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ZİYARET Skip to content
Sözlükte “değer verilen birini, bir yeri görmeye gitmek” anlamında masdar olan ziyâret in kökü zevr de aynı anlamdadır ve hem ziyaret etmeyi hem de ziyaret edeni anlatır. Ancak “ziyaret eden” anlamında zâir (çoğulu züvvâr ) kelimesi daha yaygındır. Züver ve mezâr da “bir kimseyi görmeye gitme” mânasını ifade etmekle beraber mezar ayrıca “ziyaret edilen yer” anlamına gelir ve Türkçe’de kabirle birlikte bu anlamda kullanılır. Ziyaret ibret almak için kabirleri, sevap kazanmak için mübarek yerleri, akrabaları ve hastaları görmek gibi amaçlarla gerçekleştirilir. Kur’an’da ziyaretle ilgili tek âyet, İslâm öncesinde dinî gayretle değil kabile mensuplarının sayısına ölülerin de dahil edildiğini göstermek suretiyle yapılan kabir ziyaretleriyle övünmeyi eleştiren, “Çokluğunuzla övünmek kabirlere girinceye kadar sizi oyaladı” meâlindeki âyettir (et-Tekâsür 102/1-2).
Kabir Ziyareti. Hz. Peygamber’in hayatında önceleri kabir ziyaretini yasaklayan, daha sonra da buna izin veren iki farklı uygulama vardır. Resûl-i Ekrem’in ilk dönemlerde kabir ziyaretini erkek-kadın herkese yasaklamasından maksat, yanakları yumruklama, elbise yakalarını yırtma ve ağıt yakıp ağlama gibi (Buhârî, “Cenâʾiz”, 19) İslâm’ın vakarı ile bağdaşmayan Câhiliye âdetlerini unutturmak, kabirlere, dolayısıyla içindekilere aşırı saygı besleme ve hatta onlara ibadet etme şeklinde kendini gösteren şirk görüntülerini yok etmekti. Kabirlerin yanında uygulanan bu Câhiliye âdetlerinin çirkinliği anlaşıldıktan ve ziyaret sırasında kötü söz söylemenin günah olduğu öğrenildikten sonra Hz. Peygamber âhireti hatırlatacağı için kabirlerin ziyaret edilebileceğini bildirmiş (Müsned , III, 38, 63; Müslim, “Cenâʾiz”, 106; Ebû Dâvûd, “Cenâʾiz”, 77-102), kabir ziyareti insana kendi âkıbetini hatırlatıp ibret almasını sağladığından faydalı görülmüştür (Müslim, “Cenâʾiz”, 102). Nitekim Resûl-i Ekrem, Medine’deki Bakīu’l-garkad kabristanını sık sık ziyaret etmiş, ilâhî izne nâil olduktan sonra da annesinin kabrini ziyaret edip ağlamış, onun bu hali yanındaki sahâbîleri de ağlatmıştır (Müslim, “Cenâʾiz”, 105; Nesâî, “Cenâʾiz”, 101). Bununla birlikte İbn Abbas (Ebû Dâvûd, “Cenâʾiz”, 78), Ebû Hüreyre (Tirmizî, “Cenâʾiz”, 61) ve Hassân b. Sâbit (Müsned , III, 442-443), Resûl-i Ekrem’in kabirleri ziyaret eden kadınları lânetlediğini belirterek bu yasağın kalkmadığına işaret etmişlerdir. Neticede bazı âlimler umumi ruhsatın yasağı kaldırdığı görüşünde birleşmiş, bazıları ise çokça ağlayıp sızlandıkları gerekçesiyle kadınlar için kabir ziyaretinin mekruh sayıldığını söylemiştir. Bunlara muhalefet edenler daha önceki yasağı nesheden, “Kabirleri ziyaret ediniz” hadisinin kadınları da içine aldığını, zira onların da âhireti düşünerek ibret almaları gerektiğini ileri sürmüşlerdir. Bu iki görüşü telif edenler ise kadınların kabir ziyaretini yasaklayan hadiste geçen “zevvârât” kelimesinin mübalağa sîgasına dikkat çekip bu yasağın, kabirleri sık sık ziyaret etmek suretiyle bazı önemli görevlerini aksatan kadınları içine aldığını belirtmişlerdir (Şevkânî, IV, 119). Kabir ziyaretinin bazı âdâbı vardır. Kabristana girerken kendi âkıbetini düşünerek derin bir tevazu içinde bulunmalı, kabirdekileri Resûl-i Ekrem’in yaptığı gibi selâmlamalı, Hanefîler’e göre kabrin yanında ayakta durup dua etmeli, kabirlerin üzerine basılmayacağı gibi oturulamayacağı da bilinmelidir (Müslim, “Cenâʾiz”, 96-98). Kabirdekiler için Hz. Peygamber’in şu duası okunmalıdır: “Selâm size ey bu kabirlerde yatanlar! Allah bizi de sizi de bağışlasın. Siz bizden önce gittiniz, biz peşinizden geleceğiz” (Tirmizî, “Cenâʾiz”, 59; ayrıca bk. KABİR ).
Kutsal Yerleri Ziyaret. Kutsal yerlerin ziyaret edilebileceğine ruhsat veren “şeddü’r-rahl” hadisine göre sadece Mescid-i Harâm (Kâbe), Mescid-i Nebevî ve Mescid-i Aksâ’yı ziyaret için seyahate çıkılır (Buhârî, “Ṣalât fî mescidi Mekke ve’l-Medîne”, 1, “Ṣavm”, 67; Müslim, “Ḥac”, 415, 511-513). Resûl-i Ekrem zaman zaman Kubâ Mescidi’ni ziyarete gitmekle beraber yalnız yukarıdaki üç mescidi ziyaret yeri kabul etmesinin bazı sebepleri vardır. Müslümanların hac ibadetini yerine getirmek için ziyaret etmeleri gereken Kâbe yeryüzünde inşa edilen ilk mescid, aynı zamanda müslümanların kıblesidir. Mescid-i Aksâ da yeryüzünde inşa edilen ikinci mesciddir. Ayrıca bu iki mescid Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de önemle zikredilmektedir (meselâ el-Bakara 2/144; el-Mâide 5/2; el-İsrâ 17/1). Hz. Peygamber, Mescid-i Harâm’da kılınan bir namazın Mescid-i Nebevî’de kılınan yüz namazdan (Müsned , IV, 5) ve başka mescidlerde kılınan sayısız namazdan (İbn Mâce, “İḳāmetü’ṣ-ṣalât”, 195) daha faziletli olduğunu belirtmiştir. Mescid-i Nebevî’de kılınan bir namazın Kâbe dışındaki mescidlerde kılınan bin namazdan daha faziletli sayılması da (Buhârî, “Fażlü’ṣ-ṣalât”, 1; Müslim, “Ḥac”, 505-510) bu mescidin önemine işaret etmektedir. Şeddü’r-rahl hadisinin çeşitli rivayetlerinde adı bazan en önce, bazan da en sonra “benim şu mescidim” diye zikredilen Medine Mescidi, Kur’an’ın ifadesiyle, “Takvâ üzerine kurulan mesciddir” (et-Tevbe 9/108). Kâbe’den kırk yıl sonra inşa edilen (Buhârî, “Enbiyâʾ”, 40) ve Kur’an’da çevresinin mübarek kılındığı belirtilen (el-İsrâ 17/1) Mescid-i Aksâ daha önceki ümmetlerin, hatta bir süre müslümanların da kıblesi olmuş, Hz. Peygamber bu mescidden Mescid-i Îliyâ şeklinde de bahsetmiştir (Müslim, “Ḥac”, 513).
İslâm âlimleri, güvenilir olduğunda ittifak ettikleri şeddü’r-rahl hadisine dayanarak fazilet itibariyle Mescid-i Harâm, Mescid-i Nebevî ve Mescid-i Aksâ’nın birbirini izlediğini kabul etmektedir. Yine adı geçen hadise göre bu üç yerin dışında kalan türbe ve makamları ziyaret için seyahate çıkılması menedilmiştir. Dört mezhep imamı da bu üç mescidden başka yerleri ziyaret etmenin ve oralarda yapılacak nezirlerin makbul olmayacağı görüşündedir. Bu arada Resûl-i Ekrem’in kabrini ziyaret meselesi, üzerinde en çok tartışılan konulardan birini teşkil etmiştir. Takıyyüddin İbn Teymiyye ile talebesi İbn Kayyim el-Cevziyye şeddü’r-rahl hadisine göre Hz. Peygamber’in kabrinin ve diğer bazı kabirlerin ziyaretinin doğru olmayacağını; bunun aksini ileri sürenler ise Resûlullah’ın, “Ben öldükten sonra kabrimi ziyaret eden beni hayatta iken ziyaret etmiş gibidir” (Dârekutnî, III, 334; Beyhakī, VI, 47); “Ümmetimden kabrimi ziyaret edenlere mutlaka şefaat ederim” (Dârekutnî, III, 334; Beyhakī, VI, 51) meâlindeki hadisleri esas almışlardır. Takıyyüddin es-Sübkî bu tür hadislerin güvenilirlik derecesini belirtmek, peygamberlerin kabirlerini ziyaret maksadıyla seyahate çıkılabileceğini ispat etmek ve Takıyyüddin İbn Teymiyye’nin bu konudaki görüşlerini eleştirmek için Şifâʾü’s-seḳām fî ziyâreti ḫayri’l-enâm ismiyle bir eser kaleme almıştır (Haydarâbâd 1315/1897; nşr. Hüseyin Muhammed Ali Şükrî, Beyrut 1429/2008). İbn Teymiyye’nin talebelerinden Şemseddin İbn Abdülhâdî, buna reddiye olarak eṣ-Ṣârimü’l-münkî fi’r-red ʿale’s-Sübkî adıyla bir eser yazmıştır (Kahire 1318; ayrıca bk. Şevkânî, V, 103 vd.). İbn Teymiyye’den önce Şâfiî mezhebi âlimlerinden Rüknülislâm el-Cüveynî ve Mâlikî âlimlerinden Kādî İyâz da aynı düşünceleri ileri sürmüşlerdir (İbn Hacer el-Askalânî, III, 53). Bununla beraber İbn Teymiyye, ziyaret maksadıyla özel bir sefer söz konusu olmadan Resûl-i Ekrem’in kabrinin ziyaret edilebileceğini söylemiştir. Gazzâlî de bu hadisin üç mescid dışındaki ziyaretleri menettiğini kabul ederse de türbe ve kabirler gibi ziyaret mahallerine gitmeye mani teşkil etmediğini belirtmiştir (Zebîdî, IV, 286). İslâm âlimlerinin çoğuna göre Resûl-i Ekrem’in kabrini ziyaret sünnet, Hanefîler’e göre müekked sünnet, bazılarına göre ise vâciptir. Âlimler bu ziyaretin kişiye büyük sevap kazandıracağını ve mânevî derecesinin yükselmesine vesile olacağını kaydetmişlerdir. Resûlullah’ın, “Kabirleri ziyaret ediniz” emri (yk.bk.) kendisinin kabrini ziyaretin de önemli dayanaklarından biridir. Onun kabrini ziyaret esnasında uyulması gereken bazı kurallar vardır. Öncelikle Resûlullah’a, “es-Selâmü aleyke eyyühe’n-nebiyyü ve rahmetu’llāhi ve berekâtüh” diye selâm verilir, huzurunda ayakta durulur, yüz onun kabrine doğru çevrilir ve salâtüselâma devam edilir. Kabrin yanında yüksek sesle konuşulmayacağı, insanları rahatsız eden, hoş görülmeyen davranışlardan sakınılacağı, oturulması halinde iki diz üzerinde oturulacağı, kısacası sağlığında kendisini ziyaret edenlerin davrandığı gibi davranılacağı belirtilmiştir. Ayrıca aynı yerde medfûn bulunan Hz. Ebû Bekir ile Ömer’i de “es-Selâmü aleyke yâ Ebâ Bekr, es-selâmü aleyke yâ Ömer” diye selâmlamak gerekir. Hz. Ali’nin Necef’te, oğlu Hüseyin’in Kerbelâ’daki türbeleri başta olmak üzere mâsum imamlara ait Şiîler’ce mukaddes sayılan muhtelif ziyaret mekânları bulunmaktadır (bk. ATEBÂT ).
Akraba Ziyareti. Akraba olan müslümanlar birbirlerine diğer müminlerden ve muhacirlerden daha yakın kabul edildikleri için (el-Enfâl 8/75; el-Ahzâb 33/6) akrabalık münasebetlerini karşılıklı ziyaretlerle devam ettirmeleri istenmektedir. Kendilerinden “zü’l-kurbâ” (el-Bakara 2/83; en-Nisâ 4/36), “zevi’l-kurbâ” (Bakara 2/177) ve “el-akrabûn” (el-Bakara 2/180, 215; en-Nisâ 4/33) gibi ifadelerle bahsedilen akrabaların birbirleriyle ilişkilerini sürdürmelerini Resûl-i Ekrem de önemle tavsiye etmiş, bunu yerine getirmeyenlerin cennetten mahrum kalacaklarını bildirmiştir (bk. AKRABA ; SILA-i RAHİM ). Bu arada akraba olmayanların ziyaretleşmelerinin Allah’ı hoşnut edeceğine dair hadisler de vardır (meselâ bk. Müsned , II, 292, 408, 462; Buhârî, “Cenâʾiz”, 2, “Meẓâlim”, 5; Müslim, “Birr”, 38, “Selâm”, 4-6). Hanefî ve Mâlikîler’e göre bir kadın, anne ve babasını -Mâlikîler’e göre aynı şehirde bulunmaları kaydıyla- her cuma günü ziyaret etme hakkına sahiptir ve kocası onu engelleyemez. Kocası izin vermese bile kadın diğer akrabalarını da yılda bir defa ziyaret edebilir. Aynı şekilde koca, eşinin anne ve babasının kızlarını haftada bir defa, eşinin diğer akrabalarının da yılda bir defa onu kendi evinde ziyarette bulunmalarına engel olamaz. Kadının başka bir evlilikten doğan küçük çocukları varsa onların annelerini günde bir defa, büyük çocuklarının da haftada bir defa ziyaret etme hakkı vardır.
Umumi Ziyaretleşme. Âlim ve sâlihlerin ilimlerinden ve yaşama tarzlarından faydalanmak amacıyla ziyaret edilmesi, arkadaş, dost ve komşuların birbirini ziyaret etmesi uygun görülmüştür. Bu ziyaretlerde de bazı kurallara uyulmalıdır. Ziyaret edilecek kişinin uygun bir zamanının kollanması, yanına girmeden önce izin istenmesi, izin verilmediği takdirde, “İzin verilmedikçe -evlere- girmeyin. Size, ‘Geri dönün’ denilirse dönün!” âyetine göre (en-Nûr 24/28) geri dönülmesi, ziyaret edilen kimsenin ibadetinin ve çalışmasının engellenmemesi ve bu amaçla ziyaretin uzun tutulmaması tavsiye edilmiştir. Ayrıca, “Din kardeşini güler yüzle karşılamak gibi bir iyiliği bile sakın küçük görme!” hadisine göre (Müslim, “Birr”, 144) ziyaret eden de edilen de birbirine karşı güler yüzle davranmalıdır. Ziyaret eden kişi âlim, faziletli, yaşça büyük, toplumun saygı duyduğu şahsiyetlerden veya aile büyüklerinden biri ise ev sahibi ona hürmet gösterip ayağa kalkmalıdır. Uzaktan gelen ve uzun süreden beri görüşülemeyen biriyle kucaklaşmakta sakınca yoktur; yakından gelenlerle yalnız tokalaşmakla yetinmelidir (bk. TOKALAŞMA ). Resûl-i Ekrem “iyâdet” denilen hasta ziyaretini de önemsemiş, bunun müslümanın müslüman üzerindeki beş hakkından biri olduğunu söylemiş (Buhârî, “Cenâʾiz”, 2; Müslim, “Selâm”, 4), hatta kendisi müslüman olmayan hastaları da ziyaret etmiştir (Buhârî, “Cenâʾiz”, 80, “Merḍâ”, 11).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2013 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 44. cildinde, 496-498 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.