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ZÛNÜVÂS Skip to content Ebû Kerib Zür‘a b. Tübbân (Tübba‘) Es‘ad (ö. 525)
Himyerîler’in son yahudi kralı.
İslâmiyet’ten önce Güney Arabistan’da kurulan Himyerî Devleti’nin (m.ö. 115-m.s. 525) son hükümdarıdır. Arap yarımadasının diğer yahudilerinde olduğu gibi yahudi kaynaklarında bahsi geçmez. Ona dair bilgiler Habeş, Süryânî, Bizans ve Arap kaynakları ile kitâbelere dayanır. İslâm kaynaklarında Zûnüvâs’ın adı Zür‘a olarak verilmekle birlikte şeceresi farklı şekillerde kaydedilmiştir (İbn Hişâm, Kitâbü’t-Tîcân , s. 312; Dîneverî, s. 61; Taberî, II, 118). Zûnüvâs isminin Güney Arabistan’da yaygın olan, “mihlâf” ve “mahfed” adı verilen idarî taksimattan kaynaklandığı, mihlâf sahiplerine “kayl”, mahfed sahiplerine “zû” dendiği, Himyerîler’in bu kralının “Nüvâs mahfedinin sahibi” anlamında Zûnüvâs diye adlandırıldığı genel kabul görmekle birlikte (Encyclopaedia Judaica , XXI, 428) İslâm kaynaklarında başından sarkan saç dolayısıyla “perçemli” mânasında Zûnüvâs dendiği de belirtilmektedir (Dîneverî, s. 61). Ayrıca Necranlı hıristiyanlar tarafından kendisine Zûnüvâs ile aynı anlamdaki Mesrûk isminin verildiği, bir diğer görüşe göre ise bu ismin muhalifleri tarafından “hain, katil, cani” anlamında onun hakkında kullanıldığı ileri sürülmektedir (Encyclopaedia Judaica , XXI, 428). Habeş kaynaklarında Finhas adıyla geçen Zûnüvâs, Yunan kaynaklarında Dounaas (Dimianus), Süryânî kaynaklarında Dimiôn, Himyerî kitâbelerinde Yûsuf As‘ar (Eş‘ar/Yas’ar) olarak kaydedilmektedir. Ancak bazı kaynaklarda Yûsuf ismini Yahudiliğe girdikten sonra aldığı belirtilmektedir (Günaltay, s. 136; Shahîd, s. 261-264; Cevâd Ali, III, 462, 469).
Zûnüvâs’ın yahudi bir aile içinde mi dünyaya geldiği yoksa Yahudiliğe sonradan mı girdiği konusu ihtilâflıdır. İslâm kaynaklarında Yahudiliğe sonradan girdiği şeklindeki rivayetler ağırlıktadır. İbn Hişâm ve Taberî Zûnüvâs’ın Yahudiliğe giriş sebebi hakkında bilgi vermese de hükümdar olunca Yûsuf adını aldığı, Necran’daki hıristiyanları Yahudiliğe davet ettiğini tafsilâtlı şekilde anlatır (es-Sîre , I, 35-37; Târîḫ , II, 118). Dîneverî ise Zûnüvâs ve kavminin önceleri ateşe taptığı, Yemen yahudilerinin onlara ateşe tapmanın bâtıl olduğunu ve Yahudiliğe girdikleri takdirde -ebediyen sönmeyeceğine inanılan- ateşi söndürebileceklerini söylediği, yahudilerin Tevrat okumaya başlamasından sonra ateşin söndüğünü gören Zûnüvâs ve kavminin Yahudiliği kabul ettiğini kaydeder (el-Aḫbârü’ṭ-ṭıvâl , s. 61). Süryânîce bir kronikte Zûnüvâs’ın annesinin Nusaybinli bir yahudi olduğu ve oğlunu yahudi terbiyesiyle yetiştirdiği bilgisi yer almaktadır (EI2 [İng.] , II, 244). Bu bilgi, İslâm kaynaklarında Yahudiliğin Yemen’e Tübbân Es‘ad Ebû Kerib zamanında (IV. asrın sonu) girdiği şeklindeki rivayetlerle de örtüşmektedir. Rivayetlerde, Zûnüvâs’ın babası Tübbân Es‘ad’ın doğu seferinden dönerken Yesrib’e vali olarak bıraktığı oğlunun öldürüldüğünü öğrenince şehri yıkmaya yemin ettiği, ancak Kurayzaoğulları’ndan iki yahudi hahamın Tübbân’a Yesrib’in âhir zaman peygamberinin hicret diyarı olduğunu ve şehre saldırması halinde felâkete uğrayabileceğini söyleyip onu vazgeçirdiği, bunun üzerine yahudilerin durumunu beğenen Tübbân’ın bu iki hahamı yanına alarak önce Mekke’ye uğrayıp, ardından Yemen’e döndüğü, Yemen halkının Yahudiliği kabul etmemesi üzerine o dönemin âdetine göre ateşin hakemliğine başvurularak Yahudiliğe girdiği belirtilir (İbn İshak, s. 29; İbn Hişâm, Kitâbü’t-Tîcân , s. 305-307; Ya‘kūbî, I, 198; Taberî, II, 105-108; Mes‘ûdî, II, 76-78). Bu bilgi Himyer yazıtlarıyla da uyuşmaktadır (Encyclopaedia Judaica , XXI, 429). Ancak bu rivayetlerin, Himyerîler’le birlikte Yahudiliğin Güney Arabistan’a ilk defa girdiği şeklinde değil devlet tarafından kabul edildiği şeklinde anlaşılması daha uygun görünmektedir. Zira Güney Arabistan’ın Yahudilik’le çok önceden tanıştığı yahudi kaynaklarından bilinmektedir (Arslantaş, s. 34-35; DİA , XVIII, 62).
İbn Hişâm’da yer alan bilgiye göre Zûnüvâs, Habeşliler’in desteğiyle ağabeyi Hassân’ı devirip başa geçen, ancak hükümdar ailesine mensup olmayan Lehîa b. Yenûf’a karşı gerçekleştirdiği bir ayaklanma ile krallığı ele geçirmiştir (Kitâbü’t-Tîcân , s. 311-312; ayrıca bk. Taberî, II, 118). Bölgede bulunan kitâbelerde onun 522 yılı sonlarında krallığa geldiği kaydedilmektedir (EI2 [İng.] , II, 243). İktidarı ele geçirmesinin ardından Yemen’deki Habeş hâkimiyetine son vermek, onların bölgedeki gönüllü destekçileri olan hıristiyanları cezalandırmak üzere harekete geçen Zûnüvâs’ın (Hirschberg, s. 101) bu davranışı bilhassa İslâm ve Habeş kaynaklarında daha çok Yahudilik gayretiyle açıklanmakta, bazı yahudi tarihçileri ise onun nihaî hedefini Güney Arabistan’da yahudi bir krallık kurmak şeklinde değerlendirmektedir (Encyclopaedia Judaica , XXI, 428). Bu yorumlar doğru olmakla beraber bölgedeki yahudi-hıristiyan çekişmesinin dinî sebepleri yanında, bölgenin ekonomik ve özellikle jeostratejik öneminden dolayı devrin güçlü devletleri olan Bizans’ın ve Sâsânîler’in de içinde yer aldığı siyasî sebeplerinin de bulunduğu belirtilmelidir. Yahudiler açısından ise hem bu bölgede hem de başta Filistin olmak üzere Bizans hâkimiyetinde yaşayan dindaşlarının korunmasına yönelik etkenler söz konusudur (Hirschberg, s. 76, 100). Abbâsîler döneminde kaleme alınan Seder ‘Olam Zuta adlı bir yahudi kroniğinde mâbedin yıkılmasından 452 yıl sonra (m.s. 520) Sâsânî hâkimiyetindeki Bâbil’den Filistin’e giderek Sanhedrin başkanı olan Mar Zutra’nın (Natan ha-Bavlî, II, 76) Bizans-Habeş-hıristiyan ittifakına karşı Sâsânî kisrâsı ile Kral Zûnüvâs arasında anlaşma için ara buluculuk yaptığı kaydedilir (Encyclopaedia Judaica , XXI, 428). Hıristiyan kaynağı Efesli John’da (John of Ephesus) (ö. 585’ler) mevcut rivayette ise Zûnüvâs’ın Yemen’de uyguladığı baskı ve şiddetin Bizans yahudilerine uygulanan şiddete misilleme olduğu bilgisi yer almaktadır. Ayrıca Zûnüvâs’ın hıristiyan tüccarların Yemen’de ticaret yapmasına izin vermediği, Hint Okyanusu-Kızıldeniz-Mısır güzergâhında Bizans’a mal taşıyan gemileri yağmalattığı rivayet edilmektedir (Graetz, III, 64; Welfenson, s. 46; Hirschberg, s. 103).
İktidarı ele geçirdikten sonra icraatlarına bölgedeki Habeş üslerini Yemen’den çıkarmakla başlayan Zûnüvâs hâkimiyetindeki hıristiyanları, hıristiyan Habeşliler’le siyasî birlik arzusu taşıdıkları gerekçesiyle potansiyel tehlike kabul ederek onlara karşı şiddet politikası uygulamıştır. İstirdad hareketini de San‘a’nın güneyinde Habeş askerî üssü olan Zafâr’ı ele geçirerek başlatmıştır. Bu döneme ait iki hıristiyan kaynağı olan Süryânî kroniğinde Ketava de-Himyeriye ve Bet Arşamlı Simeon’un Cebele Manastırı başrahibine (Abt von Gabula) yazdığı mektupta, Zafâr’ın istilâsı sırasında şehrin teslimiyle ilgili görüşmelerin Zûnüvâs adına yahudi bir din adamı tarafından yürütüldüğü kaydedilir (Hirschberg, s. 102; Shahîd, s. 44). Ardından Muhâ’yı egemenliğine katan Zûnüvâs 14.000 kişiyi kılıçtan geçirdi, 11.000 kişiyi de esir aldı. Daha sonra monofizitlerin yaşadığı, doğu kilisesinin en önemli merkezi olan Necran’a yöneldi (Hirschberg, s. 107). Şehri kuşatan Zûnüvâs, birkaç ay devam eden kuşatmanın ardından kendilerini bağışlayacağı vaadiyle halkı teslim olmaya razı etti. Necran’da da barış görüşmeleri Taberiyeli yahudi din adamları tarafından gerçekleştirildi (a.g.e. , s. 102; Shahîd, s. 46). Ancak Zûnüvâs Necran’ı ele geçirdikten sonra sözünü tutmadı, dinî lider Abdullah b. Sâmir’i idam ederek mallarını yağmalattı, 2000 kişiyi kiliselere doldurup yaktı, şehirdeki İnciller’i yok etti. Ayrıca kazılan hendeklerde tutuşturulan odunların üzerinde hıristiyanlar acımasızca yakıldı (İbn Hişâm, es-Sîre2 , I, 34; Ya‘kūbî, I, 199; Taberî, II, 123; Mes‘ûdî, I, 67; Hirschberg, s. 88-89). Kur’an’da (el-Burûc 85/4-10) ateş dolu hendeklere müminleri atan ve hendeğin etrafında oturup onları seyredenlerden söz edilmekte, literatürde “ashâbü’l-uhdûd” diye şöhret bulan bu kişilerin Zûnüvâs ve adamları olduğu kabul edilmektedir (İA , IV, 373; DİA , III, 471). Zûnüvâs tarafından öldürülen hıristiyanların sayısı İslâmî kaynaklarda 20.000 (İbn Hişâm, es-Sîre2 , I, 35; Taberî, II, 123), hıristiyan kaynaklarında 1706, 4252, 10.200 veya 12.100, Süryânî kaynaklarında ise 4000 olarak verilmektedir (Hirschberg, s. 102). Uhdûd şehidleri anısına sonraki dönemlerde Necran’da kilise ve mezarlıktan meydana gelen bir meşhed inşa edildi (Hamîdullah, I, 287).
Necran’ın düşmesi ve şehirde hıristiyanlara yapılan zulüm hıristiyan dünyasında büyük tepkiye yol açtı. İskenderiye Patriği Timothy, Habeş Aksum Kralı Kaleb Ela-Esbaha’ya bir mektup yazarak Necranlı dindaşlarının öcünü almasını istedi. Ayrıca Taberiye’deki yahudi din adamlarına da bir mektup göndererek Zûnüvâs’ın hıristiyanlara uyguladığı zulme engel olmaları ricasında bulundu (Hirschberg, s. 89; Cevâd Ali, III, 464-465). İslâm kaynaklarında yer alan bilgiye göre Devs Zûsa‘lebân adlı bir hıristiyan Arap bu katliamdan kaçarak Bizans imparatorunun sarayına gitmiş, Zûnüvâs’ın hıristiyanlara yaptıklarını anlatıp bu zulümden kurtarılmalarını talep etmiştir. İmparator ise uzaklığı gerekçe göstererek meselenin çözümünü hıristiyan müttefiki Habeş necâşîsine havale etti. İmparatorun emriyle necâşî, Eryât (Rûzbe) adlı kumandanına Zûnüvâs üzerine yürümesi emrini verdi. Eryât, içinde Ebrehe’nin de bulunduğu, Habeş kaynaklarına göre 120.000, İslâm kaynaklarına göre 60.000 (İbn İshak, s. 35) veya 70.000 (İbn Hişâm, es-Sîre2 , I, 37; Ya‘kūbî, I, 199) kişilik bir orduyla Bâbülmendep’e çıkarma yaptı. İslâm kaynaklarında Habeşliler’in Yemen’i istilâ sebebi yahudilerin hıristiyanlara yaptığı baskı ve zulüm olarak gösterilirken Doğu Roma tarihçilerine göre Habeş istilâsındaki temel etken Hint-Kızıldeniz ticaret yolunu emniyet altına alma çabasıdır (Hirschberg, s. 76; Fayda, s. 10). Taberî’deki rivayetlerden Habeşliler’in Himyerîler üzerine iki sefer düzenlediği anlaşılmaktadır. İlk Habeş çıkarmasında Zûnüvâs’ın Himyer hazineleri karşılığında halkına eman verilmesi şartıyla teslim olmak istediği, bu arada valilerine yazdığı gizli mektuplarla hazineleri almaya gelen Habeşliler’i öldürmelerini emrettiği belirtilir. Oyuna geldiğini anlayan Habeşli kumandan, Necâşî Aidug’dan destek istedi (Taberî, II, 127). Himyer’den ve kendine tâbi diğer Yemen kabilelerinden bir ordu teşkil eden Zûnüvâs, Zâtülaber mevkiinde Habeş ordusunu karşıladı, yapılan savaşta ordusu perişan oldu, halkının bir kısmı kılıçtan geçirilirken bir kısmı esir alınıp Habeşistan’a götürüldü. Himyer Krallığı’nın dillere destan Sihlîn, Beynûn ve Gumdân sarayları yerle bir edildi (Taberî, II, 125). İslâm kaynaklarında yenilgiye dayanamayan Zûnüvâs’ın atını denize sürerek intihar ettiği, Süryânî kaynaklarında ise onun savaşta öldürüldüğü nakledilir (EI2 [İng.] , II, 244). Bölgede yer alan kitâbelerde Zûnüvâs’ın 525 yılı yazında öldüğü kaydedilmiştir (Hirschberg, s. 79). İbn Hişâm, Zûnüvâs’ın otuz sekiz yıl (Kitâbü’t-Tîcân , s. 313), Ya‘kūbî ise (Târîḫ , I, 200) altmış sekiz yıl hükümdarlık yaptığını yazar. Alman arkeologlar Rathjens ile Wissmann, 1931 yılında yaptıkları kazılarda Zûnüvâs’ın kabrinin San‘a’nın güneydoğusundaki Gayman’da bulunduğunu tesbit etmişlerdir (Encyclopaedia Judaica , XXI, 428). Zûnüvâs’ın ölümüyle Himyerî Devleti sona ermiş, Yemen Habeşistan’a bağlanarak hıristiyan hâkimiyetine girmiştir (Fayda, s. 10; DİA , XVIII, 62).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbn İshak, es-Sîre , s. 29-37.
İbn Hişâm, es-Sîre2 , I, 31-41.
a.mlf., Kitâbü’t-Tîcân fî mülûki Ḥimyer , San‘a 1979, s. 305-314.
Dîneverî, el-Aḫbârü’ṭ-ṭıvâl , s. 61-62.
Ya‘kūbî, Târîḫ , I, 198-200.
Taberî, Târîḫ (Ebü’l-Fazl) , II, 105-108, 118-127.
Mes‘ûdî, Mürûcü’ẕ-ẕeheb (Abdülhamîd) , I, 67; II, 76-78.
Natan ha-Bavlî, “Seder ‘Olam Zuta”, Seder ha-Hahamim ve Korot ha-Yamim (ed. A. Neubauer), Oxford 1887, II, 68-88.
H. Graetz, History of the Jews , Philadelphia 1891, III, 64-67.
Israil Welfenson, Târîḫu’l-yehûd fî bilâdi’l-ʿArab fi’l-Câhiliyye ve ṣadri’l-İslâm , Kahire 1345/1927, s. 44-49.
M. Şemseddin Günaltay, İslâm Öncesi Arap Tarihi (İstanbul 1338-41), (nşr. M. Mahfuz Söylemez), Ankara 2006, s. 130-144.
H. Z. Hirschberg, Yisrael be-‘Arav, Korot ha-Yahudim be-Himyer u Hicaz , Tel Aviv 1946, s. 75-107.
Irfan Shahîd, The Martyrs of Najrân: New Documents , Bruxelles 1971, s. 44-64, 260-269.
Cevâd Ali, el-Mufaṣṣal , III, 457-472, 480-481.
Mustafa Fayda, İslâmiyetin Güney Arabistan’a Yayılışı , Ankara 1982, s. 9-18.
Neşet Çağatay, İslâm Dönemine Dek Arap Tarihi , Ankara 1989, s. 17-24.
Hamîdullah, İslâm Peygamberi (Tuğ) , I, 284-290.
Nuh Arslantaş, Emevîler Döneminde Yahudiler , İstanbul 2005, s. 34-35.
J. Wensinck, “Eshâbü’l-uhdûd”, İA , IV, 373.
M. R. al-Assouad, “Dhū Nuwās”, EI2 (İng.) , II, 243-245.
Muhammed Eroğlu, “Ashâbü’l-uhdûd”, DİA , III, 471.
Hüseyin Algül, “Himyerîler”, a.e. , XVIII, 62-63.
Mustafa L. Bilge, “Necran”, a.e. , XXXII, 507-508.
Y. Tobi, “Yūsuf As’ar Yath’ar Dhū Nuwās (Masrūq)”, Encyclopaedia Judaica , Detroit 2007, XXI, 428-430.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2013 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 44. cildinde, 511-513 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.