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ZİL Skip to content Bir mûsiki aleti.
Mûsiki literatüründe, birbirine çarpmak suretiyle ses çıkarmak için parmaklara veya defin kasnağındaki deliklere takılan madenî pulların ve birbirine çarparak çalınan iki yuvarlak metal plaktan meydana gelen bir usul vurma (ritim) aletinin adı olarak kullanılmaktadır. Arapça’daki sanc/sınc kelimesi zilin her çeşidinin adı olduğu gibi on üç-kırk telli, harp benzeri bir çalgıya da isim olmuştur. Eskiden beri görülen “sanc, sanj, çenk, çeng” kelimeleri, telaffuz benzerlikleri dolayısıyla hem zil hem de telli bir çalgı anlamında kullanıldığından okunuş ve yazılışlarında karışıklık ortaya çıkmaktadır. Meselâ İbn Sînâ Kitâbü’ş-Şifâʾ ında sanc adlı çalgıyı, telleri iki yanı arasında kalan boşlukta uzanan ve sopalarla vurularak çalınan bir mûsiki aleti diye tanımlamıştır. Tabağa benzer bir şekli olan ve çift olarak kullanılan bu çalgı biri bir elle, diğeri öbür elle ortasındaki kayış saplarından tutularak ve birbirine yüz yüze tartımla çarpılarak çalınır; çalındığında kuvvetli inlemeli, çınlamalı ve keskin bir ses verir.
Bu madenî çift ziller için Sanskritçe’de “jalli”, Eski Türkler’de ve Dîvânü lugāti’t-Türk ’te “çeng/c(ç)ang” kelimeleri mevcuttur. Anadolu’da önceleri “çan/çeng/çeng-i harbî” ve zil kelimeleri kullanılmışsa da çeşitli bölgelerde “bögek, burunsak, çarpana, çıngırlavı, gor, kelek, tıkır” gibi adlarla da anılmıştır. Villoteau, çeşitli Arap ve Ortadoğu bölgelerinde zil karşılığı olarak “kas, kâse, sacca, fukaysa, salâsil” gibi isimlerin kullanıldığından bahseder. Bazı eski metinlerde zil veya küçük zil anlamında “çın͡gra” kelimesine, ayrıca def, dümbelek ve davulların kasnağına ya da çengilerin ayak bileklerine bağladıkları küçük çıngıraklar için “çın͡gragu” adına rastlanmıştır. Doğu Türkistan’da “kongragu” kelimesi çıngırak ve çan anlamlarının yanı sıra zil anlamına da gelmektedir. Zil kelimesi kutsal kitaplarda da geçmektedir. Kitâb-ı Mukaddes’te yer alan Ahd-i Atîk’in Tevrat ve Mezmurlar bölümünde yüksek sesli zillerle Allah’a hamdedilmesi istenir.
Zilin ilk örneklerine Sumer, Eti, Mısır ve Yunan kabartma resimleriyle hiterogliflerinde rastlamak mümkündür. Bu uygarlıklardan sonra tarihten silinen davul, zurna, borulu kavallar ve zil gibi çalgılar daha sonra Asya’da tekrar görülmeye başlanmıştır. İlkçağ’dan kalma bakır ve kalay karışımı çekiç işçiliğiyle üretilen ziller Orta Asya’da Türkler ve Çinliler tarafından yapılmaktaydı. Eskiçağ Kilikia Çalgıları adlı eserde bu çalgının Anadolu’da ilk Tunç çağından beri bilinmekte olduğundan, İkiztepe, Horoztepe ve Alacahöyük’teki mezarlarda ölülerin yanına konulan ilk zillerin örneklerine ve zil çalan kadın heykelciklerine rastlandığından söz edilmektedir (Tunçer, s. 42). M. Ragıp Gazimihal, milâttan yaklaşık iki yüzyıl önce Türkistan’da Türk sarayına gelen bir Çin komutanının dönüşünde Türkistanlılar tarafından savaşlarda kullanılan çalgılardan oluşan bir takımı ülkesine götürdüğünü ve Çinliler’in büyük zilleri de Orta Asya’da Türkistanlılar’dan aldıklarını kaydeder. Ayrıca Çin kaynaklarında milâttan sonra 384’te Kutça Krallığı kuşatıldıktan sonra imparatorluk sarayında kurulu olan Doğu Türk mûsiki takımlarının Çin’e götürüldüğü ifade edilir.
Türk askerî mûsikisinde zilin önemli bir yeri vardır. Davulu, zurna, boru ve zili Orta Asya’dan itibaren takım halinde bir askerî bandoda kullanan Türkler olmuştur. XI. yüzyılda Orta Asya, Hindistan ve Ortadoğu’da yaşayan Türk toplulukları arasında kullanılan “küvrüg” (kös), “tümrük” (davul) ve çeng (zil) Osmanlı mehterhânesindeki çalgıların ilk örnekleridir. Orta Asya’da ve Uygurlar’da kâse biçiminde ziller ve parmak zilleri kullanılırdı. İslâmiyet’i kabul eden Türk devletlerinde tablhâne (nevbethâne) denilen askerî mûsiki topluluklarında boru, kös ve nakkārenin yanı sıra zil de bulunmaktaydı. Askerî müzikle ilgili tarihî ve edebî metinlerde geçen “çeng ü çegāne” ve “çeng-i harbî” terkipleriyle savaş meydanlarında çalınan ziller kastedilmektedir. “Allah Allah” nidaları ile birlikte çeng-i harbîlerle vurulan bu ritimler ve velvelelerle kendi askerinin coşturulup düşman askerlerinin sinirlerini bozarak cesaretlerinin kırılması hedefleniyordu. Savaş esnasında hücumun başladığını haber vermek, savaş esnasında savaşa teşvik etmek için ziller özel bir düzümle vurulurdu. Savaştaki zillerin vuruşundan alınan ceng-i harbî Osmanlı mehterinde bir usul ismi olmuştur. Bu usulle bestelenen harp mûsikisi eserlerinin yanı sıra ceng-i harbî Türk halk ezgi örneklerinde belli bir ezginin veya belli yerel ezgilerin adı olarak da kullanılmıştır. XVII. yüzyılda İstanbul’da Osmanlı sarayında yaşamış olan ve Türk müziği hakkında önemli bilgiler içeren eserler veren Leh asıllı Ali Ufkî Bey Türk mûsikisini öğrenmek isteyenlere, “Eğer meşkhâneye gidersen önce kudüm, daire ve zil ile bütün usulleri vurmayı öğren …” tavsiyesinde bulunmuştur.
Osmanlılar döneminde padişaha ait olan tabl ü alem mehterleri bölükler halinde teşkil edilmişti. Bu mehterlerin çaldıkları sazlar sayısınca bölükleri vardı. Bu bölükler mehter başı vasıtası ile emîr-i aleme bağlı olup her bölüğün birer başı mevcuttu. Zil çalanların oluşturduğu bölüğün başında serzilci, başzilci, zilcibaşı veya zilzenbaşı denilen ağalar bulunurdu. Zil çalgısını çalana “sanccı, zilci, zilzen, zenççi, zençzen” gibi adlar verilirdi. İtalyan Kontu Luigi Ferdinando Marsigli 1670 yılında İstanbul’a gerçekleştirdiği gezide mehter sazlarının resimlerini yapmış ve bu sazların Türk askerî mûsikisindeki görevlerini anlatırken zil için şunları kaydetmiştir: “Konserlerde zil denilen başka bir saz daha kullanılır. Bu saz ince ve içbükey iki bronz yuvarlak diskten oluşur; tabakların kabarık tarafında iki üç parmağın geçebileceği halkalar bulunur. Disklerin birbirine vurulmasıyla çalınır, sesi tiz ve çok hoştur. Üç tuğlu paşaların hizmetinde bu sazı çalan iki sazende olurdu” (Aksoy, s. 299).
Mehterde ziller mehterhâne ve halîlevî adı altında iki tür çalış tekniğiyle icra edilirdi. Mehterhâne çalışındaki dik çalış tarzında ziller yere dik olacak şekilde tutulur, vuruşlar esnasında ziller birbirini sıyırarak aşağı yukarı hareket eder. Bu teknik el hareketlerinden dolayı seyri hoş, gösterişli bir çalış türüdür. Yatık çalış adlı ikinci tür, atlı mehterlerin veya oturur vaziyette kullanılan zillerin tam yatık olarak tutulup vurulmasından meydana gelir. Bu çalış tarzında kollardan biri desteklik eder, serbest kalan kol hareket halindedir. Diğer bir çalış türünde ise bir zilin üst tarafı diğer zilin alt tarafına hafifçe değdirilerek ince tınlamalar elde edilir. Zillerden birinin sabit durduğu bu çalış tarzı çevgânîler sözlü eser okurken veya eserin bir bölümü hafif bir sesle çalınırken uygulanır. Halîlevî çalış genellikle tekkelerde kullanılan bir tarz olup tekkelerden mehterhâneye geçmiş olmalıdır. Tekkelerde dinî mûsiki icrası esnasında normal zillerden biraz küçükçe, ritme yardımcı olmak için kullanılan zillere halîle denir. Bu vuruş tarzında halîleler birbirine çarpıldıktan sonra ayrılmaz, tınlamaları devam ederken hafifçe birbirine değdirilir, bir taraftan da yavaş yavaş biri ötekinin üzerinden kaydırılır.
Osmanlı ordularının Avrupa ve Balkanlar’da yaptığı seferler ve devletler arası ilişkiler sonucunda Avrupalılar, Türk askerî mûsiki çalgılarını tanımış ve askerî bandolarında yer vermeye başlamıştır. Ziller XVI ve XVII. yüzyıllarda Avrupa müziğinde senfoni orkestraları içerisinde yerini almıştır. Batı Avrupa müziğinde ilk defa Gluck tarafından “Iphigénia en Tauride” adlı operada kullanılan ziller XIX. yüzyılda dans ve askerî müzik içerisinde sıkça kullanılmaya devam etmiştir. Tarih boyunca Türk menşeli ziller dünya çapında ün yapmış en kaliteli ziller olarak kabul görmüştür. Bu alanda XV. yüzyıldan itibaren Osmanlı Devleti’nde Zilciyan ailesi tarafından yapılan ziller çok meşhurdu. Kalay, bakır ve bir miktar altın karışımından özel bir formülle yapılan zilleri ilk defa bu aile 1623 yılında İstanbul Topkapı’da imal etmeye başlamıştır. Ardından 1920’li yılların sonlarında Amerika’da devam eden bu üretim günümüzde de aynı ülkede Zilciyan Şirketi tarafından sürdürülmektedir.
Zil, Türk halk mûsikisi ritim çalgıları içerisinde metal çarpmalılar sınıflaması altında yer almaktadır. Zil ailesinden olan diğer çalgılar parmak zili ve zilli maşadır. Bunlardan parmak zili sarı pirinç veya çelikten imal edilir. 45 mm. çapında sarı pirinçten yapılan parmak zillerini kadınlar, çelikten yapılan parmak zillerini ise köçek denilen erkek dansçılar danslara veya danslı şarkılara eşlik ederken kullanırlar. Bu ziller iki elin baş ve işaret parmaklarına takılarak davul zurna eşliğinde çalınır. Eğlence yerlerinde parmak zillerini takarak göbek dansı yapan kadınlara çeng kelimesiyle ilişkili olarak çengî denilmektedir. Zilli maşa ise çevresine 5 cm. çapında küçük zil veya çıngıraklar dizilmiş bir çift kaşık yahut maşadan ibaret olup dize vurularak çalınır.
Herhangi bir ses perdesi veya frekansı olmayan zil, orkestralardaki vurmalı çalgılarda ve bateri takımlarında da çalınmaktadır. Bu çerçevede kullanılan zillerden ilki bir sehpa veya standın üzerine asılı olarak duran ve baget ile çalınan, 14-22 inç arasında değişen ölçülerde “suspended” zillerdir. Diğer ziller ise birbirine vurularak veya çarpılarak çalınan farklı ölçülerde ve kalınlıkta “crahs” zillerdir. Ayrıca bir mekanizma üzerine kurulu iki adet zilin bir pedal yardımıyla karşılıklı olarak birbirine çarptırılması suretiyle çalınan “hi-hat” zilleri de genellikle bateri takımlarında kullanılır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Kitabı Mukaddes: Eski ve Yeni Ahit , İstanbul 2001, s. 624.
İbn Sînâ, Musiki (trc. Ahmet Hakkı Turabi), İstanbul 2004, s. 108.
H. G. Farmer, Turkish Instruments of Music in the Seventeenth Century: As Described in the Siyāḥat nāma of Ewliyā Ch elebī , Glasgow 1937, s. 9.
a.mlf., “Ṣand̲j̲”, EI2 (İng.) , IX, 10.
Mahmut Ragıp Gazimihal, Türkiye-Avrupa Musiki Münasebetleri , İstanbul 1939, I, 14, 25-26, 28.
a.mlf., Türk Askerî Muzıkaları Tarihi , İstanbul 1955, s. 4-5, 8.
a.mlf., Musiki Sözlüğü , İstanbul 1961, s. 275.
a.mlf., Türk Vurmalı Çalgıları , Ankara 1975, s. 26-28, 62-63.
C. Sachs, The History of Musical Instruments , New York 1940, s. 71, 207.
Konyalı, İstanbul Sarayları , s. 51.
Haydar Sanal, Mehter Musikisi Bestekâr Mehterler-Mehter Havaları , İstanbul 1964, s. 12, 46-49, 65, 87-90.
L. Picken, Folk Musical Instruments of Turkey , London 1975, s. 18-25.
The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (ed. Stanley Sadie), London 1980, s. 112.
Lois Ibsen Faruqi, An Annotated Glossary of Arabic Musical Terms , Westport 1981, s. 295.
Atınç Emnalar, Tüm Yönleriyle Türk Halk Müziği ve Nazariyatı , İzmir 1998, s. 107.
Bahaeddin Ögel, Türk Kültür Tarihine Giriş: Türklerde Devlet ve Ordu Mehteri , Ankara 2000, VIII, 304-313.
S. Z. Solomon, How to Write for Percussion , New York 2002, s. 93.
Bülent Aksoy, Avrupalı Gezginlerin Gözüyle Osmanlılarda Musiki , İstanbul 2003, s. 299.
M. Campbell v.dğr., Musical Instruments , Oxford-New York 2004, s. 211.
J. Blades, Percussion Instruments and Their History , Westport 2005, s. 108, 170.
Berna Tunçer, Eskiçağ Kilikia Çalgıları , İstanbul 2005, s. 42.
Cem Behar, Saklı Mecmua: Ali Ufkî’nin Bibliotheque Nationale de France’taki (Turc 292) Yazması , İstanbul 2008, s. 86.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2013 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 44. cildinde, 413-415 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.