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ZİMBABVE Skip to content Güney Afrika’da bir ülke.
Bölümler İçin Önizleme
Madde Planı
1/2 Müellif: İBRAHİM GÜNER Bölüme Git
Afrika’nın güneyinde denize kıyısı olmayan bir ülkedir. Eskiden Rodezya adıyla bir İngiliz sömürgesiydi. 18 Nisan 1980’de Zimbabve (Şona [Shona] dilin…
2/2 Müellif: RIZA KURTULUŞ Bölüme Git
II. TARİH Ülkenin adı, bölgesel Şona dilinde “büyük taş evler, değerli evler” anlamına gelen Dzimbadzemabve’den gelir. Bu ismi, kuzeyde Zambezi ile gü…
I. FİZİKÎ ve BEŞERÎ COĞRAFYA
II. TARİH
III. ÜLKEDE İSLÂMİYET
Afrika’nın güneyinde denize kıyısı olmayan bir ülkedir. Eskiden Rodezya adıyla bir İngiliz sömürgesiydi. 18 Nisan 1980’de Zimbabve (Şona [Shona] dilinde “büyük taş evler, değerli evler”) adıyla bağımsızlığını kazanmıştır. Komşuları kuzeyde Zambiya, kuzeydoğu ve doğuda Mozambik, güneyde Güney Afrika Cumhuriyeti, batıda Botsvana’dır. Resmî adı Republic of Zimbabwe olan ülkenin yüzölçümü 390.759 km2 , nüfusu 11.392.629’dur (2009). Başşehri Harare (eski adı Salisbury, 2005 yılında yaklaşık 1.600.000), diğer önemli şehirleri Bulavayo (718.000), Mutare (168.000) ve Gveru’dur (146.000).
I. FİZİKÎ ve BEŞERÎ COĞRAFYA Zimbabve büyük Orta Afrika platosunun bir bölümünü oluşturur. Ülkenin Zambezi ve Limpopo vadileri dışındaki büyük bir bölümü denizden 800-1500 m. yüksekliktedir. Bu platonun doğusunda yüksekliği 2596 metreyi bulan (İnyangani dağı) ve Mozambik’le sınır teşkil eden dağlık kütle yer alır. Kuzeybatıda Zambezi nehri üzerinde dünyanın en büyük şelâlelerinden biri olan Victoria şelâlesi bulunur. Yine bu nehir üzerinde olan baraj gerisindeki Kariba baraj gölü de dünyanın en büyük yapay gölleri arasındadır. Zimbabve’de tropikal iklim hüküm sürer. Ülkede mayıs ile temmuz ayları arasında serin ve yağışsız bir kış, ekime kadar sıcak bir mevsim, nisana kadar da sıcak ve yağmurlu bir yaz mevsimi görülür. Platolarda yağış ortalamaları 650-750 mm. arasındadır. Yağış doğudaki dağlarda daha yüksek, güneydeki vadilerde daha azdır. Ülkede dönemsel kuraklıklar görülür. Hâkim doğal bitki örtüsü ağaçlıklı savanlardır. Doğudaki dağlarda ve vadi içlerinde tropikal karakterli ormanlara rastlanır. Zengin bir yaban hayatına sahip olan ülkede çok sayıda millî park kurulmuştur. Kilometrekareye yirmi dokuz kişinin düştüğü Zimbabve’de nüfusun % 37’si şehirlerde yaşar. Ülke nüfusunun % 98’ini siyahlar, geri kalanını da Asyalılar (çoğu Hintli) ve Avrupalı beyazlar (çoğu İngiliz) oluşturur. Üç resmî dilden biri olan İngilizce’nin yanında Ndebele ve Şona dilleri de yer alır. Siyahlar Bantu dillerini konuşan iki büyük gruba ayrılır. Bunlar, ülkenin doğusunda yaşayan Şonalar ile (% 80) genelde güney ve batı bölgelerinde toplanmış olan Ndebeleler’dir (% 16). Halkın % 50’si Sankretik (yarı hıristiyan yarı yerel inanışlar), % 25’i hıristiyan, % 25’i yerel dinlere mensuptur. Zimbabve’deki müslümanların sayısı 127.500 civarındadır (nüfusun % 1’i). Ülke nüfusunun % 91’i okur yazardır.
Bağımsızlık döneminde Zimbabve ekonomisinde görülen büyümeye karşın işsizlik ve tarımdaki üretim düşüklüğü gibi sorunlar aşılamamıştı. Yeni düzenlemeler ve yabancıların yatırımları 1992’de belirli bir iyileşmeyi başlattı. Zimbabve hükümeti, 2000 yılında uygulamaya koyduğu tarım reformu çerçevesinde beyaz azınlığın topraklarını devletleştirerek yerli halka dağıttı. Bunun üzerine Batılı hükümetler ve uluslararası kurumlar Zimbabve’ye ekonomik ve siyasal yaptırım uyguladılar. Bu yaptırımlar ülke ekonomisinin iyice bozulmasına yol açtı. Zimbabve 2007’de dünyanın en yüksek enflasyon oranına sahip ülkesi olarak kayda geçti. Ekonomik krizle birlikte işsizlik de % 80’e ulaştı, ülke nüfusunun yaklaşık üçte biri ülkeden ayrıldı. Birleşmiş Milletler Teşkilâtı verilerine göre 11,4 milyon nüfuslu ülkede 4 milyondan fazla kişi açlık tehlikesiyle karşı karşıya bulunmaktadır (2009). Ülkede eğitim kurumlarının sayısı gün geçtikçe artmaktadır. 1980’de sadece Harare’de Zimbabve Üniversitesi (1952) bulunurken üniversite sayısı bugün onu geçmiştir. Bulavayo’da Ulusal Bilim ve Teknoloji Üniversitesi, Mutare’de Afrika Üniversitesi ve Lupane Devlet Üniversitesi bunlar arasındadır.
Zimbabve’de ekonominin temeli tarımla zengin maden kaynaklarına dayanır. Ülkenin yalnızca % 7,3’ü tarıma elverişlidir. Sekizde bir kadarı çayır ve otlaklarla kaplıdır; % 23’ünde ise ormanlar bulunur. Verimli toprakların çoğu yüksek platolar bölgesinde yer alır. Tütün ticarî amaçla üretilen önemli bir üründür. En çok üretilen tahıllar mısır, darı ve buğdaydır. Bunların dışındaki önemli ürünler arasında pamuk, yer fıstığı, manyok, şeker pancarı, çay, kahve ve çeşitli sebzeler sayılabilir. Hayvancılık yaygın olmakla birlikte ikincil bir gelir kaynağıdır ve daha çok sığır yetiştiriciliğine dayanır. Zimbabve madenler bakımından hayli zengindir. Bunların üretim miktarı açısından başlıcaları krom, altın, nikel, asbest, demir, bakır ve maden kömürüdür. Ülkede giyim, kimya sanayileri, demir çelik ve hafif endüstri gelişmiştir. İmalât için gerekli enerjinin çoğu Kariba Hidroelektrik Santrali’nden elde edilir. Zimbabve’de turizm düşüş göstermekle birlikte Victoria şelâlesi gibi önemli doğal güzellikler hâlâ turistlerin ilgisini çekmektedir.
Ülkenin belli başlı ihracat malları platin, pamuk, tütün, altın, demir alaşımları ve tekstil ürünleridir. İthalât mallarının başında ise çeşitli makineler ve makine aksamı, ulaşım araçları, kimyasal maddeler ve petrol gelir. İhracat gelirlerindeki azalmaya bağlı olarak ödemeler dengesi büyük açıklar vermektedir. Dış ticaretinde ilk sırada Güney Afrika gelir. Bu ülkeyi Botsvana, Demokratik Kongo, Çin ve Zambiya izler. Güney Afrika Cumhuriyeti, Zambiya ve Mozambik demiryollarıyla bağlantılı olan Zimbabve demiryolları ülke ticaretinde büyük önem taşır. Dış ticarette daha çok Mozambik’in limanlarından yararlanılır. Ülkenin karayolu ağının yaklaşık beşte biri asfalt kaplanmıştır. Kırsal yörelere giden yollar genelde düşük kalitededir. Harare’de uluslararası bir havaalanı, ayrıca büyük şehirler arasında havayolu ulaşımı vardır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Türkkaya Ataöv, Afrika Ulusal Kurtuluş Mücadeleleri , Ankara 1977, s. 466-470.
Aydoğan Köksal, Afrika Coğrafyası , Ankara 1982, s. 140-141, 144-150.
İbrahim Atalay, Kıtalar ve Ülkeler Coğrafyası , İzmir 1999, s. 293-294.
İbrahim Güner, Kıtalar ve Ülkeler Coğrafyası , Erzurum 2000, I, 169-172.
Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey , 2005-2006, Calverton 2007.
“Zimbabwe”, Görsel Dünya Ansiklopedisi , İstanbul 1983, XII, 3130-3137.
“Zimbabwe”, ABr. , XXII, 591-595.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2013 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 44. cildinde, 421-422 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
II. TARİH Ülkenin adı, bölgesel Şona dilinde “büyük taş evler, değerli evler” anlamına gelen Dzimbadzemabve’den gelir. Bu ismi, kuzeyde Zambezi ile güneyde Limpopo nehirleri arasındaki alanda bulunan dünyanın en değerli taş evlerinden almaktadır. Eski adı, Zimbabve’de ilk maden arama imtiyazını alarak bölgeyi İngiliz kolonisi haline getiren İngiliz Cecil John Rhodes’e nisbetle Rodezya’dır. Buranın ilk sakinleri olan ve küçük topluluklar halinde yaşayan San yerlileri, milâttan önce X-V. yüzyıllarda kuzeyden bu bölgeye göç eden, Bantu dilini konuşan göçebelerle karışarak Zimbabve’nin ilk yerleşimlerini oluşturdular. Bölgenin milâttan önce IX. yüzyıldan itibaren Doğu Afrika ile yoğun ticaret içinde bulunduğu görülmektedir. Milâttan önce IV. yüzyılda ülkenin güneyinde biri Nyanga’da, diğeri Gokomere’de iki coğrafî yerleşim yeri ortaya çıktı.
Portekizliler, milâttan sonra XV. yüzyılda Doğu Afrika’ya ulaştıklarında bölgede milâttan önce XI. yüzyıldan beri gelişen Karanga medeniyeti ve Mvari kültü yayılmıştı. XV. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında Karanga Kralı Mwene Mutapa, günümüzde Zimbabve ile Mozambik’in bir kısmını da içine alan ve Büyük Zimbabve olarak adlandırılan topraklarda büyük bir imparatorluk kurmuştu. Portekizli tüccarlar 1500’lerde Mutapa ile iletişim sağlayarak altın ve fildişi ticaretini kendi kontrollerine aldılar. Mwene Mutapa 1569’da Cizvitler tarafından vaftiz edilerek Hıristiyanlığa girdi. XVI. yüzyılda bölgede güçlerini arttıran Portekiz kolonileri böylece Mutapa isminin Portekizce telaffuzu olan Monomutapa kralları üzerinde nüfuz kurdular. Monomutapa adıyla anılan bu imparatorluk, XVII. yüzyılın sonlarında Portekizliler’in gittikçe artan baskısı ve Çanga liderliğindeki Rozvi hânedanının yükselişiyle ortadan kalktı.
Zimbabve tarihinde etkili olan ikinci Bantu göçü 1830’larda bu defa güneyden geldi. Bunlar Zulu şefi Şaka’nın baskısından kaçarak bölgeye gelen Ngoni halkı idi. Bundan daha etkilisi Ndebele Devleti’ni kuran Mzilikazi güçlerinin istilâsıdır. Bölge halkı Şonalar’ı tam bir hâkimiyet altına alan Mzilikazi bu dönemde topraklarına güneyden gelen Avrupalı misyonerlerle ilişki kurdu. İskoç misyoneri Robert Moffat 1857’de Mzilikazi’yi ziyaret etti ve 1861’de Ndebele Devleti’nde ilk misyoner teşkilâtını kurdu. Mzilikazi’den sonra tahta geçen oğlu Lobengula, 1889’da Cecil John Rhodes’in İngiliz Güney Afrika Şirketi’ne ilk maden arama imtiyazını verdi. Aldıkları imtiyazla 1890’dan itibaren bölgede gittikçe güçlenen İngiliz Güney Afrika Şirketi’nin silâhlı birlikleri Cecil Rhodes liderliğinde şimdiki Zimbabve topraklarını işgal etti. Direnen Ndebele halkı 1893’te yenildi. 1895’te bu topraklar resmen Rodezya diye adlandırıldı. 1896-1897 yıllarında Ndebele ve Şona güçlerinin isyanları mağlûbiyetle sonuçlandı ve Rhodes’in silâhlı güçleri bölgeyi tamamen kontrolü altına aldı. Ardından Avrupalı yerleşimciler bölgede iskân edilmeye başlandı. 1924’te bölgede özerk bir İngiliz kolonisi kuruldu. Komşusu Güney Afrika gibi bu İngiliz kolonisi de siyah Afrikalılar için temel özgürlükleri ve sivil hakları ortadan kaldırdı, ırk ayırımı politikalarını uyguladı. 1930’da ülke topraklarının en verimli % 50’si Avrupalı yerleşimcilere, % 30’u ise yerlilere verildi.
Güney Rodezya, 1953 yılında Merkezî Afrika Federasyonu’nu kurmak üzere İngiliz kolonileri Kuzey Rodezya (Zambiya) ve Nyasaland ile (Malavi) birleşti. Bu süre zarfında İngiliz kolonisi liderleri yerli halkın siyasete katılımı için bazı adımlar attı. 1961’de kabul edilen anayasaya göre siyahîler için parlamentodaki sandalye sayısı yaklaşık dörtte bire yükseltildi. Rodezya halkı, yeni düzenlemenin çoğunluğu oluşturan yerli nüfusun yönetime geçişini geciktirmek için bir taktik olduğunu düşünerek itirazlarını sürdürdü. Avrupalılar’ın kurduğu Rodezya Cephesi adlı siyasî parti, 1962 seçimlerini kazandıktan sonra siyahîlerin meydana getirdiği muhalif Zimbabve Afrika Halk Birliği’nin faaliyetlerini yasakladı. Ülke dışında bulunan liderleri hariç bütün üyelerini tutukladı. 1963’te Rodezya ve Nyasaland federasyondan ayrıldı. Kuzey Rodezya, Zambiya ismiyle 1964’te bağımsızlığına kavuştu.
Güney Rodezya’da ise azınlık iktidarı koloni statüsündeki yönetimini sürdürürken yerli halk bu yönetimden kurtulmak için mücadelesine devam etti. 1963’te Zimbabve Afrika Halk Birliği’nin bazı üyeleri federasyondan ayrılıp Zimbabve Afrika Ulusal Birliği’ni kurdu. 1965’te Güney Rodezya tek taraflı bağımsızlığını ilân etti. Ancak İngiltere buna karşı çıkarak Birleşmiş Milletler vasıtasıyla Zimbabve’ye ekonomik yaptırımlar uygulattı. 2 Mart 1970’te Güney Rodezya’da cumhuriyet ilân edildi. 1972’de Nkoma önderliğinde Zimbabve Afrika Halk Birliği ile Sithole önderliğinde Zimbabve Afrika Ulusal Birliği tam bağımsızlık için gerilla savaşını başlattı. 10 Eylül 1979’da Londra’da Rodezya Konferansı’nda alınan karar gereğince 27-29 Şubat 1980’de yapılan seçimlerin ardından siyahî lider Robert Mugabe başbakan olarak hükümeti kurdu. 18 Nisan 1980’de Rodezya, Zimbabve adını alarak bağımsız bir devlet oldu. Bağımsızlıktan sonra ülkenin iktidar mücadelesi yapan iki büyük siyasî partisi Zimbabve Afrika Ulusal Birliği ve Zimbabve Afrika Halk Birliği’nin arası hızla açıldı, bu durum ülkeyi düşük yoğunluklu bir iç savaşa sürükledi. Altı yıl süren savaş 1987’de sona erdi. Robert Mugabe 1987 yılından beri ülkede başkanlığını sürdürmektedir.
III. ÜLKEDE İSLÂMİYET Ülkenin İslâmiyet’le ilk tanışması, Mutapa İmparatorluğu zamanında XVI. yüzyılda Doğu Afrika sahillerine gelen müslüman tüccarların iç kesimlere yaptıkları seyahatler vasıtasıyla gerçekleşti. Portekiz ticarî kolonilerinden önce Doğu Afrika sahillerinde birkaç önemli liman kuran müslüman tüccarlar özellikle Süfâle ve Kilve limanlarını kullanarak iç bölgelere ulaşıyordu. Zamanla bölgede küçük müslüman gruplar oluşmaya başladı. Bölge halkı ve kabileler müslüman tüccarlarla kurdukları ilişkiler sonucunda İslâm’ı tanıdı. Portekizliler XVI. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında Mutapa Devleti üzerinde nüfuz kurduklarında müslümanların bölgede etkili olduğunu gördüler. Bu sıralarda ülkede 10.000’den fazla müslüman bulunuyordu. 1561’de bölgeye gönderilen Cizvit rahibi Gonçalo da Silveira, Mutapa kralı tarafından, adı kaynaklara yansıyan bölgedeki ilk müslüman lider olan Mafamade’nin ikna etmesiyle öldürüldü. Bu olay müslümanların Mutapa sarayındaki etkinliğinin bir sonucuydu. Cizvit papazının bir müslüman tarafından öldürülmesi üzerine Portekizliler’in Mutapa Krallığı üzerindeki baskısı müslümanların ülkeden sürülmesi veya birçoğunun öldürülmesiyle neticelendi. Cizvit rahibinin intikamını almak için Portekizliler’in 1568’de gönderdikleri kuvvetler pek çok müslümanı katletti. Bu katliam müslümanların bölgedeki varlığını sona erdirdiği gibi ticarî üstünlüklerini de Portekizliler’e kaptırmalarına yol açtı.
Katliamdan sonra nüfusları oldukça azalan müslümanlar yaklaşık üç asır boyunca herhangi bir etkinlik gösteremediler ve kimliklerini devam ettiremediler. Mutapa’nın kuzeyinde Varemba adındaki bu halka mensup Sadîkī, Hasanî ve Saîdî gibi kabile isimleri bunların müslüman kökenli olduğu iddiasını desteklemektedir. Günümüzde Müslümanlığını unutmuş bu gruplar Hint-Pakistan alt kıtasından bölgeye gelen müslümanlar vasıtasıyla tekrar İslâmlaştırılmaya çalışılmaktadır. Zimbabve’deki ikinci müslüman grup Malavililer’dir. Malavililer, ülkenin 1890’da İngilizler tarafından kolonileştirilmesinin ardından iş aramak üzere bölgeye gelmeye başladılar. Bunların bir kısmı Zimbabve’ye yerleşti. Sünnî olan Malavili müslümanlar, Hint-Pakistanlı müslümanların ülkeyi yeniden İslâmlaştırma çabalarına destek vermektedir. Zimbabve’de üçüncü müslüman grubu Hint-Pakistan kökenli müslümanlar teşkil etmektedir. 1920’li yıllarda Hindistan’ın Gucerât bölgesinden gelen bu grup Zimbabve’de kurduğu cami ve medreselerle öne çıktı. Çoğunluğu başşehir Harare ve Bulavayo’da ikamet eden ve ticaretle uğraşan Sünnî-Hanefî grup ülkede İslâmiyet’in yayılması için büyük çaba sarfetmektedir.
Harare’de ilki 1927’de inşa edilen on sekiz, Bulavayo’da sekiz olmak üzere büyük şehirlerde ve kırsal kesimlerde çok sayıda cami bulunmaktadır. Harare’nin banliyösü olan Ridgeviev’de 1982’de 2000 kişilik bir cami inşa edildi. Zimbabve Üniversitesi’nde İslâm ve Arap araştırmalarıyla ilgili bir kürsü açıldı. 2012’de Harare’de Lübnan ve İranlı Şiî grupların desteklediği Mescid-i Âl-i Muhammed ibadete açıldı. 2010’lu yılların başlangıcında 200.000 civarında olduğu tahmin edilen müslümanlar ülke nüfusunun % 1’inden fazlasını meydana getirmekte, faaliyetlerini çeşitli İslâmî kuruluşlar vasıtasıyla yürütmektedir. Zimbabve’de 1975’te kurulan, çoğunluğunu Malavi ve Hint kökenli müslümanların oluşturduğu Meclis-i Ulemâ başta eğitim olmak üzere çeşitli faaliyetler yürütmektedir. Ülkenin en büyük İslâmî teşkilâtı olan bu kuruluşun Harare, Kvekve, Bulavayo, Gveru ve Kadoma şehirlerinde temsilcilikleri bulunmaktadır. Bulavayo’da Kokni İslâm Topluluğu, Kvekve’de Zimbabve İslâm Daveti, Harare’de Zimbabve Müslüman Gençlik Teşkilâtı, İstikamet Vakfı ve Fâtımatüzzehrâ Kadın Derneği ülkede İslâmî faaliyet yapan diğer kuruluşlardır. 2006’da Bulavayo’da müslüman tıp ve sağlık çalışanları bir araya gelerek tıbbî yardıma ihtiyaç duyan insanlara yardım etmek amacıyla Zimbabve İslâm Tıp Derneği’ni kurdular.
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Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2013 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 44. cildinde, 422-424 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.