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ZÜBEYDE bint CA‘FER Skip to content Ümmü Ca‘fer Zübeyde bint Ca‘fer b. Abdillâh el-Mansûr b. Muhammed el-Abbâsiyye el-Hâşimiyye (ö. 216/831)
Abbâsî halifelerinden Hârûnürreşîd’in hanımı, Emîn’in annesi.
145 (762) yılında Musul’da Harp Sarayı’nda doğdu. Abbâsî halifelerinden Ebû Ca‘fer el-Mansûr’un torunudur. Babası Halife Mehdî-Billâh’ın kardeşi, annesi Selsebîl bir câriye ve Mûsâ el-Hâdî ile Hârûnürreşîd’in annesi Hayzürân’ın kız kardeşidir. Hâşimî / Abbâsî ailesinden halife doğuran tek kadın olan Zübeyde’nin asıl adı Ümmü Azîz veya Emetülvâhid’di. Dedesi Ebû Ca‘fer beyaz tenli oluşu ve güzelliği sebebiyle çocukluğunda ona “Zübeyde” diye hitap ettiğinden bu lakapla meşhur olmuştur (İbn Kesîr, XIV, 202-203). Üç yaşında babasını kaybedince dedesi Mansûr’un himayesinde yetişti. Dinî ilimler, Arap dili ve edebiyatı alanında özel dersler aldı ve Abbâsî sarayının bütün imkânlarından en geniş şekilde faydalandı. Teyzesi Hayzürân’ın isteğiyle, Mehdî-Billâh zamanında Zilhicce 165’te (Temmuz-Ağustos 782) Hârûnürreşîd ile Bağdat’taki Huld Sarayı’nda görkemli bir törenle evlendi. Büyük bir ziyafetin verildiği, halka altın, gümüş, misk ve amber dolu kapların dağıtıldığı, İslâm dünyasında geniş yankı uyandırarak ülkenin dört bir yanından kıymetli hediyelerin gönderildiği törende Zübeyde’nin baştan aşağı mücevher, kıymetli taş ve incilerle süslü gelinliğinin ağırlığından dolayı yürüyemediği rivayet edilir. Babasına veya dedesine nisbetle Ümmü Ca‘fer, Şevval 170 (Nisan 787) tarihinde doğan tek çocuğu Muhammed’den dolayı da “Ümmülvâhid” künyesini aldı. Zübeyde’nin bu evlilikten Ahmed adlı başka bir çocuğunun daha olduğu şeklindeki rivayet doğru olmamalıdır.
Zübeyde, Hârûnürreşîd ile evlendikten sonra Abbâsî sarayında etkin bir rol üstlendi ve halifenin daima en yakınında bulundu. Dokuz veya on bir defa hacca giden Hârûnürreşîd’in bu yolculuklarının en az yarısında yanında yer aldı. Hârûnürreşîd, halife olduktan sonra Huld Sarayı yakınlarında yaptırdığı Karâr adlı köşkü hilâfet sarayı olarak kullanmaya başladı, ardından burası Kasru Zübeyde ve Kasru Ümmü Ca‘fer adlarıyla ün kazandı. Yazları Rakka’da oturan Zübeyde, Bağdat’ı özler ve saray şairlerinden halifenin de Bağdat’ı özlemesini sağlayacak kasideler yazmalarını isterdi. Şair Nemerî tarafından kaleme alınan mısralar Zübeyde’nin eşiyle birlikte Bağdat’a gitmesini ve şairin de yüklü miktarda câize kazanmasını sağladı (İbnü’l-Mu‘tez, s. 246).
Oğlu Muhammed’in 175 (792) yılında Hârûnürreşîd tarafından Emîn unvanı ile veliaht tayin edilmesinde Zübeyde’nin önemli etkisi vardır. Hârûnürreşîd halifeliğe diğer oğlu Me’mûn’u daha lâyık bulmasına rağmen Hâşimoğulları ile tutkuyla bağlı olduğu Zübeyde’den dolayı Emîn’i veliaht tayin etmek zorunda kaldı. Hârûnürreşîd’in bu kararı almasında, Zübeyde’nin desteği sayesinde Abbâsî bürokrasisinde varlığını sürdüren Fazl b. Rebî‘ gibi devlet adamlarının da etkisi vardır. Fazl’a göre Hâşimî olan annesi Zübeyde’den dolayı Emîn öne çıkmalıydı. Zübeyde’nin kişiliği ve ekonomik gücü de Emîn’i öne çıkarıyordu.
Bermekîler’in iktidardan uzaklaştırılması gibi Hârûnürreşîd’in diğer bazı kararlarında önemli rol oynayan Zübeyde, Yahyâ b. Hâlid başta olmak üzere Bermekîler’in saray ve haremle ilgili işlere karışmasından, harcamalarını engellemesinden, Emîn’e karşı Me’mûn’un yanında yer almasından ve devlet işlerindeki etkinliklerinden duyduğu rahatsızlığı sıkça şikâyet konusu yapıyordu. Şüphesiz onun bu tavrı Hârûnürreşîd’in Bermekîler’e yönelik kararında etkili olmuş ve kendisinin desteklediği Fazl b. Rebî‘in vezir tayin edilmesini sağlamıştır (İbnü’t-Tıktakā, s. 210-211). Ebû Hanîfe’nin talebelerinden Bağdat kadısı olan Hafs b. Gıyâs, Zübeyde’nin vekilinin taraf olduğu bir davanın duruşmasında onun aleyhine karar vermiş, Zübeyde’nin Hafs’ın görevinden azledilmesi için ısrarı Hârûnürreşîd’in onu Bağdat kadılığından alıp Kûfe’ye tayin etmesiyle sonuçlanmıştı. Zübeyde, Hârûnürreşîd’in ölümünden sonra hilâfete gelen oğlu Emîn ile üvey oğlu Me’mûn arasındaki iktidar mücadelesinde de etkin rol oynadı. Hârûnürreşîd’in son yıllarında Rakka’da yaşayan Zübeyde onun vefatının ardından oğlunun yanına Bağdat’a gitti. Bağdat’ın ileri gelenlerinden, âyan ve eşraftan oluşan çok büyük bir kalabalıkla yola çıkan Emîn annesini Enbâr’da karşıladı; burada başlayan karşılama töreni Bağdat’a kadar sürdü. Bundan sonra Zübeyde’nin gücü daha da arttı ve oğlunun kararlarında etkili olmaya başladı. Ancak Zübeyde oğlunun hilâfetini korumaya çalışsa da Me’mûn’un zarar görmesini de istemiyordu.
Daha sonra iki kardeş arasında başlayan iktidar mücadelesinde Me’mûn’un kuvvetleri galip gelerek Bağdat’a girince Zübeyde tutuklandı (196/812). Emîn’in öldürülmesinin ardından (198/813) Bağdat’ta çıkan ayaklanma sırasında torunları Abdullah ve Mûsâ ile birlikte şehirden çıkarılarak kayıkla Yukarı Zap üzerindeki Hümeyniyâ’ya gönderildi. Zübeyde’nin, Me’mûn’un Bağdat’a hâkim olmasını sağlayan kumandanı Tâhir b. Hüseyin’in hakaretlerine mâruz kaldığı Me’mûn’a gönderdiği mektuptan ve onun verdiği cevaptan anlaşılmaktadır. Zübeyde oğlunun öldürülmesinden iki ay sonra Bağdat’a döndü ve hayatını burada sakin bir şekilde hayırla uğraşarak geçirdi. Oğlunun ölümünden duyduğu üzüntüyü şair Huzeyme b. Hasan’ın bir mersiyesiyle Halife Me’mûn’a bildirdi; oğlunun kanını talep etmesi yolundaki tavsiyelere de itibar etmedi. Halife Me’mûn kardeşinin ölümüne çok üzüldüğünü ifade ederek üvey annesi ve ailesini her yıl 100.000 dinar ve 1 milyon dirhem yollamak suretiyle himaye etti. Zaman zaman Zübeyde’nin yanına giderek onun gönlünü aldı. Zübeyde’nin başta hac olmak üzere toplum içerisinde görünmesini engelleyecek tedbirler almayı da ihmal etmedi.
Zübeyde, 210 (825) yılında yapılan Halife Me’mûn ile Bûrân Hatice bint Hasan b. Sehl’in düğününde hazır bulundu. Düğünde kendisine gösterilen saygıdan çok memnun kaldı ve Bûrân’a inci ile bezenmiş Emevî tarzı bir elbise ile büyük bir köyün gelirini hediye etti. Bundan altı yıl sonra yetmiş bir yaşında Bağdat’ta vefat etti ve Kureyş Kabristanı’na defnedildi (26 Cemâziyelevvel 216 / 11 Temmuz 831). Zübeyde’nin iktâlarından olan mezarlık ve çevresindeki mahalle Zübeydiyye adıyla meşhur olmuş, İmâmiyye Şîası’nın yedinci imamı Mûsâ el-Kâzım ile dokuzuncu imamı Muhammed el-Cevâd et-Takī’nin defnedilmelerinden sonra ise Kâzımeyn adıyla anılmaya başlanmıştır. Mensup bulunduğu aile ve halife eşi olması sebebiyle Zübeyde geniş imkânlara ve güçlü bir nüfuza sahipti. Nitekim Hârûnürreşîd’in çevresinde yaşanan olayları konu edinen Bağdat menşeli “binbir gece masalları”nın önemli kahramanlarından biri olarak tarihe geçmiştir. Başta Ebû Yûsuf olmak üzere zamanının âlim, edip ve sanatkârlarıyla iyi ilişkiler kurmuştu ve onların meclislerinde bulunmaktan büyük zevk alırdı. İbn Hallikân, çok dindar olan Zübeyde’nin 100 kadar hâfız câriyesi bulunduğunu ve sarayından dışarıya “arı kovanı gibi” Kur’an sesleri yayıldığını kaydeder (Vefeyât, II, 314).
Ülkenin çeşitli bölgelerinde kendisine verilen iktâ arazi ve akarlardan aldığı payın yanında babasından kalan miras dolayısıyla önemli bir servete sahip olan Zübeyde muhtaçlara, sâlihlere, ilim adamlarına, hekimlere ve sanatkârlara bol ihsanlarda bulunmuş, Bağdat yanında İslâm dünyasının çeşitli bölgelerinde önemli imar faaliyetleri gerçekleştirmiştir. Mekke ve Medine’de çeşitli imar faaliyetlerinde bulunduğu gibi 3 milyon dinar harcayarak Kûfe-Mekke yolunu yaptırmış, daha sonra bu tarihî kervan yolu Derbizübeyde adıyla anılmıştır. Aynı şekilde 213 (828) yılında 1,7 milyon miskal altınla Tâif yolu üzerindeki Tâd dağının eteğinden çıkan suyu Arafat’a getirtmiş, burada yapılan havuzla çevreye taksim edilmiş, kalan su kanallarla Mekke’ye ulaştırılmış ve bu su yolu Aynizübeyde adıyla meşhur olmuştur. Ayrıca Tebriz’in imarında önemli oranda katkıda bulunmuştur (Müstevfî, s. 75; TA , XXXI, 17). Tebriz’de günümüze ulaşan en önemli tarihî eser olan ve Zübeyde Hanım adına inşa edilen cami bu esnada yapılmış olmalıdır. Amanos dağlarında Belen Geçidi girişinde konak yeri olan Bağrâs’ta bir aşevi kurdurmuş, Bağdat’ta biri Dicle kenarında hilâfet saraylarına yakın bir yerde, diğeri şehrin kuzeyindeki Katîa’da bulunan iki cami yaptırmıştır. Hamdullah el-Müstevfî, Zübeyde’nin Kâşân’ı âdeta yeniden kurarcasına imar ettiğini kaydeder (Nüzhetü’l-ḳulûb , s. 67).
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2013 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 44. cildinde, 517-519 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.