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A‘YÂN-ı SÂBİTE Skip to content A‘YÂN-ı SÂBİTE Eşyanın görünür hale gelmeden önce Allah’ın ilminde bilgi olarak mevcudiyeti, zâhir olan varlıkların Allah’ın ilmindeki mahiyetleri, gizli hakikatleri.
Müellif: Süleyman Uludağ
Ayn-ı sâbite (çoğulu a‘yân-ı sâbite) “hakikat, mahiyet ve zat” mânasına gelir ve varlık (vücûd) kavramından farklı bir mâna ifade eder. Bir şeyin varlığı başka, mahiyeti başkadır. A‘yân-ı sâbite, dış âlemde var olan eşyanın Allah’ın ilmindeki hakikatleri olup hariçte mevcut değildir; daha doğrusu bunlar Allah’ın ilminde sâbit olan “yoklar”dır (ma‘dûmât). A‘yân-ı sâbitenin dış âleme nazaran varlığı yoktur. Onun için “yok” olarak kabul edilir. Bu mânada ona “mümkin” de denir. Zira İbnü’l-Arabî’ye göre mümkin de ma‘dûmdur.
A‘yân-ı sâbite terimi tasavvuf tarihine İbnü’l-Arabî ile girmiş, daha sonra mutasavvıflar Allah, âlem ve insan ilişkileri konusundaki kanaatlerini ve varlık görüşlerini büyük ölçüde bu kavrama dayanarak açıklamışlardır. İbnü’l-Arabî’ye göre yaratıkların ve eşyanın (mükevvenât, mümkinât) üç safhası vardır. İlk safhada eşya birbirinden ayırt edilmeksizin ve aralarında bir farklılaşma söz konusu olmaksızın (bilâ-temeyyüz ve mücmel) Allah’ın ilminde küllî bir bilgi olarak vardır. Buna “şüûn-ı sâbite” veya “taayyün-i evvel” (vahdetteki ilk belirme) denir. Eşya ikinci safhada a‘yân-ı sâbite halindedir; birbirinden ayrılmış ve farklılaşmış bir vaziyette (bi’t-temeyyüz ve’l-mufassal) Allah’ın ilminde vardır. Bu safhada varlıklar müşahhas şeyler halindedir. Buna da “taayyün-i sâni” adı verilir. Üçüncü safhada eşya “a‘yân-ı hâriciyye” halinde vardır. Eşyanın bu şekilde dış âlemde zuhûr ve tecellî etmesine “taayyün-i hâricî” adı verilir; yaratma (halk) bundan ibarettir. A‘yân-ı sâbite, Hakk’ın hüviyetiyle duyulur âlem arasında yer alan bir varlık alanıdır. Vahdet-i vücûd nazariyesine göre varlık bir tanedir; o da Allah’ın varlığıdır. A‘yân-ı sâbitenin âlemdeki tecellîsi olan dış varlıklar, hakikatte Hakk’ın oluş vasfıyla zuhûr etmesinden, yani varlığının dışa taşmasından (feyezân) ibaret olduğundan aslında “yok” hükmündedir. Kendilerine aitmiş gibi görünen varlıkları aslında Hakk’ın zuhûr etmiş varlığıdır; gerçek değil gölge varlıktır.
A‘yân-ı sâbitenin açıklanması aynı zamanda yaratma ve dış âlemin de açıklanması mânasına gelir. Dış âlemde mevcut ve zâhir olan eşyanın esas itibariyle kendine has müstakil bir varlığı yoktur. Bu yönüyle bu şeylerin “yok” (ma‘dûm) olduğuna inanılır. Bunların görünen varlıkları gerçekte Allah’ın varlığının değişik sûretlerde tecellîlerinden ibarettir. Zira tek ve biricik varlık (vahdet-i vücûd) O’nun varlığı olduğundan diğer şeylerin varlıkları mecazidir, görünürdedir. Eşyanın birbirinden farklı oluşu, ayrı ayrı varlıklara sahip oluşundan değil, a‘yân-ı sâbitelerinin farklı oluşundandır. Varlıkta birlik mevcuttur, farklılık ve çokluk a‘yân-ı sâbiteden ileri gelmektedir.
Tasavvufta birlik-çokluk (vahdet-kesret) meselesi çeşitli misallerle açıklanmıştır. A‘yân-ı sâbite varlıkların modelleri (mecâlî) ve kalıplarıdır (mezâhir). Belli bir şeyin şekli, çeşitli ve değişik aynalara aynı anda farklı biçimlerde yansıyarak bir çokluk meydana getirdiği gibi, bir ayna durumundaki a‘yân-ı sâbiteye akseden Hakk’ın varlığı da böyle bir çokluk meydana getirir. Çokluk vehim ve hayal olarak vardır; birlik gerçek olarak mevcuttur. Belli bir top kumaştan farklı elbiseler vücuda getirilebilir. Bu elbiselerin hepsi varlık olarak bir ve aynıdır, çünkü aynı kumaştan yapılmıştır. Farklılık şekillerden ileri gelmektedir. Şekilleri farklı kılan, modelleri ve kalıpları yani ayn-ı sâbiteleridir. Kalıplar, hiçbir zaman elbiselerde var olmadıkları halde onlara şekil verirler. Bunun gibi, dış âlemdeki bütün varlıkları farklı şekillere sokup çokluğun ortaya çıkmasına sebep olan a‘yân-ı sâbite de hiçbir zaman dış âlemde var olmaz. Onun için a‘yân-ı sâbiteye “ma‘dûmât” ve “umûr-ı ademiyye” yani “yoklar” adı da verilmiştir. Dış âlemde görünen a‘yân-ı sâbite değil onun şekilleri, halleri, hükümleri, ayırıcı nitelikleri, belli özellikleri, fiilleri ve eserleridir. A‘yân-ı sâbitenin kendisi bâtın, sûreti zâhirdir. İbnü’l-Arabî, “a‘yân-ı sâbite asla varlık kokusunu koklamamıştır” yani hiçbir zaman var olmamıştır derken bunu anlatmak istemektedir.
A‘yân-ı sâbitenin ilâhî isimlerin sûretleri ve dış âlemdeki varlıkların hakikatleri olmak üzere iki yönü vardır. Birinci yönüyle edilgendir (münfail); ruh için beden gibidir. İkinci yönüyle etkendir (fâil); beden için ruh gibidir. Hakk’ın zâtındaki varlıkları itibariyle ilâhî isimlerde birlik, tezahürleri itibariyle çokluk vardır. Çok oluşları itibariyle “ilâhî hazret”ten feyiz alır; zâtlarının bir oluşu itibariyle a‘yân-ı sâbiteye feyiz verirler. İlâhî zâtın, bütün mümkinlerin ve şeylerin sûretinde kendine tecelli etmesine “feyz-i akdes” dendiği gibi a‘yân-ı sâbite de denir. “Bir”in, çokluk halindeki varlıkların sûretinde tecelli etmesine, diğer bir ifade ile a‘yân-ı sâbitenin aklî âlemden hissî âleme aksetmesine “feyz-i mukaddes” denir. Bu kuvve halinde olanın fiil suretinde, ezelde sâbit olan şeyin olduğu gibi hariçte zuhûr etmesinden ibarettir. A‘yân-ı sâbite bir yönüyle Hakk’ın Hak için zuhûrudur; “feyz-i akdes”tir. Diğer yönüyle Hakk’ın zuhûr (açıklık) mertebesidir, Hakk’ın dış varlıklarda tecellîsidir; “feyz-i mukaddes”tir. A‘yân-ı sâbite kendine göre “yok”, feyz-i akdese göre “sâbit”, feyz-i mukaddese göre “dış âlemde zâhir ve mevcut”tur.
A‘yân-ı sâbite daima sabit olup her zaman kendi kendinin aynı olarak kalır, hiç değişmez. Bir şeyin dış âlemde var olması onun ayn-ı sâbitesinde herhangi bir değişiklik meydana getirmez; ayn-ı sâbitesi, var olmadan önce nasılsa var olduktan sonra da aynen öyledir. A‘yân-ı sâbitenin değişmesi esastan imkânsız (bizâtihî müstahîl) olduğundan onları değiştirmeye Allah’ın iradesi de taalluk etmez. A‘yân-ı sâbite ezelî, ebedî, değişmez ve değiştirilemez mutlak bir nizam ifade eder. İbnü’l-Arabî’ye göre Allah’ın ilmi mâluma tâbidir. Fakat bu Allah için bir kusur değildir; çünkü hakikatte bilen de bilinen de O’dur. O, bir şeyi, o şey nasılsa öyle bilir ve aynen bildiği gibi var eder. Bir şeyin nasıl olacağı ise o şeyin ayn-ı sâbitesine bağlıdır. Ayn-ı sâbite ise ezelîdir ve yaratılmış değildir. İrade hürriyetini tamamıyla silip süpüren bu düşünce şiddetli bir cebirciliği ve kaderciliği hâkim kılar (bk. CEBRİYYE ). Onun için ayn-ı sâbiteye inanan mutasavvıflar hep kaderci ve cebirci olmuşlardır.
Eşya ve hadiselerin ayn-ı sâbitelerini Allah’tan başka kimse bilmez. Bu özelliği itibariyle İbnü’l-Arabî ona “mefâtîhu’l-üvel” (ilk anahtarlar), “mefâtîhu’l-gayb” (gaybın anahtarları) adını verir, “kaderin sırrı” der. İnsanın bunları bilmesi mümkün olsa kaderi ve geleceği de bilmiş olurdu. Bunun için Allah a‘yân-ı sâbite sahasını insanlara kapatmış, onun bilgisini sadece kendisine tahsis etmiştir. Çok nâdir hallerde nebî ve velîlerin bir kısmına bazı ayn-ı sâbitelerin gösterilmesi mümkündür.
A‘yân-ı sâbite nazariyesi çeşitli felsefî görüşlerin harmanlanmasından ortaya çıkmıştır. Meşşâîler’e göre “mümkin”lerin varlıkları başka, zâtları (mahiyetleri) başkadır, “vâcip”te ise varlık ile zât aynıdır. Bu fikre karşı çıkan kelâm âlimlerinin çoğu, “vâcip”te varlık ile zâtın aynı olmadığını savunmuşlardır. İbnü’l-Arabî vücûdla zâtı aynı sayarken Meşşâîler’e, Mu‘tezile’ye ve bazı kelâmcılara yaklaşmaktadır. Öte yandan a‘yân-ı sâbite nazariyesi Eflâtun’un “ide”lerine ve Plotinus’un “Allah ve düşünceleri” nazariyesine de benzemektedir. Ancak İbnü’l-Arabî’nin a‘yân-ı sâbitesi küllî-cüz’î bütün varlıkları kapsayan Allah’ın bilgileri (ma‘lûmât-ı ilâhiyye) demek olduğundan Eflâtun’un idelerinden farklıdır. Çünkü ideler sadece eşyanın genel sûretleri için söz konusudur ve müstakildir, yani Allah’a bağlı değildir. A‘yân-ı sâbite, Yeni Eflâtuncu Plotinus’un “bir ve ilk düşünce” (vâhid ve akl-ı evvel) görüşüne çok yakındır, hatta onun biraz değişik şeklidir de denilebilir.
İbnü’l-Arabî a‘yân-ı sâbite nazariyesini ortaya atarken Mu‘tezile’nin “yok”u (ma‘dûm) “şey” sayan görüşünden de istifade etmiştir. Ebû Ali el-Cübbâî’nin hocası Ebû Osman eş-Şahhâm, “ma‘dûm var değil, fakat büsbütün yok da değil, var olmaya hazır ve elverişli bir ‘şey’, bir ‘sabit’ ve bir ‘hal’dir” diyordu. İşte bu “ma‘dûm şeydir”, görüşü a‘yân-ı sâbite fikrinin kaynaklarından birini teşkil etmiştir.
Tasavvuf tarihinde son derece tesirli olan a‘yân-ı sâbite telakkisine kelâm âlimleri ve Selefiyye mezhebi mensupları sürekli olarak itiraz etmişler ve bu görüşü şiddetle reddetmişlerdir. Çünkü a‘yân-ı sâbite görüşünün kabul edilmesi halinde eşyanın yaratılması ve Allah’ın yaratıcılık sıfatı söz konusu olmamakta, yaratmanın yerini sudûr ve zuhûr görüşü almakta, diğer taraftan âlemin kadîm oluşu görüşü değişik bir biçimde kabul edilmektedir. Esasen İbnü’l-Arabî de âleme “kadîm-i hâdis” (ezelî yaratık) demek suretiyle bu konudaki fikirlerini açıkça ortaya koymuştur. Diğer taraftan cebirciliğin, ibadet hayatının ve ahlâk esaslarının temeli olan irade hürriyetini ortadan kaldırdığı ileri sürülmüştür. Bu yüzden İbn Teymiyye, İbnü’l-Arabî’nin bu tür kanaatlerinin küfür olduğunu söyler. Şeyhülislâm Mustafa Sabri de Mevḳıfü’l-ʿaḳl adlı eserinde İbnü’l-Arabî’nin varlık hakkındaki görüşlerini geniş bir tenkide tâbi tutmuş ve reddetmiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Fahreddin er-Râzî, el-Muḥaṣṣal (nşr. Tâhâ Abdürraûf Sa‘d), Kahire 1323, s. 37. Kâşânî, Iṣṭılâḥâtü’ṣ-ṣûfiyye , s. 31. İbnü’l-Arabî, Fuṣûṣ , s. 101, 274. a.mlf., Fütûḥât, I, 302; III, 47, 193. İbn Teymiyye, Mecmûʿu fetâvâ , II, 160, 210. Abdülkerîm el-Cîlî, el-İnsânü’l-kâmil, Kahire 1310, s. 32. İmâm-ı Rabbânî, el-Mektûbât, İstanbul 1963, I, 211. Abdullah Bosnevî, Şerḥu Fuṣûṣi’l-ḥikem, İstanbul 1290, s. 27. Mustafa Sabri Efendi, Mevḳıfü’l-ʿaḳl ve’l-ʿilm ve’l-ʿâlem, Kahire 1369/1950, III, 464. İzmirli, Yeni İlm-i Kelâm , II, 187. Ebü’l-Alâ Afîfî, Muhyiddîn İbnu’l-Arabî’nin Tasavvuf Felsefesi (trc. Mehmet Dağ), Ankara 1975, s. 56-60. a.mlf., el-Aʿyânü’s̱-s̱âbite fî meẕhebi İbni’l-ʿArabî ve’l-maʿdûmât fî meẕhebi’l-Muʿtezile, Kahire 1969.el-Muʿcemü’ṣ-ṣûfî , s. 831-838. Ahmet Avni Konuk, Fusûsu’l-hikem Tercüme ve Şerhi (haz. Mustafa Tahralı – Selçuk Eraydın), İstanbul 1987, I, 17 vd.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1991 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 4. cildinde, 198-199 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.