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ZİLYEDLİK Skip to content Mâlik sıfatıyla veya mâlik gibi tasarruf etme niyetiyle bir mal üzerinde kurulan fiilî hâkimiyet anlamında fıkıh terimi.
Arapça’da aidiyet, sahiplik bildiren zû/zî harfiyle “el” anlamındaki yed kelimesinden oluşan ve “bir şeyi elinde bulunduran kimse, sahip” anlamına gelen zilyed Mecelle ’de, “Zilyed bir ayna bilfiil vaz‘-ı yed eden yahut tasarruf-ı müllak ile tasarrufu sabit olan kimse” şeklinde tanımlanır (md. 1679). Zilyedlik de mâlik sıfatıyla veya mâlik gibi tasarruf etme niyetiyle bir ayn üzerinde kurulan fiilî hâkimiyettir. Klasik kaynaklarda zilyedliği ifade etmek üzere yed , sâhibü’l-yed , zi’l-yed , vad‘u’l-yed , milkü’l-yed gibi kavramlar kullanılmış, Mâlikîler ise genellikle hiyâze kelimesini tercih etmiştir. Hukuk kaynaklarında zilyedlik kabz ve istîlâ kavramlarıyla da ifade edilmiştir (bk. İSTÎLÂ ; KABZ ). Belli şartlarda mülkiyet kazandırıcı bir yol olduğundan konunun zaman aşımı kavramıyla da ilgisi vardır.
Zilyedlik konusuyla ilgili bilgiler klasik fıkıh literatürünün muâmelâtla ilgili rehin, şüf‘a, dava, şahitlik, gasp, ihyâü’l-mevât, arazi gibi bölümlerinde meseleci bir metotla verilmiş, zilyedlik kavramına dair nazarî konu ve kurallar da bu kaynaklarda konuya ilişkin fıkhî meseleler ve çözüm yolları işlenirken belirginleşmeye başlamıştır. Günümüzde de eşya hukukunun en problemli alanlarından birini teşkil eden zilyedliğin ilişkili olduğu alanların genişliği dikkate alındığında bu durum tabii karşılanmalıdır. Klasik kaynaklarda zilyedliğin açık bir tanımı yapılmamış olmakla birlikte fakihler, daha baştan itibaren mülkiyetle zilyedliğe ayırarak bunların arasında fark bulunduğunu, mülkiyet delilinin zilyedlik delilinden daha kuvvetli, zilyedliğin ise mülkiyetten daha genel olduğunu ifade etmiş, bu arada zilyedliği tanımlamaya yönelik bazı açıklamalar da yapılmıştır. Meselâ Şehâbeddin el-Karâfî’nin “yed”le ilgili tarifini geliştiren Hattâb şöyle der: “Yed bitişiklik ve yakınlıktan ibarettir. Bu da derece derece olup en yüksek derecesini kişinin üzerindeki elbisesi, daha sonra ayağındaki ayakkabısı, ardından belindeki kuşağı oluşturur. Bunları kişinin üzerinde oturduğu halı, bindiği veya gözetimi altındaki hayvanlar takip eder. Hayvana binenle onu idare eden arasında tartışma olursa zilyedlik yeminle birlikte hayvana binene aittir” (Mevâhibü’l-celîl , VI, 209-210).
Bir şeye vaz‘-ı yed etmek / el koymak veya onu eli altında bulundurmak o şeyin niteliklerine yahut kullanım özelliklerine göre değişebilir. Meselâ evdeki hizmetçinin kullandığı eşya, özel şoförün kullandığı otomobil veya gayri menkul niteliğindeki tarla, bizzat sahibinin eli altında değildir. Bir malı işçiye, kiracı ve emanetçiye bırakmada olduğu gibi fiilî hâkimiyetinden vazgeçmeden başkasının iktidarına bırakanın zilyedliği, mal bırakılan tarafın malı bırakanın hâkimiyetini inkâr etmediği sürece geçerlidir. Bir şahsın zilyed sayılması için onun bir eşya üzerinde fiilî hâkimiyet icra edebilecek kudrette bulunması yeterli olup bunun meşrû bir sebebe dayanmasına veya fiilen ilgili eşyada tasarrufta bulunmasına gerek yoktur. Bu sebepledir ki bir malı gasbeden veya çalan o malın zilyedi sayılır. Bu açıklamalardan hareketle zilyedlik, “fiilî olarak menkul veya gayri menkul bir malı mâlik sıfatıyla yahut o şeyde mutasarrıf olarak elde tutma” şeklinde tanımlanabilir.
Zilyedliğin hukukî mahiyeti öteden beri hukuk sistemlerinde ve doktrinde geniş bir tartışma konusudur, bu konuda farklı hukuk sistemleri değişik ölçütler benimsemiş ve farklı hükümler ortaya koymuştur. Roma hukukunda bir kimsenin zilyed olup olmadığı, malı fiilî hâkimiyetinde bulunduran kimsenin iradesine göre değil bu hâkimiyetin objektif unsuru olan hukukî sebebe bağlı olarak belirlenmiştir. Zilyedliği muteber bir hukukî sebebe dayanmayan kişi kendi isteğiyle bunu hukuka uygun hale getiremeyeceği gibi ona mâlik de olamaz. Cermen hukukunda zilyedlik bir şeyi elde tutmaktan ibaret olmayıp hakiki fiilî hâkimiyete dayanır. Bu sistemde eşya üzerinde maddî hâkimiyet sahibi olanlar yanında o şeyi kullananlar, semeresinden faydalananlar veya kirasını toplayanlar da zilyed sayılır. Cermen hukuk sisteminde birden fazla kimse aynı şeyden aynı anda yararlanabilir. İsviçre ve Alman medenî kanunlarında zilyedliğin tanımı, korunması ve menkullerin mürûrüzamanla iktisabı Roma hukukundan, zilyedliğin çeşitleri, zilyedlikten doğan karîneler ve zilyedliğin kapsamıyla ilgili hükümler Cermen hukukundan alınmıştır. Günümüz Türk hukukunda zilyed herhangi bir eşya üzerinde fiilî hâkimiyet kuran kişiyi ifade eder. Bir şeyin mâliki olan veya mâlik olma arzusuyla fiilî hâkimiyet kuran kimseye “aslî zilyed”, irtifak hakları ve rehinde olduğu gibi sınırlı aynî veya şahsî hak sebebiyle fiilî hâkimiyet kuran kimseye de “fer‘î zilyed” denir.
Fıkıhta zilyedliğe yüklenen anlam ve fonksiyonlar daha çok gerçek hak sahibinin hakkını gözetme esası üzerine kurulmuştur. Zilyedlik bir nesneyi hakikaten veya hükmen elinde bulundurma durumudur; kural olarak bir aynî hakkın varlığına karîne teşkil eder, ancak aynî hak doğurmaz. Zilyedlik konusuna geniş yer veren, mülkiyet düşürme veya kazandırma gibi önemli fonksiyonlar yükleyen Kara Avrupası hukuk sistemleriyle karşılaştırıldığında İslâm fıkhıyla aralarında önemli farklılıkların bulunduğu görülür. Zira söz konusu hukuk sistemlerinde öncelikle zilyedliğin korunması temel görüş olarak kabul edilir. Fakihler ise hakka dayanıp dayanmadığını dikkate almadan mutlak anlamda zilyedliği koruma yoluna gitmemiş, ancak şartlarını taşıması halinde kişilere dava açma hakkı tanımıştır. Kişinin eşya üzerindeki fiilî hâkimiyeti bir hakka dayansın veya dayanmasın hukukî anlamda bu hal zilyedlik olmakla birlikte tıpkı mülkiyet hakkında olduğu gibi fiilî hâkimiyetin meşrû yollarla elde edilmesi şarttır; hukuka aykırı olarak elde edilen fiilî hâkimiyet mülkiyet doğurmaz ve intifâ hakkı vermez.
Konusu. Fakihler, zilyedlik hükümlerini özel mallar için geçerli kabul edip kamu mallarında uygulanamayacağını belirtmiştir. Zilyedliğin konusunu oluşturan şeylerin büyük bir bölümünü menkul mallar teşkil eder. Bu durumda, tek başına veya müştereken gerçek şahısların mülkiyetinde bulunan mallar yanında kamu kuruluşlarına ait döner sermaye işletmeleri ve devletin özel sermaye ile kurduğu ticarî ortaklıklar da zilyedlik konusu olabilir. Özel mülkiyete tâbi olmayan kamu malları üzerinde ise zilyedlik söz konusu değildir. Haklar ve menfaatlerin mal sayılıp sayılmamasıyla ilgili tartışmaların akdin sonucuna etkisi yanında zilyedlik açısından da önemi vardır. Eğer hak ve menfaatler mal gibi işlem görecek olursa bunların üzerinde de zilyedlik kurulabileceğini kabul etmek gerekir. Buna göre fakihlerin “ziyâde/zevâid” diye nitelendirdiği hukukî semereler mütemmim cüz olmaları sebebiyle zilyedliğe konu teşkil edebilir.
Türleri. Klasik fıkıh eserlerinde zilyedliğe dair doğrudan bir tasnif yer almamakla birlikte zilyedlik bir hak veya izne dayanıp dayanmaması ve tazmin gerektirip gerektirmemesi açısından bazı bölümlere ayrılabilir. Bir mal üç şekilden biriyle, mâlik sıfatıyla (yedü’l-milk), hukukî bir izne dayanarak (yedü’l-emâne) yahut gasp veya hırsızlık gibi haksız bir fiille (yedü’d-damân) bir kişinin hâkimiyetinde bulunabilir. Başkasına ait bir malı elinde bulundurma tazmin yükümlülüğü getirmiyorsa “yedü’l-emâne”, aksi halde “yedü’d-damân” kavramlarıyla ifade edilir. Bilhassa gaspla ilgili bölümlerde haklı zilyedlik “yedü’l-muhikka”, haksız zilyedlik “yedü’l-mubtıla/el-yedü’l-âdiye” şeklinde de anlatılır. Fıkıh kaynaklarının pek çoğunda zilyedlik kuvvetlilik veya zayıflık durumuna göre de bir sıralamaya tâbi tutulmuştur. İbn Rüşd, zilyedliği zayıftan kuvvetliye doğru babanın oğluyla, oğlun babasıyla olan zilyedliği, akraba olan ortakların miras veya miras dışı bir sebebe dayalı zilyedliği, bir mülkte ortak olmayan akrabaların arasındaki zilyedlik, aralarında ortaklık bulunan, fakat akraba olmayan kimselerin ortaklıklarında bulunmayan bir başka şey üzerindeki zilyedlikleri ve aralarında ortaklık olmayan kimselerin ortaklıklarında yer almayan bir başka şey üzerindeki zilyedlikleri şeklinde sıralar (el-Beyân ve’t-taḥṣîl , XI, 146).
Zilyedliğin Kazanılması ve Kaybedilmesi. Zilyedlik, hâkimiyet iradesine bağlı olarak mal üzerinde hakikî veya hükmî fiilî hâkimiyetin kurulmasıyla kazanılır. Zilyedliğin maddî unsuru menkul veya gayri menkul bir malı elinde bulundurmaktır. Malı elinde bulunduran kimsenin mal üzerindeki fiilî hâkimiyetin sürekli olması ve o malda mâlik gibi tasarrufta bulunabilme imkânının bulunması şarttır. Zilyedliğin ne şekilde gerçekleşeceği ise eşyanın özelliklerine göre değişir. Menkul bir eşyayı yanında bulundurmak, hayvana binmek, elbiseyi giymek, mubah mallara el koymak, avlanmak, dağlardan odun toplamak şeklindeki fiiller klasik fıkıh kaynaklarında verilen örneklerdendir. Bu durumlarda zilyed, fiilî kudreti altında bulunan şeye istediği anda erişebilme ve onda tasarrufta bulunma gücüne sahiptir. Öte yandan zilyedliğin iradî unsuru kişinin bir şeyi fiilî hâkimiyeti altına alırken mülk edinme yahut mâlik gibi tasarruf etme niyeti veya arzusuyla hareket etmesidir. Bu hususta onun bir şeyden faydalanmaya veya onu mülk edinmeye dönük genel bir irade ortaya koymuş olması yeterlidir. Mâlik olma arzusunun bulunmadığı, kısa süreli gerçekleşen yahut süreklilik niteliği bulunmayan fiilî hâkimiyet görüntüleri hukukî anlamda zilyedlik olarak nitelendirilemez. Dolayısıyla bir kimse kendi bahçesine düşmüş olan başkasına ait eşyanın veya başkasının bahçesinde oturduğu sandalyenin zilyedi kabul edilemez. Fakat bir kimse, kendi bahçesine düşen başkasına ait bir malı mâlik olma arzusuyla hâkimiyeti altına alırsa, bu fiili sebebiyle haksız ve tazminle yükümlü bir konumda olmasına rağmen yine de o şeyin zilyedi kabul edilir.
Zilyedliğin teşekkülünde iradenin yeri fıkıhta ayrı bir tartışma konusudur. Fakihler genelde, iradenin zilyedliğin teşekkülü bakımından temel bir unsur olduğu kanaatini benimsemekle birlikte iradenin hangi durumlarda bulunduğu konusunda farklı düşünürler. Şâfiîler fiilî hâkimiyetin varlığını zilyedlik hususunda tek başına yeterli bulurken Hanefî, Mâlikî, Hanbelî ve Zâhirîler iradenin varlığı için fiilî durumun zilyedliği ortaya koyacak biçimde alenî olmasını gerekli görmüşlerdir. Buna göre bir kimsenin kendi ihtiyaçlarını temin veya hayvanlarını sulama amacıyla bir kuyu kazması bu kuyu hakkında zilyedlik ihdas ettiğini beyan etmedikçe ihya anlamına gelmez. İradeyi gerekli görenlerle görmeyenlerin fikirlerini uzlaştırıcı bir yönteme göre ise zilyedlikte fiilî hâkimiyet hakikî veya hükmî olabilir, elde edilecek eşyanın özelliğine ve zilyedlik oluşturma şekline göre değişir (Mecelle , md. 1248). Zilyedlik aslen veya devren kazanılabilir. Aslen iktisap esas itibariyle mubah mallara el koyma ile olur; ölü arazinin ihyası, avlanma, sahipsiz arazideki meyveyi, ot veya odunu toplama, maden ve define çıkarma bu türdendir. Zilyedliğin mülkiyetle birlikte kazanıldığı mubah mallara el koymanın yanı sıra kayıp eşyayı bulma, hukukî tağyîr, malların karışması veya karıştırılması, ganimet elde etme yolları da zilyedliğin aslen kazanıldığı yollardır. Zilyedliğin devren iktisabı ise akidlerde ve mirasta malın teslimi, tasarrufa imkân verilmesi, malların taksimi gibi yollarla gerçekleşir.
Mal üzerindeki fiilî hâkimiyeti icra etme imkânının sürekli olarak ortadan kalkmasıyla zilyedlik kaybedilmiş olur. Zilyedliğin kaybı bir şeyin satışı veya hibe edilmesi şeklinde iradî olabileceği gibi gasp yahut hırsızlık neticesi elden çıkmasında olduğu gibi gayri iradî de olabilir. Zilyedliğin kaybı ile zilyedliği doğuran hakkın kaybı farklı şeylerdir. Zira İslâm hukukuna göre taraflar iradî olarak zilyedliğin hukukî sebebinde bir değişiklik yapmadıkça hakka dayalı zilyedlik ortadan kalkmaz. Ancak müteahhir dönem uygulamasında, her ne kadar dinî açıdan hak ortadan kalkmasa da şer‘î bir mazeret bulunmadıkça söz konusu hakkın belli bir süre içerisinde istenmesi gerektiği, süresinde istenmeyen hakların dava konusu edilemeyeceği yönünde bir kabul oluşmuştur. Uygulamada bu şekilde süre konulmasının gerekçesi ispat zorluğu ve hukukî istikrarı sağlama düşüncesidir.
Hukuktaki Rolü. Fıkıhta zilyedliğin hak kazandırıcı fonksiyonu mubah mallara hasredilmiş olup başkasına ait bir hak sadece zilyedlik sebebiyle el değiştirmez. Bu bağlamda hakka dayalı olsun veya olmasın herhangi bir tartışmanın söz konusu olmadığı hallerde zilyed, hâkimiyeti altında bulundurduğu eşyayı koruma ve üçüncü kişilerin saldırılarına karşı koyma yetkisine sahiptir. Kimin hak sahibi olduğu konusunun tartışıldığı durumlarda Mâlikîler diğer mezheplerden farklı olarak zilyedin deliline öncelik tanımışlardır. Onlar da, zilyedliğin esasen mülkiyet sebebi olmayıp ona karîne teşkil ettiği görüşünde olmalarına rağmen (meselâ bk. İbn Rüşd, XI, 265) bir adım daha ileri giderek belli süre ve şartlar dahilinde eşya üzerindeki zilyedliği mülkiyet kazandırıcı bir sebep kabul etmişlerdir. Mubah malların elde edilmesinde olduğu gibi zilyedliğin doğrudan mülkiyet kazandırıcı bir rol oynadığı aslî iktisap halleri dışında devren iktisapta zilyedliğin nakli akdin tamamlayıcı unsuru durumundadır. Meselâ faiz cereyan etmemesi için peşin alışveriş gerektiren mislî malların alım satımında hibe, vasiyet, karz, rehin, âriyet, vedîa ve sarf akidlerinde akdin sahih olarak tamamlanabilmesi veya bağlayıcı olması için zilyedliğin devri zaruri görülmüştür. Fıkıhta aynî hakların iktisabı akidle temin edilmekle birlikte, özellikle menkul mallarda zilyedliğin devri gerçekleşmedikçe bu mallar üzerinde yeni alım satım söz konusu olamaz. Dolayısıyla her ne kadar mülkiyetin akidle intikal ettiği kabul edilse de zilyedlik elde edilmediği müddetçe mal üzerindeki tasarruf sınırlı olacaktır.
Zilyedlik Davası. Herhangi bir itiraz vâki olmadığı müddetçe bir malı elinin altında tutan kişi o şey üzerinde müstakil zilyeddir ve bu durum zilyedliğin mülkiyet karînesidir. Ancak bir şey üzerinde birden fazla kimsenin zilyedlik iddia etmesi halinde taraflardan delil istenir. Tarafların delil getirememesi durumunda mevcut zilyedin lehine bir mülkiyet karînesi bulunduğuna hükmedilir ve ispat külfeti zilyed olmayana düşer. Fakihler prensip olarak herhangi bir hakka dayanmayan zilyedliklerin hukuken koruma altında bulunmadığını, zilyedliğin korunması için bir hakka dayalı olması gerektiğini ifade etmişlerdir. Bu sebeple İslâm hukukunda zilyedliğin korunmasında meseleye, hukukî istikrarın devam ettirilmesi değil deliller yoluyla gerçek zilyedin tesbiti açısından yaklaşılmış, bunun için de fiilî zilyedliklerin değil hukukî zilyedliklerin korunması ön planda tutulmuştur. Haklı zilyedlikler de zilyedin hakkını fiilî olarak müdafaa etmesi, zilyedlik davası veya zilyedliğin idarî yoldan muhafazası şeklinde üç farklı şekilde korunmuştur. Zilyedlik davaları zilyedliğin iadesi veya ispatı davası şeklinde açılabilir. Zilyedliğin idarî yoldan korunması görevini geçmişte hisbe teşkilâtı yürütmüştür.
İslâm hukukuna göre mülkiyet veya zilyedlik davalarında zilyed davalı, zilyed olmayan ise davacı kabul edilir. Bunun tesbiti davanın seyri ve ispat yükü bakımından önemlidir. Çünkü zilyedlik davalarında ispat yükü davacıya aittir, davalı konumundaki zilyedden sadece yemin etmesi istenir. Davalı yemin ederse mal onun zilyedliğinde bırakılır. Gerçek hak sahibinin hakkını ispat edememesi veya hiçbir mazereti olmadığı halde belli bir süre içerisinde dava açmaması durumunda zaman aşımı devreye girer ve sonradan aynı konuda yeni bir dava açılamaz. Zira artık dava açısından ispat güçlüğü artmış, hukukî istismarın korunması, mahkemelerin boş yere işgal edilmemesi fikri ağır basmıştır. Bu sürenin ne kadar olduğu ictihadî bir husus olmakla birlikte fakihler başlangıçta gayri menkuller için otuz altı sene, otuz üç sene, otuz sene gibi zaman aşımı sürelerinden bahsetmişlerdir. Daha sonraki dönemlerde ve özellikle Osmanlılar döneminde söz konusu süreler uzun bulunmuş, istisnaî haller dışında dava açma süresi on beş yılla sınırlandırılmıştır. Menkul mallarda ise bu süre, elbise gibi çabuk yıpranan nesnelerde veya tarım aletlerinde bir veya iki, hayvanlar hususunda iki veya üç yıl ile sınırlıdır. Aynı şeyler akrabalar arasında söz konusu olduğunda bu müddet on yıla kadar çıkarılabilir.
Haksız Zilyedin Sorumluluğu. Haksız zilyedin elindekini hak sahibine iade etmesi genel kuraldır. Ancak iade yükümlülüğü, zilyedin iyi ya da kötü niyetli ve iade edilecek malın elde mevcut olup olmamasına göre farklı hükümlere tâbidir. Fakihler, iyi niyetli zilyedin her hâlükârda haksız zilyedi olduğu şeyi aslî zilyedine iade yükümlülüğünün bulunduğunu, ancak iyi niyeti sebebiyle dinî açıdan günahkâr olmayacağını ifade etmişlerdir. Mâlikîler’e göre, bir arazide iyi niyetli kiracı sıfatıyla zilyed olan kimse söz konusu arazide ziraat yapmakta iken hak sahibi ortaya çıksa ve arsasındaki ekinlerin sökülmesini talep etse bu isteği dikkate alınmaz; kendisi sadece yerin kira bedelini isteyebilir. Kiracı kötü niyetli zilyed olduğunda ise aynı olayda ekinleri sökmesi gerekir. Çünkü kötü niyetli zilyedin mal mevcutsa aynen iadesi, mevcut değilse karşı tarafın zararını tazmin etmesi genel kuraldır. Ayrıca onun fiilî hâkimiyeti iyi niyete dayanmadığından mala gelebilecek her türlü hasar ve zarardan da sorumludur. Hatta bu zararın, kişinin fiilinin bir sonucu olması ile semavî bir âfet neticesinde olması arasında bir fark yoktur. Ancak mal, başkasının kusuru neticesinde telef olmuşsa bu durumda haksız zilyedin o kimseye rücû ederek zararını tazmin ettirme hakkı doğar.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Şemsüleimme es-Serahsî, el-Mebsûṭ , Beyrut 1414/1993, V, 201-202, 241; VII, 132, 172-174; X, 55, 171; XI, 46, 73, 89; XII, 82; XV, 32; XVI, 161; XVII, 29, 33, 54; ayrıca bk. tür.yer.
Gazzâlî, el-Vasîṭ (nşr. Ahmed Mahmûd İbrâhim – M. M. Tâmir), Kahire 1417/1997, III, 192, 269; IV, 225, 318; VII, 413, 433-435, 440; ayrıca bk. tür.yer.
İbn Rüşd, el-Beyân ve’t-taḥṣîl (nşr. Muhammed Haccî v.dğr.), Beyrut 1408/1988, IX, 252, 260; X, 34, 318; XI, 46, 79, 145, 146-152, 173, 179, 189, 265; ayrıca bk. tür.yer.
Kâsânî, Bedâʾiʿ , IV, 37; V, 244; VI, 225, 232, 236, 240, 254; VII, 143-150; ayrıca bk. tür.yer.
Burhâneddin el-Mergīnânî, el-Hidâye (nşr. Tallâl Yûsuf), Beyrut, ts. (Dâru ihyâi’t-türâsi’l-Arabî), II, 289; III, 128, 156, 169, 170; ayrıca bk. tür.yer.
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Hatîb eş-Şirbînî, Muġni’l-muḥtâc , Beyrut 1415/1994, II, 104, 447; III, 59, 229, 333, 345; VI, 409, 414, 415, 428, 436; ayrıca bk. tür.yer.
Mecelle , md. 1248, 1660, 1661, 1662, 1663, 1674, 1679, 1754.
Jale G. Akipek, Türk Eşya Hukuku , Ankara 1972, I, 137 vd., 165-166.
M. Abdülcevâd Muhammed, el-Ḥiyâze ve’t-teḳādüm fi’l-fıḳhi’l-İslâmî: el-Muḳāren bi’l-ḳānûni’l-vażʿî , İskenderiye 1397/1977, s. 52, 58.
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Hayreddin Karaman, Mukayeseli İslâm Hukuku , İstanbul 1991, III, 7, 192-212.
Şevket Topal, İslâm Hukûkunda Zilyedlik (doktora tezi, 2000), Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
a.mlf., “İslam Hukuku Açısından Zilyedliğin Oluşumunda İrâdenin Yeri”, Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi İlâhiyat Fakültesi Dergisi , sy. 11, Samsun 1999, s. 239-256.
Davut Yaylalı, “İslam Hukukunda Zamanaşımı”, UÜ İlâhiyat Fakültesi Dergisi , IV/4, Bursa 1992, s. 157-159.
“Tenâzuʿ bi’l-eydî”, Mv.F , XIV, 39-41.
“Ḥiyâze”, a.e. , XVIII, 274-290.
“Vażʿu’l-yed”, a.e. , XLIII, 301-314.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2013 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 44. cildinde, 417-420 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.