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ZİHAF ve İLLET Skip to content Aruz vezinlerinin aslî tef‘ilelerinde meydana gelip fer‘î tef‘ileleri ve fer‘î vezinleri oluşturan değişiklikler.
Sözlükte “yürümek, (çocuk) emekleyerek yürümek, (yorgun deve) tabanını sürüyerek yürümek” anlamındaki zihâf a, iki harf arasından düşen veya sâkin kılınan harf sebebiyle bu iki harfin birbirine sürünerek kavuşması ilgisiyle bu ismin verildiği kaydedilir (Kāmus Tercümesi , III, 600-601). Sözlükte illet “hastalık, hasar” demektir. Tef‘ilelerde zorunlu olan bu tür değişiklikler, girdiği bünyenin yakasını bırakmayan veya o bünyede hasara yol açan hastalığa benzetildiği için bu adla anılmıştır. Aruz vezinleri, “tef‘ile” adı verilen ve “f-‘a-l” (ف ع ل ) kökünden türetilen on yapay kalıptan bir veya ikisinin mısra ve beyitlerde belirli miktarda tekrar edilmesiyle meydana gelir. Bu aslî tef‘ilelerden ikisi beş, sekizi yedi harflidir. Beşliler fâilün ve feûlün; yedililer mefâîlün, müfâaletün, mütefâilün, mef‘ûlâtü, müstef‘ilün, müstef‘i lün, fâilâtün ve fâi lâtün şeklindedir. Beytin ilk mısraının sonundaki tef‘ileye “aruz”, ikinci mısraın sonundakine “darb”, diğer tef‘ilelere de “haşiv” adı verilir. Her tef‘ile “sebeb” (çadır ipi) ve “vetid” (çadır kazığı) diye adlandırılan alt birimlerden oluşur. Sebeb iki harfli, vetid ise üç harfli birimlerdir. İki harfin ikisi de harekeliyse söyleniş zorluğu yüzünden “sakīl sebeb”, ikinci harf sâkin ise “hafîf sebeb”, üç harften ortadaki sâkinse “mefrûk vetid”, sonuncu sâkinse “mecmû‘ vetid” diye anılır. Örnek olarak ”مستفعلن“ tef‘ilesi iki hafîf sebeble (مس + تف ) bir mecmû‘ vetidden (علن ) meydana gelmiştir. Son dört tef‘ilenin farklı yazılışı, sebeblerin sıralanışıyla vetidlerin türünü ve sıralanışını etkilediğinden zihaf ve illet uygulamaları da buna göre değişir.
Genelde aslî tef‘ilenin âhengini bozmayan değişiklikler zihaf ve illet adıyla iki temel kategoriye ayrılır. Çoğunlukla haşiv tef‘ilelerinde olmakla birlikte beytin bütün tef‘ilelerine girebilen, her beyitte icrası genellikle ihtiyarî kabul edilen değişikliklere zihaf denir. Kasidenin sadece aruz ve darb tef‘ilelerinde teşekkül eden ve bütün beyitlerde icrası zorunlu sayılan değişikliklere de illet adı verilir. Zihaf, sebeblerin ikinci harflerinde meydana gelen değişiklikler olduğundan tef‘ilelerin iki, dört, beş ve yedinci harflerinde bulunur, diğer harflerinde görülmez. Bir tef‘ile bünyesinde vetid başta ise zihaf beş ve yedinci harflerde, ortada ise iki ve yedinci harflerde, sonda ise iki ve dördüncü harflerde gerçekleşir. Meselâ ”فعولن“ ve ”مفاعيلن“ vezinlerinde vetid başta, zihaf nûn ve yâ harflerinde, ”فاعلاتن“ de vetid ortada, zihaf elif ve nûn harflerinde, ”مستفعلن“ de vetid sonda, zihaf sîn ve fâ harflerindedir. Zihaf, teşekkül ettiği sebebin ikinci harfi harekeliyse onu sâkin kılmak veya düşürmek, sâkinse düşürmek suretiyle gerçekleşir. Zihaf türü değişikliklerin temel amacı harf eksiltmek ve sâkin kılmakla aslî tef‘ileye göre daha hafîf bir fer‘î tef‘ile elde etmektir. Bundan dolayı “feûlün”de nûn, “mef‘ûlâtü”de vâv, “müstef‘ilün”de sîn, “mefâîlün”de yâ, “fâilün”de elif, “müfâaletün”de lâm, “fâilâtün”de nûn, “müfâaletün”de tâ ve “nûn”un düşürülmesi şeklindeki zihaf uygulamalarıyla aslî tef‘ileye göre daha hafîf fer‘î tef‘ileler ortaya çıkmıştır (İbn Reşîḳ el-Kayrevânî, I, 275). Zihaflı tef‘ileye “müzâhaf/müzevhaf” tef‘ile adı verilir.
Zihaf Çeşitleri. Zihaf değişiklikleri müfred (basit, yalın) ve müzdevic (birleşik) olmak üzere iki kategoride incelenir. A) Müfred Zihaf. Müfred zihaf bir tef‘ilenin tek sebebinde meydana gelirken müzdevic zihaf iki sebebde gerçekleşir. Müfred zihaf tef‘ilenin ikinci harfinde oluşan habn, ızmâr, vaks, dördüncü harfinde oluşan tay (tayy), beşinci harfinde oluşan kabz, asb, akl ve yedinci harfinde oluşan kef (keff) terimleriyle ifade edilen sekiz değişikliği kapsar. 1. Habn. Tef‘ilenin sâkin olan ikinci harfinin düşürülmesidir, bu tef‘ile “mahbûn” (kısaltılmış giysi) diye anılır. Habn remel, medîd, basît ve mütedârek bahirlerinde ”فاعلن“ “elif”inin düşürülmesiyle ”فعلن“ , basît, recez, serî‘ ve münserihte ”مستفعلن“ “sîn”inin düşürülmesiyle ”متفعلن“ şeklinde gerçekleşir, bu da pratikte vezindeşi olan ”مفاعلن“ e aktarılır. Hafîf ve mücteste ”مستفع لن“ “sîn”inin düşürülmesiyle ”متفع لن“ e dönüşür, bu da ”مفاعلن“ e aktarılır. Medîd, remel, hafîf, mücteste ”فاعلاتن“ “elif”inin düşürülmesiyle ”فعلاتن“ sağlanır. Serî‘, münserih ve muktedabda ”مفعولات“ “fâ”sının düşürülmesiyle ”معولات“ elde edilir, bu da uygulamada vezindeşi olan ”مفاعيل“ e aktarılır. 2. Izmâr. Sadece kâmil bahrinde ”متفاعلن“ tef‘ilesinin harekeli olan ikinci harfinin sâkin kılınmasıdır. Bu suretle ”متفاعلن“ elde edilir, bu da uygulamada vezindeşi olan ”مستفعلن“ e aktarılır. Izmâr uygulanmış tef‘ileye “muzmar” (zamir işlevli) denilir; burada ”ت“ harfinin harekeli veya sâkin kılınması ihtiyarî olduğu gibi zâhir isim yerine zamir kullanmak da ihtiyarîdir. Etimolojik ilgi bu benzeşmeye dayandırılmıştır (Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “żmr” md.). 3. Vaks. Yalnız kâmil bahrinde ”متفاعلن“ tef‘ilesinin harekeli olan ikinci harfinin düşürülmesidir. Böylece ”مفاعلن“ elde edilmiş olur. Vaks uygulanmış tef‘ileye “mevkūs” (boynu kırık) adı verilir, çünkü tef‘ile, anılan harfin düşürülmesiyle boynu kırılan kimseye benzetilmiştir. 4. Tay (Tayy). Tef‘ilenin sâkin olan dördüncü harfinin düşürülmesidir. Tay basit, serî‘, münserih, recez ve muktedab bahirlerinde ”مستفعلن“ “fâ”sının düşürülmesiyle ”مستعلن“ elde edilir, bu da uygulamada ”مفتعلن“ e aktarılır. Münserih, serî‘ ve muktedabda ”مفعولات“ dan “vâv”ın düşürülmesiyle ”مفعلات“ sağlanır. Bu da pratikte vezindeşi olan ”فاعلات“ e aktarılır. Tay uygulanmış tef‘ileye “matviyy” (dürülmüş) denir. 5. Kabz. Tef‘ilenin sâkin olan beşinci harfinin düşürülmesidir. Bu nevi zihaf hezec ve muzâride ”مفاعيلن“ den “yâ”nın düşürülmesiyle ”مفاعلن“ e, tavîl ve mütekāribde ”فعولن“ den “nûn”un düşürülmesiyle ”فعول“ e dönüştürülmesi şeklinde görülür. Kabz uygulanmış tef‘ile “makbûz” (büzülmüş) diye anılır, tef‘ile beşinci harfinin düşürülmesiyle büzülmüş hale düşürülmüştür. 6. Asb. Tef‘ilenin harekeli olan beşinci harfinin sâkin kılınmasıdır. Bu da yalnız vâfir bahrinde ”مفاعلتن“ “lâm”ının sâkin kılınmasıyla ”مفاعلتن“ e, bunun da uygulamada vezindeşi olan ”مفاعيلن“ e aktarılması şeklinde görülür. Asb uygulanmış tef‘ileye “ma‘sûb” (bağlanmış) adı verilir. 7. Akl. Tef‘ilenin harekeli olan beşinci harfinin düşürülmesiyle oluşur. Sadece vâfirdeki ”مفاعلتن“ “lâm”ının düşürülmesiyle ”مفاعتن“ e, bunun da uygulamada ”مفاعلن“ e aktarılması şeklinde görülür. Akl uygulanmış tef‘ile “ma‘kūl” (engellenmiş) diye anılır. 8. Kef (Keff). Sâkin olan yedinci harfin düşürülmesi demektir. Şu dört tef‘ilede sondaki “nûn”un düşürülmesiyle uygulanır: Medîd, remel, hafîf ve mücteste ”فاعلاتن“ ; hezec, muzâri ve tavîlde ”مفاعيلن“ ; muzâride ”فاع لاتن“ ; hafîf ve mücteste ”مستفع لن“ ve ”مستفعلن“ . Kef uygulanan tef‘ileye “mekfûf” (bordürlü/şeritli) denir.
B) Müzdevic Zihaf. 1. Ḫabl. Habn ve tayyın birlikte uygulanmasıyla tef‘ilede sâkin olan ikinci harf ile (habn) yine sâkin olan dördüncü harfin (tay) düşürülmesidir. Bu da ”مستفعلن“ den sîn ve “fâ”nın düşürülmesiyle ”متعلن“ e, uygulamada ise ”فعلتن“ e aktarılması, ayrıca ”مفعولات“ tan fâ ve “vâv”ın düşürülmesiyle ”معلات“ , uygulamada ”فعلات“ elde edilmesiyle oluşur. Bu örnekler recez, serî‘, basît ve münserih bahirlerinde görülür. Böyle tef‘ileye “mahbûl” (aklı bozulmuş) denir. 2. Ḫazl. Sadece kâmil bahrinde ”متفاعلن“ de ızmâr ve tayyın birlikte uygulanmasıdır. Hazle “cezl” de denir. Buna göre tef‘ilede ikinci harf olan tâ sâkin kılınıp dördüncü harf olan “elif”in düşürülmesi suretiyle ”متفعلن“ elde edilir, uygulamada ise ”مفتعلن“ e dönüşür. Hazl uygulanmış tef‘ileye “mahzûl” (kesilmiş, kesikli) denilir. 3. Şekl . Tef‘ilede habn ve keffin birlikte uygulanmasıdır. Buna göre tef‘iledeki ikinci ile yedinci sâkin harfler düşürülür. Bu durumda ”فاعلاتن“ ⟶ ”فعلات“ ye, ”مستفعلن“ ⟶ ”متفعل“ ye (uygulamada مفاعل ) ve ”مستفع لن“ ”متفع ل“ ye (uygulamada مفاع ل ) dönüşür. Şekl uygulanmış tef‘ile “meşkûl” (iki ayağı köstekli at) diye anılır. 4. Naks. Sadece vâfir bahrinde ”مفاعلتن“ tef‘ilesinde asb ve keffin birlikte uygulanmasıdır. Buna göre beşinci harf (lâm) sâkin kılınır (asb), son harf (nûn) düşürülür (keff). Neticede tef‘ile ”مفاعلت“ e, bu da uygulamada ”مفاعيل“ e dönüşür. Naks uygulanmış tef‘ileye menkūs (eksiltilmiş) adı verilir.
İllet ve Çeşitleri. Kasidenin sadece mısra sonu tef‘ilelerine (aruz-darb) hem sebebe hem de vetidlere dahil olabilen, genellikle kasidenin tamamında uygulanması zorunlu olan, harf eklemek ve harf düşürmek şeklindeki değişikliklere “illet” denir. İllet türü değişime uğramış tef‘ileye “ma‘lûl” (hastalanmış, hasarlı) adı verilir. İllet harf düşürmek (naks) ve harf eklemek (ziyâde) şeklinde iki kategoriye ayrılır. A) Naks İlletleri. 1. Hazf. Tef‘ilenin sonundaki hafif sebebin düşürülmesidir. Bu işlemde mütekārib bahrindeki ”فعولن“ aslî tef‘ilesi ”فعو“ ya, uygulamada vezindeşi olan ”فعل“ e, tavîl ve hezecde ”مفاعيلن“ aslî tef‘ilesi ”مفاعي“ ye, uygulamada ”فعولن“ e, medîd, remel ve hafîf bahirlerinde ”فاعلاتن“ tef‘ilesi ”فاعلا“ ya, bu da uygulamada ”فاعلن“ e dönüşür. Hazf uygulanan tef’ileye “mahzûf” (düşürülmüş) denilir. 2. Hazz/hazez. Tef‘ilenin sonundaki mecmû‘ vetidi düşürmektir. Buna göre kâmil bahrindeki ”متفاعلن“ aslî tef‘ilesi ”متفا“ ya, bu da uygulamada ”فعلن“ şekline dönüşür. Hazez uygulanmış tef‘ileye “ehazz/hazzâ’” (kesilmiş, kökten koparılmış) adı verilir. 3. Katf. Hazf ve asbın birleştiği bir değişiklik olup tef‘ile sonundaki hafîf sebebi düşürmek ve harekeli beşinci harfi sâkin kılmak suretiyle gerçekleşir. Buna göre vâfirdeki “müfâaletün” aslî tef‘ilesi ”مفاعلتن ⟵ مفاعَلَ ⟵ مفاعلْ = فعولن“ şekline dönüşür. Katf uygulanmış tef‘ileye “maktûf” (-meyve- devşirilmiş, koparılmış) denir. 4. Kat‘. Tef‘ile sonundaki mecmû‘ vetidin sâkin olan harfini düşürmek, kalan son harfini sâkin kılmaktır. Buna göre basît ve muhdesteki “fâilün” aslî tef‘ilesi ”فاعلن ⟵ فاعلُ ⟵ فاعلْ = فعلن“ e; kâmildeki “mütefâilün” ”متفاعلن ⟵ متفاعلُ ⟵ متفاعلْ = فعلاتن“ e dönüşür. Recezdeki “müstef‘ilün” ise ”مستفعلن ⟵ مستفعلُ ⟵ مستفعلْ = مفعولن“ şeklinde değişir. Kat‘ uygulanmış tef‘ile “maktû‘” (kesikli) diye anılır. 5. Kasr. Tef‘ile sonundaki hafîf sebebin sâkin harfini düşürmek, harekeli harfini sâkin kılmaktır. Buna göre mütekāribde ”فعولن ⟵ فعولُ = فعولْ“ , medîd ve remelde ”فاعلاتن ⟵ فاعلاتُ ⟵ فاعلات = فاعلان“ , hafîfin meczûunda (bir tef‘ilesi düşmüş vezin) ”مستفع لن ⟵ مستفع لُ ⟵ مستفع لْ = مفعولن“ şekline dönüşür. Kasr uygulanmış tef‘ileye “maksûr” (kısaltılmış) denilmesi bu durumdaki tef‘ilenin maksûr isim konumunda olmasındandır. 6. Kasm. Vâfirdeki “müfâaletün”ün ilk harfini düşürmek, harekeli olan beşinci harfini, sâkin kılmaktır. Buna göre ”مفاعلتن ⟵ فاعلَتن ⟵ فاعلْتن = مفعولن“ şeklinde değişime uğrar. Kasm uygulanmış tef‘ileye “aksam” (ön dişleri yarısından kırık keçi) denir. 7. Vakf. Tef‘ilenin sonundaki mefrûk vetidden harekeli olan yedinci harfi sâkin kılmaktır. Bu da münserihin menhûkünde (tef‘ileleri eksiltilmiş vezin) ve serî‘ bahrinde bulunur: ”مفعولاتُ ⟵ مفعولاتْ = مفعولان“ Buna dördüncü harfin düşürülmesi de dahil olabilir. Bu durumda ”مفعولاتُ ⟵ مفعلاتْ = فاعلان“ şekline dönüşür. Vakf uygulanmış tef‘ileye “mevkūf” (duraklı) adı verilir. 8. Salm. Serî‘ bahrinde “mef‘ûlâtü”nün sonundaki mefrûk vetidi düşürmektir. Bu işlemde ”مفعولات ⟵ مفعو = فعلن“ e dönüşür. Salm uygulanmış tef‘ile “aslam/salmâ’” (kökünden kesilmiş) diye anılır. 9. Hal‘/kebl. Tef‘ilede habn ve kat‘ın birlikte uygulanmasıdır. Buna göre basît bahrindeki ”مستفعلن“ de sâkin olan ikinci harf ile sondaki mecmû‘ vetidin sâkin harfi düşürülür ve geri kalan tef‘ilenin harekeli olan son harfi sâkin kılınır. Bu durumda tef‘iledeki değişim ”مستفعلن ⟵ متفعلُ ⟵ متفعلْ = فعولن“ şeklinde gerçekleşir. Bu değişikliğe uğramış tef‘ileye “mahlû‘/mekbûl” (yerinden koparılmış) denir. 10. Keşf/kesf. Münserihin menhûkü ile serî‘ bahrindeki ”مفعولاتُ“ de sondaki mefrûk vetidin harekeli olan yedinci harfini düşürmektir. Buna göre değişim ”مفعولات ⟵ مفعولا = مفعولن“ biçiminde ortaya çıkar. Bu, tay uygulanıp dördüncü harfin düşürülmesiyle ”مفعولا ⟵ مفعلا = فاعلن“ e dönüşür. Söz konusu değişime uğramış tef‘ileye “mekşûf/meksûf” (örtüsü kaldırılıp açığa çıkarılmış) adı verilir. Çünkü bu değişimde mefrûk vetidin harekeli olan son harfi düşürülünce vetidden geri kalan iki harf hafîf sebeb şeklinde açığa çıkarılır. 11. Betr. Hazf ve kat‘ın birlikte uygulanmasıdır. Buna göre tef‘ilenin sonundaki hafîf sebeb düşürülür, mecmû‘ vetidin sâkin harfi de düşürülüp önü sâkin kılınır. Bu durumda mütekāribde ”فعولن ⟵ فعو ⟵ فَعُ ⟵ فَعْ“ , medîdde ”فاعلاتن ⟵ فاعلا ⟵ فاعلَ ⟵ فاعِلَ = فعلن“ şeklinde değişim gerçekleşir. Betr uygulanmış tef‘ile “ebter/betrâ’” (sonu olmayan / kuyruğu kesik) diye anılır.
B) Ziyâde İlletleri. Tef‘ile sonuna bir veya iki harfin eklenmesiyle elde edilen ziyâde illetleri beyitlerin ikinci mısra sonu tef‘ilelerinde meydana gelir. 1. Terfîl. Tef‘ile sonundaki mecmû‘ vetide hafîf sebeb ”تن“ ilâve etmektir. Kâmil bahrinin meczûunda ”متفاعلن ⟵ متفاعلن تن = متفاعلاتن“ , mütedârekin meczûunda ”فاعلن ⟵ فاعلن تن = فاعلاتن“ şekline dönüşür. Terfîl uygulanmış tef‘ileye “müreffel” (eteği uzatılmış giysi) denir. 2. Tezyîl/izâle. Tef‘ile sonundaki mecmû‘ vetide sâkin bir harf (ن ) eklemektir. Buna göre kâmil bahrinin meczûunda ”متفاعلن ن = متفاعلان“ , mütedârekin meczûunda ”فاعلن ن = فاعلان“ , basîtin meczûunda ve nâdiren recezde ”مستفعلن ن = مستفعلان“ şeklinde uygulanır. Bu durumdaki tef‘ileye “müzeyyel/müzâl” (eteği uzatılmış) adı verilir. 3. Tesbîğ/isbâğ. Tef‘ile sonundaki hafîf sebebe sâkin harf (ن ) eklemektir. Buna göre remelin meczûunda ve nâdiren hafîf bahrinde ”فاعلاتن ن = فاعلاتان“ e dönüşür. Bu tür değişime uğramış tef‘ile “müsebbağ/müsbağ” (uzatılmış, genişletilmiş) diye anılır.
Zihaf Konumlu İllet Türleri. Bu tür değişiklikler, sebeblerin ikinci harfinde değil vetidlerde gerçekleştiği için illet nevinden sayılmakla birlikte kasidenin bütün beyitlerinde uygulama zorunluluğu bulunmaması yönüyle zihaf türü değişikliğe benzetilmiştir. 1. Teş‘îs. Mecmû‘ vetidin ilk harfini düşürmektir. Buna göre hafîf ve müctes bahirlerinde ikinci mısraın son tef‘ilesinde ayn harfinin düşürülmesiyle ”فاعلاتن ⟵ فالاتن = مفعولن“ mütedârekte de yine aynın düşürülmesiyle ”فاعلن ⟵ فالن = فعلن“ şeklinde değişim gerçekleşir. Bu tür tef‘ileye “müşa‘‘as” (dağıtılmış) denilmesinin sebebi ortadaki harfinin düşmesiyle tef‘ilenin parçalanıp dağıtılmış konumuna düşürülmüş olmasıdır. 2. Hazf. Tef‘ilenin sonundaki hafîf sebebin düşürülmesidir. Bu aslında lâzımî bir illet olmakla birlikte mütekārib bahrinin birinci darbına dahil olduğunda uygulanması ihtiyarîdir. Buna göre ”فعولن ⟵ فعو = فعل“ e dönüşür. Kasidenin beyitlerinde ”فَعُلْ“ , ”فعولن“ ile dönüşümlü olarak gelebilir. 3. Hazm. Genellikle beytin birinci mısraının başında bir-dört, nâdiren ikinci mısra başında bir-iki harfin ziyâde edilmesidir. Bu ise vezne dahil edilmeyen ve beytin taktîinde hesaba katılmayan bir ilâvedir. Söz konusu ilâve bir ziyâde illeti olmakla birlikte ihtiyarî bulunmasıyla zihaf konumundadır. Fazlalıklar çoğunlukla beyitlerin muhtevasını birbirine bağlayan atıf harfleri şeklinde gelir. Bazıları bunu şiirde garip bir olgu olarak görmüş, râvilerin şiiri farklı rivayet etmelerinden kaynaklandığını söylemiş, şiirin bilinen veznine, alışılmış âhengine ters düştüğü için terkedilmesini yeğlemiştir. Sirâceddin el-Verrâk, bir dizesinde bu olguyu şiirin acemi şaire zorla boyun eğdirmesi şeklinde nitelemiştir (Abdülhamîd er-Râzî, s. 61). Hz. Ali’ye nisbet edilen şu kıtada görüldüğü gibi: ”ولا تجزع من الموت إذا حلّ بناديكا / اشدد حَيَازِيمَك للموت فإن الموت لاقيكا“ (Kapılma korkuya ölüm obana inmişse / Sabır göster ölüme gelecektir ölüm sana da). Burada ”اشدد“ hezec bahrindeki şiirin asıl veznine dahil olmayan dört harflik bir ziyâdedir. Bu tür ziyâde içeren beyte “mahzûm” (burnu halkalı deve) denir. 4. Ḫarm. Çoğunlukla beytin birinci mısraının, nâdiren de ikinci mısraının başında yer alan tef‘ilenin başlangıcındaki mecmû‘ vetidin ilk harfini düşürmektir. Buna göre tavîl ve mütekāribde ”فعولن ⟵ عولن = فعلن“ , hezec ve muzâride ”مفاعيلن ⟵ فاعيلن = مفعولن“ , vâfirde ”مفاعلتن ⟵ فاعلتن = مفتعلن“ değişimi gerçekleşir. Bu tef‘ileye “ahrem/mahrûm” (burun direği kırık) adı verilir.
Harm Çeşitleri. Harm illetinin dahil olduğu tef‘ilenin sâlim veya zihaf türü uygulanmış tef‘ile olması halinde aşağıdakilerden biri konumunda bulunur: 1. Selm. Mütekārib ve tavîlde ”فعولن“ e sadece harm illetinin uygulamasıyla ilk harfinin düşürülmesidir. Buna göre ”فعولن ⟵ عولن = فعلن“ e dönüşür. Bu tür tef‘ileye “eslem” (gedikli) denir. 2. Serm. Tavîl ve mütekāribdeki “feûlün”e harm illetiyle kabz zihafının birlikte uygulanmasıdır. Bu durumda ilk ve son harf düşerek ”فعولن ⟵ عُولُ = فَعْلُ“ değişimi meydana gelir. Söz konusu tef‘ile “esrem/mesrûm” (bir ön dişi kırık / dişinin ucu kırık) diye anılır. 3. Azb. Vâfirde “müfâaletün”e sadece harm illetinin uygulanmasıdır. Burada ilk harf düşerek ”مفاعلتن ⟵ فاعلتن = مفتعلن“ değişimi gerçekleşir. Tef‘ileye “a‘zab” (kırık boynuzlu keçi) adı verilir. 4. Kasm. Vâfirdeki “müfâaletün”e harm ile asb zihafını birlikte uygulamaktır. Buna göre ilk harf düşürülür, beşinci harf sâkin kılınır (”مفاعلتن ⟵ فاعلْتن = مفعولن“ ). Böyle tef‘ileye “aksam” (ön dişi yarıdan kırılmış) denir. 5. Cemm/cemem. “Müfâaletün”e harm ile akl zihafının birlikte uygulanmasıdır. Burada birinci ve beşinci harf düşürülür (مفاعلتن ⟵ فاعتن = فاعلن ). Tef‘ileye “ecemm/mecmûm” (iki boynuzu da kırılmış keçi) adı verilir. 6. Aks. “Müfâaletün” tef‘ilesine harm illeti ile naks ve keff zihaflarının birlikte uygulanmasıdır. İlk ve son harf düşürülür, harekeli olan beşinci harf sâkin kılınır (مفاعلتن ⟵ فاعلت ⟵ فاعلْت = مفعول ). Bu tef‘ile “a‘kas” (boynuzları kulakları üzerinden enseye kıvrık durumdaki teke) diye anılır. 7. Harem. Hezec ve muzârideki “mefâîlün”e sadece harm uygulanmasıyla ilk harfinin düşürülmesidir (مفاعيلن ⟵ فاعيلن = مفعولن ). Tef‘ileye “müteharrim” (kesik burun) adı verilir. 8. Şetr/şeter. Hezec ve muzâride “mefâîlün”e harm illeti ile kabz zihafının birlikte uygulanmasıdır (مفاعيلن ⟵ فاعلن ). Bu tef‘ileye “eşter” (alt göz kapağı yarık) denir. 9. Hareb. “Mefâîlün”e harm illetiyle keff zihafını birlikte uygulamaktır. Burada ilk ve son harf düşerek ”مفاعيلن ⟵ فاعيل = مفعول“ değişimi olur. Tef‘ile başı ve sonu düştüğünden “ahreb” (harap olmuş) diye anılır.
İllet Konumlu Zihaf Türleri. Birinci ve ikinci mısra sonundaki tef‘ilelerde meydana gelen bazı zihaf çeşitleri illetler gibi kasidenin tamamında uygulanması gereken bir zorunluluğu ifade eder. Bunlar tek başına bir zihaf türü ile gerçekleştiği gibi bir illetle birlikte de gerçekleşebilir. Çeşitleri şunlardır: 1. Basît bahrinin bazı türlerinde sadece habn ile (فاعلن ⟵ فعلن); 2. Medîdin bazı türlerinde habn ve hazf ile (فاعلاتن ⟵ فعلات = فعلن ); 3. Basîtin muhallaında habn ve kat‘ ile (مستفعلن ⟵ متَفعلْ = فعولن ); 4. Hafîfin meczûunda habn ve kasr ile (مستفع لن ⟵ متفعِ لْ = فعولن ); 5. Mütedârekte habn ve terfîl ile (فاعلن ⟵ فاعلاتن ); 6. Tavîlin aruzunda sadece kabz zihafı ile (مفاعيلن ⟵ مفاعلن ); 7. Vâfirin meczûunda sadece asb ile (مفاعلتن ⟵ مفاعلْتن = مفاعيلن ); 8. Kâmil bahrinde ızmâr ve hazez ile (متفاعلن ⟵ متفا = فعِلن ); 9. Serî‘de tay ve kesf yahut vakf gibisiyle (مفعولاتن ⟵ مفعلن = فاعلن / مفعلات ); 10. Serî‘de habl ve kesf ile (مفعولاتن ⟵ معلن = فعلن ); 11. Münserihle muktedabın arûz ve darbında sadece tay ile (مستفعلن ⟵ مستعلن = مفتعلن ).
Muâkabe-murâkabe-mükânefe: Bir veya iki tef‘ilede yan yana gelen iki hafîf sebebin üç hali vardır: Muâkabe/teâkub, murâkabe/terâkub ve mükânefe. Muâkabe gereği sebeblerin iki sâkin harfi birlikte sâlim olarak kalabilir, fakat birlikte düşürülemez. Sadece birine zihaf uygulanarak düşürülmesi zorunlu olur. ”مفاعيلن“ örneğinde ”عي + لن“ sebeblerinden sâkin yâ ve “nûn”dan sadece birinin düşürülmesi (علاتن فا / تن فاعلا )’de (تن + فا ), sebeblerinden sadece nûn ve “elif”ten birinin düşürülmesi veya sâlim olarak bırakılmaları zorunlu olur. Murâkabe/terâkub da bir tef‘ilede iki hafîf sebebin yan yana gelmesidir. Bu durumda ikisi de ne sâlim olarak bırakılır ne de zihaf uygulanıp ikisi birlikte düşürülür. Sadece birinin zihaf gereği düşürülmesi zorunlu olur. ”مفاعيلن“ de yâ ile “nûn”un, ”مفعولات“ de fâ ile “vâv”dan birinin düşürülmesi şeklinde bir zihaf uygulaması zorunludur. Mükânefe bir tek tef‘ilede iki hafîf sebebin yan yana gelmesidir. Buna göre iki hafîf sebebin de sâlim bırakılması, ikisine veya sadece birine zihaf uygulanması câizdir. ”مستفعلن“ de sîn ile tâ birlikte düşürülmeyip sâlim bırakılabilir, birlikte düşürülebilir ya da sadece biri düşürülebilir. Buna göre farklı fer‘î tef‘ileler doğar.
Zihaf-İllet Farkları. Aslî (sâlim, sahih, tam) tef‘ilelere dahil olarak birçok fer‘î tef‘ilenin doğmasına imkân veren değişiklikler olan zihaf ile illet arasında şu farklar söz konusudur: 1. Zihaf sebeblere, illet ise sebeb ve vetidlere dahil olur. 2. İllet sadece aruz ve darb tef‘ilelerine, zihaf ise aruz, darb ve haşiv bütün tef‘ilelere dahil olur. 3. Zihafta harf eklemesi olamaz, illette olur. 4. Zihafın kasidenin tamamında uygulanması ihtiyarî iken illetin uygulanması zaruridir. Bazı şartlarda uygulanması zaruri olan zihafa illet konumunda zihaf denildiği gibi bunun aksine uygulanması ihtiyarî olan illete de zihaf konumunda illet denir. Zihaf ve illetlere başvurulup aslî tef‘ilelerde yapısal değişikliklerin meydana getirilmesi veznin ve onun ölçek alındığı şiirin müzikalitesiyle armonik yapısına halel getirebilir. Bir vezin ve şiirde zihaf ve illetlerin çokluğu şiirin kıymetini düşürür ve onu nesir düzeyine indirebilir. Dolayısıyla bu tür değişikliklerin usta şairlerce yapılması gerekir. Nitekim Asmaî, “Şiirde zihaf fıkıhtaki ruhsat meselesi gibidir. Onu ancak usta fakih belirleyebilir” demiştir (İbn Reşîḳ el-Kayrevânî, I, 275-276).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “ḫbl”, “ḫbn”, “ḫzm”, “btr”, “ḫrm”, “ḳṭf””, “ʿażb”, “ştr”, “şrm”, “şlm”, “ḳṣm” md.leri.
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Nâyif Ma‘rûf – Ömer Es‘ad, ʿİlmü’l-ʿarûżi’t-taṭbîḳī , Beyrut 1407/1987, s. 39-52.
Ali Cemîl Sellûm – Hasan M. Nûreddin, ed-Delîl ile’l-belâġa ve ʿarûżi’l-Ḫalîl , Beyrut 1410/1990, s. 220-228.
Emîl Bedî‘ Ya‘kūb, el-Muʿcemü’l-mufaṣṣal fî ʿilmi’l-ʿarûż ve’l-ḳāfiye ve fünûni’ş-şiʿr , Beyrut 1411/1991, s. 36-52, 254-269, ayrıca bk. tür.yer.
Hâşim Sâlih Mennâ‘, eş-Şâfî fi’l-ʿarûż ve’l-ḳavâfî , Beyrut 1414/1995, s. 230-245.
M. Ali el-Hâşimî, el-ʿArûżü’l-vâżıḥ , Beyrut 1415/1995, s. 125-131.
Zeyn Kâmil el-Huveyskî, el-ʿArûżü’l-ʿArabî , İskenderiye 1996, s. 24-89.
Adnân Hakkī, el-Mufaṣṣal fi’l-ʿarûż ve’l-ḳāfiye ve fünûni’ş-şiʿr , Beyrut 1421/2000, s. 14-21.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2013 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 44. cildinde, 402-405 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.