellah şefâat eyle Allah aşkına” mısraıyla başlayan rast; “Bir muazzam pâdişahsın ki kulundur cümle şâh” mısraıyla başlayan şevkutarab tevşîhleri; hisar-bûselik, şehnaz-bûselik ve hicazkâr fasıllarının yanı sıra, “Bin cefâ görsem ey sanem senden” mısraıyla başlayan acem-aşiran, “Söyletme beni cânım efendim kederim var” mısraıyla başlayan ferahnâk besteleri; “Yine bağlandı dil bir nev-nihâle” mısraıyla başlayan nevâ, “Gönlüm hevesi zülf-i siyehkâra düşürdüm” mısraıyla başlayan hisar-bûselik ve, “Cemâlin şem‘ine pervâne gönlüm” mısraıyla başlayan hüseynî-aşiran şarkıları onun eserlerinden bazılarıdır. Tesbit edilebilen din dışı formdaki 131 eserinden kâr-ı nâtık, beste ve semâiler çoğunlukta olup sadece yirmi yedi tanesi şarkıdır.
Dinî mûsiki tarihinin önde gelen birkaç simasından biri olan Zekâi Dede’nin âyin, durak, tevşîh, mersiye, tesbih, şuğul, na‘t ve ilâhi formlarında bestelediği eserlerinin sayısı toplam eserlerinin yarısından fazladır. Dinî eserlerinin büyük çoğunluğu ilâhi ve şuğul formlarında olup bunlar arasında bazı mektep ilâhileri de bulunmaktadır. Zekâi Dede, bestelediği beş Mevlevî âyiniyle Mevlevî mûsikisi repertuvarına hocası İsmâil Dede Efendi’den sonra en çok âyin kazandıran bestekâr olmuştur. 1870’te Mustafa Fâzıl Paşa’nın isteğiyle bestelediği sûzidil âyini ancak 1892’de Bahariye Mevlevîhânesi’nde mukabele edilebilmiştir. Daha sonra iki yıl içerisinde dört âyin bestelemiştir. Bunlardan ilki olan mâye âyini 30 Ocak 1884’te Yenikapı, bir hafta sonra da Bahariye Mevlevîhânesi’nde, Yenikapı Mevlevîhânesi şeyhi Osman Selâhaddin Dede’nin arzusuyla bestelediği ısfahan âyini de 26 Ocak 1885’te Yenikapı Mevlevîhânesi’nde okunmuştur. Sözleri Arapça olan sûzinak âyini 14 Eylül 1885 tarihinde Yenikapı Mevlevîhânesi’nde, Bahariye Mevlevîhânesi şeyhi Hüseyin Fahreddin Dede’nin kısa bir âyin bestelemesini rica etmesi üzerine bestelediği sabâ-zemzeme âyini de 23 Aralık 1885’te Bahariye Mevlevîhânesi’nde mukabele edilmiştir. Zekâi Dede, Mevlevîliğe intisap ettikten sonra her hafta pazartesi ve perşembe günleri Yenikapı Mevlevîhânesi’nde âyinhanlar arasında âyine katılırdı. Birçok eserini Eyüp’teki evi ile Dârüşşafaka Mektebi arasında yürüdüğü zamanlarda bestelediğini oğlu Ahmet Irsoy ifade eder. Bu sebeple Zekâi Dede çok kısa süre içerisinde eser bestelemesiyle tanınmıştır. Onun alışveriş sırasında bile eser bestelediği anlatılır. Sadettin Heper hocası Ahmet Irsoy’dan naklen, Zekâi Dede’nin bir defasında evi ile Bahariye Mevlevîhânesi arasındaki on dakikalık süre içerisinde darb-ı fetih gibi seksen sekiz zamanlı büyük bir usulde bir eser bestelediğini söyler.
Zekâi Dede Türk mûsikisi tarihinde “hoca” unvanı ile anılan pek az kişiden biridir ve en önemli özelliklerinden biri mûsiki hocalığıdır. Onun bilhassa Dârüşşafaka’daki meşkleri çok önemlidir. Aynı zamanda iyi bir neyzen ve hânende olan Zekâi Dede’nin hâfızasında seksen civarında faslın da içerisinde yer aldığı 2000’in üzerinde eser bulunduğu kaydedilir. Dârüşşafaka’daki talebelerinden mûsikiye kabiliyetli olanları özel meşk halkasına alır, onlara pazar günleri öğleden sonra Eyüp’teki Şah Sultan Tekkesi’nin hünkâr mahfilinde, salı akşamları da kendi evinde ders verirdi. Meşketmekten usanmaz, diğer işlerini bir yana bırakarak meşke devam eder, zaman zaman talebelerine iltifatta bulunurdu. Torunu Mehmet Münir Kökten’in meşk için kendisine getirdiği Hâfız Sâmi’nin okuyuşunu dinledikten sonra, “Oğlum, sana Cenâb-ı Hak meşketmiş, benim meşkedecek bir şeyim yok” demiş ve bu gencin geleceğini âdeta keşfetmiştir. Oğlu Hâfız Ahmet Irsoy, Ahmet Avni Konuk, Bahariye Mevlevîhânesi şeyhi Hüseyin Fahreddin Dede, Beylikçizâde Ali Aşkî Bey, Rifâî şeyhi Rızâ Efendi, M. Suphi Ezgi, Rauf Yektâ Bey, torunu Mehmet Münir Kökten, Hâfız Hayreddin Bilgen, Eğrikapılı Mehmed Efendi, Şevki Bey, Ârif Atâ Bey, Muallim Kâzım Uz, Ahmed Râsim, Hüseyin Fahreddin Tanık, Osman Şükrü Şenozan, Leon Hancıyan, Ziya Santur, Giriftzen Âsım Bey onun yetiştirdiği talebelerin en meşhurlarıdır.
Zekâi Dede, Hamparsum ve Batı notalarını bilmesine rağmen mûsiki eğitiminde klasik meşk usulünü tercih etmiştir. Dârüşşafaka’daki talebelerine özel bir yöntemle notasız ve işaretsiz bütün perdeleri anlayıp tahlil etmeyi öğretmiştir. Pek çok eseri doğrudan İsmâil Dede Efendi ile Dellâlzâde İsmâil Efendi’den meşketmiş, bunların önemli bir bölümünün gelecek nesillere aktarılmasında son kaynak olmuştur. XIX. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren notaya alınarak unutulmaktan kurtarılan pek çok dinî ve din dışı sözlü eser, onun okuduğu veya öğrencilerine öğrettiği şekilde Türk mûsikisi repertuvarına aktarılmıştır. Meşhur Said Halim Paşa koleksiyonunun büyük bir kısmı Zekâi Dede’nin okuyup Nikogos Ağa’nın da kaydetmesi suretiyle yazılmıştır. Onun klasik formdaki eserlerinden önemli bir bölümü (117 adet kâr, beste, semâi ve şarkı) Ahmet Irsoy ve M. Suphi Ezgi tarafından notaya alınarak neşredilmiştir (Türk Musikisi Klâsiklerinden Hafız M. Zekâi Dede Efendi Külliyatı , I-III, İstanbul 1940-1943). Mustafa İsmail Rızvanoğlu, Eyyûbî Mehmet Zekâî Dede (1824-1897) Hayatı ve Dinî Eserleri adıyla yüksek lisans tezi hazırlamıştır (1997, Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü).
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2013 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 44. cildinde, 195-196 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.