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ZÎC Skip to content İslâm bilimleri tarihi literatüründe astronomi cetvellerine verilen ad.
Zîc kelimesi Arapça’ya Farsça’dan geçmiştir. Farsça’da “iplik, tel, şerit” ve özellikle geometride “kiriş” anlamındadır. Arapça’da ise “yapı ustasının ipi” ve anlam genişlemesiyle “bir dokumanın eğriliğini düzelten paralel ipler dizisi” mânasında kullanılmıştır. Böylece, sayısal bir tablonun dikey hatları ile bir dokuma tezgâhında meydana gelen eğrilik arasında kurulan benzerlik neticesinde zîc kelimesi, belirli sonuçların bir çizelge biçiminde verildiği astronomik tabloları ifade etmeye başlamıştır. Kelimenin aslının Pehlevîce zîg olduğu kaydedilir. Bîrûnî ise el-Ḳānûnü’l-Mesʿûdî ’de zih kelimesinden geldiğini söyler. Zih de modern Farsça’da “kiriş” anlamındadır. E. S. Kennedy zih kelimesinin de “zîg”den türediğini belirtir (Transactions , XLVI/2 [1956], s. 123-124). Seyyid Hüseyin Nasr zîc sözcüğünün Arapça’ya Pehlevîce’den, bu dile de Sanskritçe’den girdiğini kaydeder. Ona göre anlamı “düz çizgiler”dir ve kelime sözlükte “sürülen tarlada oluşan çizgiler” mânasına gelir. Sonraları bu çizgiler, muhtemelen astronomi eserlerinde gözlem sonuçlarının bir çizelge biçiminde verilmesini hatırlattığından bu anlamda kullanılmaya başlanmıştır (İslâm ve İlim , s. 98, dipnot 11). Yunanca kanon (κανών) kelimesinin anlamı zîce çok yakındır. Bu sözcük Arapça’ya “kānûn” şeklinde geçmiş, iki kelime bazan aynı anlamda kullanılmıştır. Meselâ İskenderiyeli Theon’un Handy Tables ’ı Zîc-i Sâvün (Seyûn ) ya da el-Ḳānûn olarak bilinir. Yine Bîrûnî kendi zîcine el-Ḳānûnü’l-Mesʿûdî adını vermiştir.
Müslümanlar Ortaçağ’da eski uygarlıkların bilim ve felsefe mirasını benimsemeye başlamış, VIII-IX. yüzyıllarda Yunan biliminin büyük bölümünü Arapça’ya aktarıp geliştirmiştir. İslâm’ın ilk dönemlerinde Hint astronomisi İslâm astronomisinin biçimlenmesinde etkili olmuş, müslümanlar Brahmagupta’nın Siddhanta ’sı aracılığıyla Hint astronomisini tanımış ve Batlamyus’u keşfedip eserlerini Arapça’ya aktarıncaya kadar araştırmalarını bu esere dayandırmıştır. İslâm dünyasında pek çok gözlemevi kurulmuş, buralarda yapılan araştırmalarla elde edilen değerler Batlamyus’un değerleriyle karşılaştırılmış, düzeltilmesi gerekenler düzeltilmeye çalışılmış ve pek çok katalog hazırlanmıştır. Resmî birer kurum şeklinde ilk defa İslâm dünyasında ortaya çıkan ve büyük kısmı hükümdarlar tarafından tesis edilen gözlemevlerinde düzenli ve devamlı gözlemler yapılmış, eski astronomik cetveller düzeltilip daha mükemmelleri düzenlenmiştir. Gözlemevlerinde gerçekleştirilen gözlem sonuçlarının tablolar halinde gösterildiği kataloglara zîc deniliyordu. Zîcler bu tabloların yanı sıra dönemlerindeki trigonometriye, küresel astronomiye, takvim çeşitlerine, takvim yapımına, izdüşüm yöntemlerine, gözlem aletlerinin yapımı ve kullanımına, astrolojiye ve ibadet vakitlerinin belirlenmesine ilişkin bilgileri de kapsamaktaydı. İslâm rasathânelerindeki gözlemlerin kaydedildiği ilk zîcler Hint-İran astronomi geleneğiyle yazılmıştır. Bu zîclerde 117 (735) yılında Sanskritçe’den Arapça’ya çevrilen Zîc-i Erkend ’in etkisi vardır. Aynı etki 175’te (791-92) Arapça’ya tercüme edilen Zîc-i Şehriyâr ve 154 (771) yahut 156’da (773) Bağdat’a getirilen Zîc-i Sindhind ’le sürmüştür. IX. yüzyılın başlarında Batlamyus’un zîci Almagest ’in (el-Mecisṭî ) Arapça’ya tercüme edilmesiyle Grek etkisi başlamış, İslâm astronomları Batlamyus’un kuramını benimseyip ona göre gözlemler yapmış, birçok yeni zîc oluşturmuş ve Almagest ’in muhtelif tercümeleri üzerine birçok şerh, yorum, ta‘lîkāt ve tashih yazarak astronomi ilminin gelişmesine katkıda bulunmuştur (bk. BATLAMYUS ).
Zîclerin İçeriği. Zîclerden amaç astronomik gözlem sonuçlarının tablolar halinde kaydedilmesidir. Gözlemevlerinde gökyüzündeki yıldızları ve çıplak gözle görünen beş gezegeni (Merkür, Venüs, Mars, Jüpiter, Satürn), güneşle ayı gözlemleyen astronomlar bunların hareketlerini, konumlarını Batlamyus’un yer merkezli kuramına uygun biçimde yorumlayıp elde ettikleri verileri küresel astronominin özelliklerine göre zîclere aktarmışlardır. Bu kitaplarda genellikle şu konular yer alır: 1. Takvimler. Bütün zîclerin ilk bölümleri takvimler ve dönemlere ilişkin bilgiler içerir. Hicrî, Fârsî, yahudi, Kıptî vb. takvimler ele alınır, ayların sayısı ve isimleri, günlerin isimleri yazılır. 2. Trigonometrik tablolar. Her zîcde matematiksel fonksiyonları içeren tablolar bulunur. Bunlar sinüs (el-ceyb), tanjant (ez-zıl, ez-zıllü’l-evvel, ez-zıllü’l-ma‘kûs, ez-zıllü’l-menkūs), kotanjant (ez-zıllü’s-sânî, ez-zıllü’l-mebsût), sehm (versed sine) ve sekant (kutru’z-zıl) tablolarıdır. 3. Küresel astronomi fonksiyonları. δ1 (θ) (el-meylü’l-evvel, el-meylü’l-cüz’iyyü’l-evvel: birinci cüz’î eğim; ekvatorun kutuplarından geçen büyük daireden ekvatorla ekliptik arasında olan yaylar) ve δ2 (θ) (el-meylü’s-sânî, el-meylü’l-cüz’iyyü’s-sânî: ikinci cüz’î eğim; ekliptiğin kutuplarından geçen büyük daireden ekvatorla ekliptiğin arasında olan yaylar) değerleri verilir. Metâliu’l-bürûc (burçların doğuşu; belirli bir coğrafî bölgenin ufkundan belli bir ekliptik yayı ile aynı anda geçen ekvator yayı) ve metâli‘ (sağ açıklık, rektesansion, bahar açısı; bir gök cisminden geçen meridyen dairesinin ilkbahar noktasından -Koç noktası- geçen meridyen dairesine göre açısal uzaklığı) tabloları bu kısımda yer alır. Yine burada ta‘dîlü’n-nehâr (gündüz düzeltimi; güneşin gündüz yayının yarısının 90 dereceden -veya 6 saatten- farkı; bu farkın derece olarak karşılığı “nısfü’l-fadla” olarak adlandırılır) ve ta‘dîlü’l-eyyâm (gün düzeltimi; ortalama güneş günü ile gerçek güneş günü arasındaki fark) yer alır. 4. Güneş, ay ve gezegenlerin ortalama hareketlerine ilişkin tablolar. Burada gezegenlerin ortalama boylamları (vasat), ortalama anomalileri (el-hâssatü’l-vüstâ; episikl üzerinde ortalama apoje ve gezegenin gerçek yeri arasındaki yay), ay ve güneşin ortalama boylamları, güneş, ay ve gezegenlerin gerçek hareketlerinin hesabına dair bilgiler bulunur. 5. Gezegenlerin düzeltim değerleri. Gezegenlere ilişkin et-ta‘dîlü’l-evvel (birinci eşitleme, birinci düzeltim, anomali düzeltimi, merkez düzeltimi, et-ta‘dîlü’l-müfred; gezegenin düzensiz hareketlerini -yakınlaşıp uzaklaşması- açıklamak için taşıyıcı -hâmil, deferent- daire üzerinde bulunan episiklin merkezini, dış merkezli -eksantrik- dairenin merkezine bağlama ve bu bağlama sebebiyle oluşan açı; bir gezegenin gerçek boylamı ile ortalama boylamı arasındaki fark), et-ta‘dîlü’s-sânî (ikinci eşitleme; gezegenin düzensiz hareketlerini -geri/ileri hareketi- açıklamak amacıyla episikl üzerindeki gezegenin hareketine bağlı olan düzeltme) ve et-ta‘dîlü’s-sâlis (üçüncü eşitleme; gerçek apoje ile ortalama apoje arasındaki yay) değerleri tablolar halinde gösterilir. 6. Gezegenlerin enlemlerine ilişkin tablolar. 7. Gezegenlerin durma ve geri hareketlerine dair tablolar. 8. Gezegenlere ilişkin ihtilâfü’l-manzar (paralaks) tabloları. 9. Güneş ve ay tutulmasıyla ilgili bilgiler ve tablolar. 10. Coğrafî koordinatlar. Zîclerin çoğunda şehirlerin listesi ve diğer coğrafî bölgeler enlem ve boylamlarıyla kaydedilir. 11. Sabit yıldızların konumları. Bütün zîclerde sabit yıldızların zîcin yazıldığı zamana ait ekvator ve ekliptik koordinatları bulunur. 12. Astrolojik hesaplar. Zîcler astrolojik hesaplar ve tablolar da ihtiva eder.
Önemli Zîcler. İslâm dünyasında pek çok zîc kaleme alınmıştır. XIII. yüzyıl astronomlarından Muhammed b. Ebû Bekir el-Fârisî kendi zamanına kadar yazılmış olan yirmi sekiz zîcden söz eder. XVI. yüzyıl ansiklopedistlerinden Ebü’l-Fazl el-Allâmî, Âyîn-i Ekberî ’de seksen altı zîcin adını verir. Ünlü bilim tarihçisi E. S. Kennedy 1956’da yayımlanan çalışmasında 125 zîcden bahseder. İslâm dünyasında IX-XIX. yüzyıllar arasında 200’ün üzerinde zîcin yazıldığı bilinmekteyse de bunların çoğu kayıptır. Bu zîclerin büyük kısmı belli bir bölgeye göre, bazı önemli zîcler ise belli bir astronomik program içerisinde kaleme alınmıştır; dolayısıyla bazılarında ayrıntılı astronomik ve matematiksel açıklamalar bulunmaktadır. Belli başlı zîcler şöylece sıralanabilir: 1. Kitâbü’z-Zîc ʿalâ sini’l-ʿArab (Muhammed b. İbrâhim el-Fezârî), Bağdat’ta yapılan gözlemlerle 174 (790) yılında hazırlanmıştır. 2. ez-Zîcü’l-müştemil (Ahmed b. Muhammed en-Nihâvendî). Cündişâpûr’da yapılan gözlemlerle 790’larda düzenlenmiştir. 3. ez-Zîcü’l-mümteḥan (Yahyâ b. Ebû Mansûr). Şemmâsiye Gözlemevi’nde 830’larda gerçekleştirilen gözlemleri kapsar. 4. Zîcü’s-Sind-Hind (Zîcü’l-Ḫârizmî ) (Muhammed b. Mûsâ el-Hârizmî). Brahmagupta’nın Siddhanta ’sından faydalanılarak 830’larda hazırlanan zîcdir. 5. ez-Zîcü’ṣ-Ṣâbiʾî (Kitâbü’z-Zîc ) (Bettânî). Rakka’da 900’lerde düzenlenmiştir. Bettânî, elli yedi bölümden meydana gelen eserinde mevcut kuramları yeni gözlemlere dayanarak düzeltip geliştirmiştir. Bu arada küresel trigonometriye yeni çözümler getirmiş ve küresel trigonometrinin temel teoremlerinden olan “kosinüs teoremi” gibi çok önemli bir yenilik ortaya koymuştur. Zîcin trigonometriye ayrılan üçüncü bölümü kitabın en orijinal kısmıdır, burada sinüsler ve ayrıca tanjantlar cetveli yer alır. 6. Zîcü Sindhind (Habeş el-Hâsib). Brahmagupta’nın Siddhanta ’sı yeniden yorumlanarak hazırlanmıştır. 7. ez-Zîcü’l-mümteḥan (Habeş el-Hâsib). Habeş el-Hâsib’in en meşhur eseri olup onun başka zîcleri de vardır. 8. Zîcü’l-Üstâẕ (Cemâleddin Ebü’l-Kāsım b. Mahfûz el-Müneccim el-Bağdâdî). 920’lerde tertip edilmiştir. 9. ez-Zîcü’l-kebîr (ez-Zîcü’l-Muʿtażıdî) (Neyrîzî). 10. ez-Zîcü’l-ʿAḍudî (İbnü’l-A‘lem). 960’larda hazırlanmıştır. 11. Zîcü’ṣ-ṣafâʾiḥ (Ebû Ca‘fer el-Hâzin). 12. ez-Zîcü’ş-şâmil (Ebü’l-Vefâ el-Bûzcânî). 970’lerde tamamlanmıştır. 13. ez-Zîcü’l-kebîrü’l-Ḥâkimî (Ebü’l-Hasan İbn Yûnus). 990 yıllarında düzenlenmiştir. Seksen bir bölümden oluşan eser İslâm dünyasında ortaya konan en kapsamlı zîclerden biridir. 14. ez-Zîcü’l-câmiʿ (Kûşyâr b. Lebbân). X. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında hazırlanmıştır. 15. el-Ḳānûnü’l-Mesʿûdî (Bîrûnî). 1030’larda tertip edilmiştir. Bîrûnî bu zîcinde trigonometrik fonksiyonları birer oran ya da sayı niteliğinde vermiş ve birim çemberin yarı çapını 1 olarak önermiştir. 16. Zîc-i Melikşâhî (Ömer Hayyâm). İsfahan Rasathânesi’nde yapılan gözlemlere dayanılarak 1079’da hazırlanmış ve Selçuklu Sultanı Melikşah’a sunulmuştur. 17. el-Ezyâcü’ṭ-Ṭuleyṭıliyye (İbnü’z-Zerkāle). Tuleytula’da 1100’lerde tertip edilmiştir. 18. ez-Zîcü’l-muʿteberü’s-Sencerî es-Sulṭânî (Abdurrahman el-Hâzinî). 1130’larda düzenlenmiştir. 19. Zîc-i İlḫânî (Nasîrüddîn-i Tûsî). Merâga Gözlemevi’nde 1271’de hazırlanmıştır. 20. ez-Zîcü’s-sulṭânî (Kutbüddîn-i Şîrâzî). 1300’lerde kaleme alınan eser Muhammed b. Mübârekşah Mîrek el-Buhârî’ye de nisbet edilir. 21. ez-Zîcü’l-cedîd (İbnü’ş-Şâtır). 1350’lerde hazırlanan bu zîcde müellif gezegenlerin devinimlerini daha iyi açıklayabilmek için yeni bir düzenek geliştirmiş, bu düzenek sonraları Copernicus tarafından kullanılmıştır. 22. Zîc-i Ḫâḳānî der Tekmîli Zîc-i İlḫânî (Gıyâseddin el-Kâşî). 1420’lerde tertip edilmiştir. 23. Zîc-i Uluġ Bey . 1437-1440 yıllarında Uluğ Bey’in gözetiminde Semerkant Rasathânesi’nde toplanan astronomlarca hazırlanmıştır.
Zîc-i Uluġ Bey XVII. yüzyıla kadar yazılmış olan gök bilimi kataloglarının en mükemmelidir ve bu yüzyıla kadar konumsal gök bilimin temel kitabı olarak kullanılmıştır. Daha sonra Batı’da astronomi biliminin gelişmesiyle birlikte hazırlanan bazı astronomik cetveller Osmanlı Türkçesi’ne aktarılarak kullanılmıştır. Bunlardan Alexis-Claude Clairaut’un Théorie de la lune adıyla 1765’te yayımlanan kitabı, İsmâil Çınârî Efendi tarafından 1767’de Tercüme-i Zîc-i Klero ismiyle Türkçe’ye çevrilerek III. Mustafa’ya sunulmuştur. İsmâil Çınârî, Jacques Cassini’nin Tables astronomiques de soleil, de la lune, des planètes, de étoiles fixes et des satellites de Jupiter et de Saturne (Paris 1740) adlı eserini de 1772’de Tuhfe-i Behîc-i Rasînî Tercüme-i Zîc-i Kasinî adıyla Türkçe’ye tercüme etmiştir. Fransız astronom Joseph Jérôme Lefrançois de Lalande’ın Tables astronomiques adlı kitabını (Paris 1759) Hüseyin Hüsnü Efendi 1814’te Arapça’ya, 1826’da Tercüme-i Zîc-i Laland adıyla Türkçe’ye çevirmiştir.
XIX. yüzyılda Ebü’l-Hasan İbn Yûnus’un zîcinin bazı kısımlarını Armand Pierre Caussin de Perceval ve Uluğ Bey zîcinin giriş kısmını L. Amélie Sédillot yayımlamış; 1950’lerden önce iki zîc daha neşredilmiş, bunlardan Bettânî’nin zîcini Carlo Alfonso Nallino, Muhammed b. Mûsâ el-Hârizmî’nin zîcini Heinrich Suter yayımlamıştır. 1952’de Jean Vernet, İbnü’l-Bennâ el-Merrâküşî’nin, 1954-1956 arasında M. Krause, Bîrûnî’nin zîcini neşretmiş, 1962’de O. Neugebauer, Hârizmî’nin zîcini İngilizce’ye tercüme etmiş, bunları daha sonra diğer zîclerin tercümeleri izlemiştir. Türkçe’de yakın zamanda yayımlanan iki önemli zîc çalışmasından biri Remzi Demir (Takiyyüddîn’de Matematik ve Astronomi, Cerîdetü’d-Dürer ve Harîdetü’l-Fiker Üzerine Bir İnceleme , Ankara 2000), diğeri Yavuz Unat (El-Fergânî, The Elements of Astronomy , Harvard 1998; El-Fergânî, Cevami İlm en-Nucûm ve Usûl el-Harekât es-Semâviyye: Astronominin Özeti ve Göğün Hareketlerinin Esası , Ankara 2012) tarafından yapılmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , II, 964-972.
Suter, Die Mathematiker , tür.yer.
Sarton, Introduction , I, 530, 545, 563-569, 598-599, 602-603, 666-667, 716-717, 740, 758.
Aydın Sayılı, The Observatory in Islam , Ankara 1988, tür.yer.
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G. Saliba, A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories during the Golden Age of Islam , New York 1994, s. 38-39, 73, 76-79, 163-179.
R. Môrelon, “Eastern Arabic Astronomy between the Eighth and the Eleventh Centuries”, Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science (ed. Roshdi Rashed), London 1996, s. 20-57.
Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu v.dğr., Osmanlı Astronomi Literatürü Tarihi , İstanbul 1997, I, s. CXV-CXIX.
Ali Hasan Mûsâ, ʿİlmü’l-felek fi’t-türâs̱i’l-ʿArabî , Dımaşk 2001, s. 291-311.
Yavuz Unat, “Battânî ve Zîc-i Sâbî”, I. Uluslararası Katılımlı Bilim, Din ve Felsefe Tarihinde Harran Okulu Sempozyumu (ed. Ali Bakkal), Şanlıurfa 2006, I, 347-368.
a.mlf., Tarih Boyunca Türklerde Gökbilim , İstanbul 2008, tür.yer.
E. S. Kennedy, “A Survey of Islamic Astronomical Tables”, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society , XLVI/2, Philadelphia 1956, s. 123-177.
F. C. de Bolis, “Zīd̲j̲”, EI2 (İng.) , XI, 496-497.
D. A. King – J. Samsó, “Zīd̲j̲”, a.e. , XI, 497-508.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2013 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 44. cildinde, 397-398 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.