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ZÜHD ve REKĀİK Skip to content Hz. Peygamber’le ashabının zühd hayatına dair rivayetler ve bu konuyla ilgili literatür için kullanılan terim.
Zühd, Hz. Peygamber’in ve ashabının hayat tarzını örnek alarak onlar gibi yaşamaya çalışmak, dünyaya gereğinden fazla değer vermemek, bu konuda başarılı olmak için de insanı dünyevî arzuların baskısından kurtarıp iç huzuruna götürecek, dünya ve âhiret dengesini sağlayacak âyet ve hadisleri kendine rehber edinmektir. İslâm dininde insanın Allah’ı ve âhiret gününü unutacak derecede dünya hayatına bağlanmaması, yaratılış amacının bilincinde olması, dünya nimetlerinden meşrû şekilde faydalanırken ebedî hayata da hazırlık yapması hedeflenmiş ve, “Rabbimiz! Bize dünyada da âhirette de iyilik ver” diye dua etmesi (el-Bakara 2/201) tavsiye edilmiştir. Rekāik ise “ince ve yumuşak” anlamındaki rakīk ın çoğulu olup hadis kitaplarında zühd hayatını öngören hadislerin bir araya getirildiği bölümlere “kitâbü’r-rikāk” ve “kitâbü’z-zühd ve’r-rekāik” adı verilmiştir. Rikāk da “yumuşak kalplilik” anlamındaki rikkat kelimesinin çoğuludur.
Zühd ve rekāik konusuyla ilgili hadisler başlangıçta hadis kitaplarında bir bölüm halinde yer alırken sonraları bu konuda müstakil eserler yazılmaya başlanmıştır. Hadislerde zühd kavramı genel olarak zühdün mahiyeti, unsurları, Hz. Peygamber’in ve ashabının zühd hayatına dair rivayetler ekseninde ele alınmıştır. Bu rivayetler, İslâm’ın erken dönemlerinden itibaren zühd anlayışının doğmasında etkili olmuş, zâhid sûfîlerin etkisiyle bu alanda zengin bir literatür ortaya çıkmıştır. Erken dönemlerde zühd hayatı olarak algılanan tasavvufî yaşantının sistemleşip yaygınlaşmasında konuyla ilgili literatürün büyük etkisi görülmüştür. Özellikle Resûl-i Ekrem’den sonraki dönemde meydana gelen sosyal, siyasal gelişmelerin ve refah seviyesindeki yükselişin tesiriyle tâbiînin ileri gelenlerinin zühd hayatına yönelmeleri zühd hareketinin Basra’dan Kûfe’ye ve Horasan’a kadar yayılmasını sağlamış, pek çok müellif bu konuya dair eser yazmıştır (Yılmaz, s. 12-13). Zühde dair eser yazanlar genellikle hadis ilmiyle meşgul olan zâhid sûfîler ya da zühd hayatına ilgi duyan muhaddislerdir. İlk örnekleri II. (VIII.) yüzyıldan itibaren görülmeye başlanan “kitâbü’z-zühd”lerin yazımı III. (IX.) yüzyılda devam etmiştir. Ancak bu asırda müstakil zühd kitapları yanında câmi‘ ve musannef türü hadis kitaplarının içinde de konuyla ilgili rivayetler bir bölüm halinde yer almıştır. Daha çok tergīb ve terhîb amacıyla halk için kaleme alınan bu eserlerin telifi IV (X) ve V. (XI.) yüzyıllarda sürmüş, sonraki dönemlerde de örneklerine rastlanmıştır.
Zühd konusunda yazılan ilk eserlerden biri Şiî Ebû Hamza Sâbit b. Dînâr es-Sümâlî’nin (ö. 150/768) günümüze kadar gelip gelmediği bilinmeyen Kitâbü’z-Zühd ’üdür (Sezgin, I, 531, 636). Zâide b. Kudâme’nin de zühde dair bir eserinin bulunduğu zikredilmiştir (İbnü’n-Nedîm, I, 316). Şiî âlimi Küleynî’nin er-Ravża mine’l-Kâfî ’sinin içinde zamanımıza ulaşan Zeynelâbidîn’in eṣ-Ṣaḥîfe fi’z-zühd ’ü de konunun ilk eserlerindendir (Aşkar, s. 41). Hasan-ı Basrî’nin muhtelif eserlerinde yer alan zühdle ilgili 600 kadar rivayeti Muhammed Abdürrahîm Muhammed ez-Zühd li’l-Ḥasani’l-Baṣrî adıyla bir araya getirmiştir (Kahire 1991). Abdullah b. Mübârek’in 1627 rivayeti ihtiva eden Kitâbü’z-Zühd ve’r-reḳāʾiḳ ’i II. (VIII.) yüzyıldan günümüze ulaşan zühde dair ilk eser olup Hz. Peygamber, ashap ve tâbiînin ibadet, ihlâs, tevekkül, doğruluk, tevazu, kanaat gibi konulara dair sözlerini içermektedir (bk. ez-ZÜHD ve’r-REKĀİK ). Aynı asırda yazılıp günümüze kadar gelen önemli zühd kitaplarından biri de Vekî‘ b. Cerrâh’ın, konularına göre tasnif edilen ve 539 rivayeti içeren Kitâbü’z-Zühd ’üdür (nşr. Abdurrahman Abdülcebbâr el-Feryevâî, I-III, Medine 1404/1984).
Zühd literatürü açısından en verimli dönem olan III. (IX.) yüzyılda da zühde dair eserler müstakil olarak veya câmi‘ ve musannef türü kitaplar içinde bir bölüm halinde telif edilmiş olup Esed b. Mûsâ’nın Kitâbü’z-Zühd ve’l-ʿibâde ve’l-veraʿ ı bunlardan biridir (nşr. R. Leszynsky, Kirchhain 1909; nşr. Raif Georges Khoury, Wiesbaden 1976). Ahmed b. Hanbel’in Kitâbü’z-Zühd ’ü de aynı dönemin çalışmalarından olup Hz. Peygamber’le diğer peygamberlerin, ileri gelen sahâbî ve tâbiînin zühdlerine dair yaklaşık 2300 rivayeti kapsamaktadır (Mekke 1357; Beyrut 1403/1983; Kahire 1408/1987). Eseri Mehmet Emin İhsanoğlu aynı adla Türkçe’ye çevirmiştir (I-II, İstanbul 1993). Hennâd b. Serî’nin 1428 (veya 1442) rivayeti derlediği Kitâbü’z-Zühd ’ü Abdurrahman Abdülcebbâr el-Feryevâî tarafından yayımlanmıştır (I-II, Küveyt 1406/1985). Muhâsibî’nin Kitâbü’l-Mesâʾil fi’z-zühd ve ġayrih adlı eserinde (nşr. Abdülkādir Ahmed Atâ, Kitâbü’l-Mekâsib , Mâhiyyetü’l-ʿaḳl ve Kitâbü’l-Mesâʾil fî aʿmâli’l-ḳulûb ile birlikte, Kahire 1969; nşr. Mustafa Abdülkādir Atâ, Kitâbü’l-Mesâʾil fî aʿmâli’l-ḳulûb ile birlikte, Kahire 1986) zühdle ilgili rivayetlerin bir araya getirilmesinden çok müellifin zühdle ilgili görüşlerine yer verilerek rivayetler şerhedildiğinden eser bu yönüyle diğerlerinden ayrılmaktadır. Ebû Zür‘a er-Râzî’nin zühde dair eserinin doksan yedi rivayetten meydana gelen bir cüzü Min Kitâbi’z-Zühd adıyla yayımlanmıştır (nşr. Âmir Hasan Sabrî, Beyrut 1422/2001). Ebû Dâvûd es-Sicistânî’nin Ebû Saîd Ahmed b. Muhammed İbnü’l-A‘râbî (ö. 340/951) tarafından kendisinden rivayet edilen Kitâbü’z-Zühd ’ü, aşere-i mübeşşere başta olmak üzere sahâbe ve tâbiînin zühd hayatına dair 521 haber ihtiva etmektedir (nşr. Ebû Temîm Yâsir b. İbrâhim b. Muhammed-Ebû Bilâl Guneym b. Abbas b. Guneym, Hilvan 1414/1993; nşr. Ziyâülhasan Muhammed es-Silefî, Bombay 1413/1993). Konuyla ilgili pek çok eseri bulunan İbn Ebü’d-Dünyâ’nın 645 rivayeti kapsayan Kitâbü’z-Zühd ’ü sahasında önemli bir kitaptır (nşr. Yâsîn Muhammed es-Sevvâs, Dımaşk-Beyrut 1420/1999). İbn Ebû Âsım’ın Kitâbü’z-Zühd (Ẕemmü’d-dünyâ ve’z-zühd, Ẕikrü’d-dünyâ ve’z-zühdü fîhâ ve’ṣ-ṣamtü ve ḥıfẓü’l-lisân ve’l-ʿuzle) adlı eserinde Hz. Peygamber’in zühdle ilgili rivayetleri yer almaktadır (nşr. Abdülalî Abdülhamîd el-A‘zamî, Beyrut 1405; Kahire 1408).
Abdürrezzâk es-San‘ânî’nin el-Muṣannef ’inin sonunda yer verdiği, hocası Ma‘mer b. Râşid’in el-Câmiʿ adlı eserinin içinde “Bâbü zühdi’l-enbiyâʾ”, “Bâbü zühdi’ş-şaḥâbe”, “Bâbü ḥalḳi’l-ḳafâ ve’z-zühd” başlıkları altında zühd ile ilgili rivayetlere yer verilmiştir (XI, 308, 310, 453). İbn Ebû Şeybe’nin el-Muṣannef ’inde “Kitâbü’z-Zühd” başlığıyla toplanan rivayetler peygamberlerin, Hz. Peygamber’in, sahâbe ve tâbiînin zühd hayatına dairdir (VII, 65-247). Dârimî es-Sünen’inde zühd konusuna 122 bab, Buhârî el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ ’inde elli üç bab, Müslim el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ ’inde on dokuz bab, İbn Mâce es-Sünen ’inde otuz dokuz bab, Tirmizî ise es-Sünen ’inde altmış dört bab ayırmıştır. III. (IX.) asırda hadis kitaplarının yanında edebiyat kitaplarında da bir bölüm halinde kitâbü’z-zühdlere de yer verilmiş olup Câhiz el-Beyân ve’t-tebyîn , İbn Kuteybe ʿUyûnü’l-aḫbâr adlı eserlerinin birer bölümünü zühde ayırmışlardır.
IV. (X.) yüzyılda İbn Ebû Hâtim, Zühdü’s̱-s̱emâniye mine’ṭ-ṭâbiʿîn adlı risâlesinde tâbiînden zâhidlikleriyle bilinen Âmir b. Abdullah, Rebî‘ b. Huseym, Ebû Müslim el-Havlânî, Esved b. Yezîd, Mesrûk b. Ecda‘, Hasan-ı Basrî, Üveys el-Karanî, Herim b. Hayyân’ın zühde dair rivayetlerini nakletmiştir (nşr. Abdurrahman Abdülcebbâr el-Feryevâî, Medine 1404, 1408). Muhyiddin İbnü’l-Arabî’nin ez-Zühd ve ṣıfatü’z-zâhidîn ’i de bu dönemde yazılan eserlerden biridir. Müellif bu eserinde zühde dair söylenenler, zühdün dereceleri, dünyaya karşı ilgiyi azaltma ve az şeyle yetinme konularında toplam 137 rivayet aktarmıştır (nşr. Mecdî Fethî es-Seyyid, Tanta 1408). Ca‘fer el-Huldî, el-Fevâʾid ve’z-zühd ve’r-reḳāʾiḳ ve’l-merâsî adlı küçük hacimli eserinde Hz. Peygamber, sahâbe ve ilk devir zâhidlerinin zühde dair kırk dokuz rivayetini senedleriyle birlikte nakletmiştir (nşr. Mecdî Fethî es-Seyyid, Tanta 1993). Hâkim en-Nîsâbûrî’nin el-Müstedrek’inde de bu konuyla ilgili 104 rivayetin yer aldığı bir bölüm bulunmaktadır.
V. (XI.) yüzyılda zühde dair eserler arasında önemli bir yeri olan İbn Hazm’ın Müdâvâtü’n-nüfûs ’unun birçok neşri yapılmıştır. Ahmed b. Hüseyin el-Beyhakī’nin beş bölümden meydana gelen ez-Zühdü’l-kebîr ’i 989 rivayeti senedleriyle birlikte içermektedir (nşr. Âmir Ahmed Haydar, Beyrut 1408/1987). Bu eseri Enbiya Yıldırım Kulluğu Unutmadan Yaşama Sanatı adıyla Türkçe’ye çevirmiştir (İstanbul 2000). İsmâil b. Ali el-Esterâbâdî’nin Ẕemmü’d-dünyâ ve’z-zühdü fîhâ ’sı (Mektebetü Câmiati’l-İslâmiyye, nr. 1613), Hatîb el-Bağdâdî’nin Kitâbü’z-Zühd ve’r-reḳāʾiḳ ’i ile (Zâhiriyye Ktp., Mecmua, nr. 28) konuyla ilgili 119 rivayete yer verdiği Münteḫab mine’z-zühd ve’r-reḳāʾiḳ ’i (nşr. Âmir Hasan Sabrî, Beyrut 1420/2000) bu dönemin eserlerindendir.
Daha sonra azalarak devam eden zühd ve rekāik kitaplarından Ebü’l-Ferec İbnü’l-Cevzî’nin altmış bölüm halindeki Kitâbü’l-Ḥadâʾiḳ fî ʿilmi’l-ḥadîs̱ ve’z-zühdiyyât ’ında bu konudaki rivayetler senedleriyle birlikte zikredilmiştir (nşr. Mustafa es-Sekkā, I-III, Beyrut 1408/1988). İbn Kudâme’nin er-Riḳḳa ve’l-bükâ adlı eserinde (nşr. Ahmed b. Ebü’l-Ayneyn, Tanta 1412/1992; nşr. Müs‘ad Abdülhamîd Muhammed es-Sa‘denî, Beyrut 1414/1994; nşr. Muhammed Hayr Ramazan Yûsuf, Dımaşk 1415/1994) tasavvufî bir yaklaşımla yumuşak kalplilik ve pişmanlık duygusu üzerinde durulmuş, peygamberlerin ve sâlih kimselerin hayat hikâyelerine, zühd ve takvâlarına, ibadetlerine, güzel sözlerine yer verilmiştir. Münzirî’nin Kifâyetü’t-teʿabbüd (müteʿabbid) ve tuḥfetü’t-tezehhüd ’ü (mütezehhid) (Mecmûʿatü’r-resâʾili’l-münîriyye içinde, Kahire 1346, III, 66-83; Kahire 1357/1938; nşr. Yüsrî Abdülganî Abdullah, Beyrut 1407/1987; nşr. Mecdî es-Seyyid İbrâhim, Bulak 1407/1987; nşr. Mahmûd Nassâr, Kahire 1988; nşr. Âdil Ebü’l-Muâtî, Kahire 1408/1988; nşr. Ali Hasan Ali Abdülhamîd, Amman 1410/1989), Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Kurtubî’nin Ḳamʿu’l-ḥırṣ bi’z-zühdi ve’l-ḳanâʿa ve reddü ẕülli’s-süʾâli bi’l-kesb ve’ṣ-ṣınâʿa ’sı (nşr. Mecdî Fethî es-Seyyid, Tanta 1408/1988; nşr. Müs‘ad Abdülhamîd Muhammed es-Sa‘denî, Beyrut 1414/1994) konuyla ilgili diğer eserlerdendir. Süyûtî bu geleneğin son örneklerini Kitâbü’l-Edeb ve’r-reḳāʾiḳ adlı eseriyle (Zâhiriyye Ktp., nr. 1493), isnadlarını hazfederek derlediği Erbaʿûne ḥadîs̱en fî ḳavâʿidi’l-aḥkâmi’ş-şerʿiyye ve feżâʾili’l-aʿmâl ve’z-zühd (nşr. Ahmed el-Bizre-Ali Rızâ Abdullah, Beyrut-Dımaşk 1406/1986; nşr. Bâhis b. Ahmed el-Hazrecî el-Ensârî, Cidde 1417/1997) ve el-Erbaʿûne fi’z-zühd (Taḥẕîru ehli’l-âḫira mine’d-dünyâ ed-dâs̱ira , nşr. Târık b. Muhammed et-Tavârî, Beyrut 1428/2007; nşr. Ebû Abdurrahman Cemâl b. Muhammed b. Mahmûd, Beyrut 2010) adlı kitaplarıyla ortaya koymuştur.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Abdullah b. Mübârek, Kitâbü’z-Zühd (nşr. Habîbürrahman el-A‘zamî), Haydarâbâd 1386, neşredenin girişi, s. 1-17.
Vekî‘ b. Cerrâh, Kitâbü’z-Zühd (nşr. Abdurrahman Abdülcebbâr el-Feryevâî), Medine 1404/1984, neşredenin girişi, I, 144-153.
Abdürrezzâk es-San‘ânî, el-Muṣannef (nşr. Habîbürrahman el-A‘zamî), Beyrut 1403/1983, XI, 308, 310, 453.
İbn Ebû Şeybe, el-Muṣannef (nşr. Kemâl Yûsuf el-Hût), Riyad 1409/1989, VII, 65-247.
Buhârî, el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ (nşr. Muhammed Züheyr b. Nâsır), Beyrut 1422, VIII, 88-122.
Müslim, el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ (nşr. M. Fuâd Abdülbâkī), Kahire 1374/1955-57, IV, 2272-2312.
Dârimî, es-Sünen (nşr. Hüseyin Selîm Esed), Riyad 1422/2000, III, 1777; IV, 1485.
İbnü’n-Nedîm, el-Fihrist , I, 261, 263, 316.
Hâkim, el-Müstedrek (Atâ) , IV, 341-369.
Ahmed b. Hüseyin el-Beyhakī, ez-Zühdü’l-kebîr (nşr. Âmir Ahmed Haydar), Beyrut 1408/1987, s. 56.
İbn Hayr, Fehrese (nşr. M. Fuâd Mansûr), Beyrut 1419/1998, I, 236, 237, 239, 242, 266, 269.
Zehebî, Teẕkiretü’l-ḥuffâẓ , Beyrut 1998, I, 210, 230; II, 70, 124; III, 69, 130, 153; IV, 97.
Kehhâle, Muʿcemü’l-müʾellifîn , XI, 97.
Sezgin, GAS , I, 531, 636.
Kettânî, er-Risâletü’l-müstetrafe (Özbek) , s. 69-71.
Hasan Kâmil Yılmaz, Tasavvufî Hadis Şerhleri ve Konevî’nin Kırk Hadis Şerhi , İstanbul 1990, s. 12-13.
Mustafa Aşkar, Tasavvuf Tarihi Literatürü , İstanbul 2006, s. 41.
Ahmet Yıldırım, “Hadis Edebiyatında Zühd Literatürü ve Zühdle İlgili Rivayetlerin İncelenmesi”, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İlâhiyat Fakültesi Dergisi , sy. 20, Isparta 2008, s. 119-138.
Bilal Saklan, “Esed b. Mûsâ”, DİA , XI, 367.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2013 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 44. cildinde, 535-537 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.