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BELHÎ, Ebû Zeyd Skip to content Ebû Zeyd Ahmed b. Sehl el-Belhî (ö. 322/934)
Filozof, ahlâkçı, tabip ve coğrafyacı.
236 (850) yılında Horasan’ın Belh şehri yakınındaki Şâmistiyân köyünde doğdu. İlk öğrenimini babasından gördü. Daha gençlik yıllarında uzun seyahatler yapmayı, özellikle Irak’a gidip oranın bilginlerinden ders okumayı planlıyordu. Nitekim katıldığı bir hac kafilesiyle Irak’a gitti. Burada sekiz yıl kaldı. Çeşitli yöreleri dolaşıp tanıdığı bilginlerden dersler aldı. Bu döneminin en kayda değer olayı onun İslâm filozofu Kindî’nin öğrencisi olmasıdır. Bu ünlü filozofun yanında felsefî disiplinleri iyice kavradı. Bu arada din ilimleri ve tıp konularında araştırmalarda bulundu. Fikrî arayışları kendisini bir aralık astrolojiye yönelttiyse de tabiat ilimleri ve matematikte ilerledikçe astrolojinin geçerliliğine olan inancını kaybetti. Aynı dönemde bir edebî şahsiyet olarak da ün yaptı. Nitekim İbnü’n-Nedîm kendisini filozof olarak değerlendirmesine rağmen edebiyatçılar grubu içinde zikreder (el-Fihrist , s. 153). Gerek patlak gözlü (câhizü’l-ayn) oluşu gerekse ilim ve edebiyatı entelektüel şahsiyetinde birleştirmiş olmasına işaretle Belhî’nin adı sık sık ünlü Mu‘tezile bilgin ve edibi Câhiz’in adıyla birlikte anılmıştır. Bağdat’ta geçirdiği yıllar içinde kendisine “Horasan’ın Câhiz’i” lakabının takılmış olması aynı benzetmenin bir ürünü olmalıdır.
Ebû Zeyd el-Belhî çok sevdiği Belh’e yeniden döndüğünde yetiştiği sahalarda dersler vermeye başladı. Burada iyiden iyiye yayılan ünü, Sâmânî Emîri Nasr b. Ahmed’in (914-943) iktidara geçişiyle birlikte devlet adamlarıyla ilişkiye girmesine yol açtı. Ancak bu ilişki pek mesut bir seyir takip etmedi. Zira Belhî, gençken ateşli bir İmâmiyye mensubu olarak çıktığı Belh’e Sünnî bakış açısına daha yakın telakkilere sahip olarak dönmüş, bu yeni anlayışla yazdığı bazı eserler devlet kademelerindeki aşırı veya sapık cereyanlara mensup çevrelerle ters düşmesine yol açmıştı. Belh şehrinin Ahmed b. Sehl b. Hâşim el-Mervezî’nin (918-919) eline geçmesi üzerine kendisine yapılan vezirlik teklifini reddetti ve yalnızca kısa bir süre için sekreter olarak çalıştı. Bu dönemde hararetli tartışmalara yol açan Arap-Fars rekabeti gündemdeydi ve emîr Arapçılık taassubundan etkilenmiş bulunuyordu. Belhî çevresindeki bu tartışmaları itidale sevketmede önemli bir rol oynadı. Irkların veya sahâbîlerin birbirine mutlak anlamda üstün tutulmaması gerektiği fikrini telkin ederek gerçekte siyasî boyutlara sahip bu tartışmaları yatıştırmaya gayret etti.
Belhî, Emîr Ahmed b. Sehl’in iktidarı kaybetmesinden sonra doğduğu köye çekilip satın aldığı bir çiftlikte ilmî faaliyetle meşgul oldu. Bir aralık Sâmânî emîrinin Buhara’da vezirlik teklifini kabul ettiyse de yolda bu fikrinden vazgeçerek Şâmistiyân’a döndü ve burada vefat etti.
Şehristânî’nin önde gelen İslâm filozofları arasında saydığı (el-Milel , II, 158) Belhî’nin en ünlü talebesi Ebü’l-Hasan el-Âmirî’dir. Ayrıca Belhî’nin biyografisini kaleme aldığı anlaşılan Ebû Muhammed Hüseyin b. Muhammed el-Vezîr ile Cevâmiʿu’l-ʿulûm adıyla şematik bir ilimler tasnifi ve ahlâk risâlesi kaleme almış bulunan İbn Ferîûn da onun talebeleri olarak kaydedilmektedir. Eğer İbnü’n-Nedîm’in Ebû Bekir er-Râzî’nin felsefe hocası olarak zikrettiği Belhî Ebû Zeyd el-Belhî ise onun öğrencileri arasına bu tabip-filozofu da katmak gerekir. İbnü’n-Nedîm Râzî hakkında bilgi verirken Ebû Zeyd künyesini zikretmeden ve daha önce edebiyatçılar arasında incelediği filozofa hiçbir göndermede bulunmadan Belhî adlı bir şahsın Râzî’ye felsefe okuttuğunu belirtmektedir. Onun verdiği bilgiye göre bu Belhî seyahate çok düşkün bir şahsiyettir; felsefeyi ve antik kültürü iyi bilmektedir; çok eser vermiştir ve eserlerinin müsveddeleri bile elden ele dolaşmaktadır. Râzî ile akrandır ve Râzî bu gezginci filozofun eserlerini kendine mal edecek kadar ilgiyle okumuştur (el-Fihrist , s. 357). Bu özellikler Ebû Zeyd el-Belhî’ye oldukça uymaktadır ve Belhî’nin tıp ile ahlâk arasında kurduğu ısrarlı ilişkinin Râzî’ye eṭ-Ṭıbbü’r-rûḥânî adlı eserin ana fikrini ilham etmiş olması muhtemeldir (bk. Kutluer, s. 131-132; Abdullah Ni‘me, s. 119).
Belhî’nin fikrî şahsiyetinde en fazla ön plana çıkan eğilim dinle felsefenin uzlaştırılmasıdır. Bir yandan tefsir çalışmaları yapan ve çağının müfessirlerince itibar görmüş metinler kaleme alan Belhî’nin bir yandan da coğrafya, matematik, astronomi, tıp, ahlâk, siyaset gibi çok çeşitli sahalarda eserler vermesi bu tavrının bir sonucudur. Belhî hocası Kindî gibi ilâhî bilginin beşerî bilgideki artma veya derinleşmenin miktarı oranınca kavranabileceğine inanıyordu. Onun gözünde bir ilâhî ve yüce hikmetler toplamı olan dini gerçek anlamda kavramanın yolu beşerî hikmet arayışının ifadesi olan felsefî araştırmalardan geçmektedir. Dolayısıyla din hem bu hikmet arayışında kılavuzluk eden, yönlendirici emir ve nehiyleriyle felsefî araştırmanın ilkelerinden uzaklaşmaya engel olan bir metot, hem de bu araştırmaların sonunda yeniden ve derinlemesine kavranmış hakikat olmaktadır. Onun söz konusu yaklaşımı şu sözüyle ifadesini bulmuştur: “Din yüce felsefedir. Bir kimse dinin emirlerini yerine getirmedikçe filozof olamaz” (bk. Beyhakī, s. 27). Burada dinin Latin dünyasındaki philosophia perennis (ezelî felsefe) anlayışını hatırlatacak şekilde bir ezelî ve ilâhî hikmet olarak kavrandığı açıktır. Bu yaklaşımın mantıkî sonucu olarak beşerî araştırma ile ulaşılan bir hikmetin dinî hikmetle uzlaşması gerektiğine inanan Belhî, felsefî araştırmayı dinî düşüncenin sınırları içine sokmak istemiş olmalıdır. Tenkitçiliğiyle tanınan Ebû Hayyân et-Tevhîdî bile Taḳrîżü’l-Câḥiẓ adlı eserinde Belhî’yi göklere çıkarırken onun bu özelliğini de vurgulayarak insanlar içinde Belhî’den başka hikmet ve şeriatı uzlaştıran birinin görülmediğini belirtmektedir (bk. Safedî, VI, 378).
Câhiz adının Belhî’nin de adını hatırlatması, onun edebî ve felsefî dili aynı metin içinde rahatlıkla birleştirebilmesinden kaynaklanmış olmalıdır. Antik felsefe konusunda bir otorite sayılmasına rağmen sırf metodunun edebî özelliğinden ötürü İbnü’n-Nedîm tarafından edebiyatçılar arasında incelenmesi de onun bu tarzına işaret etmektedir. Herhalde mizacı gereği analitik metotla zihni tatmin etmenin yanı sıra edebî üslûpla ruhu tatmin etmeyi de önemli saymaktaydı. Mizacının bu dengeleyici özelliği kendisine bir yandan din-felsefe ve felsefe-edebiyat arasındaki uzlaşma noktalarını tesbitte yol gösterirken diğer yandan aşırı fırka mensupları ve sapık inançlılara karşı teorik mücadele verme azmini de beslemiş görünmektedir. Döneminde resmî kademelere kadar yükselebilen, dinin ve peygamberliğin lüzumsuzluğu, bazı dinî merasimlerin saçmalığı, bâtınî te’vilin gereği vb. iddialara sahip “zenâdıka” hareketiyle mücadele etmesine ve bu uğurda devlet adamlarıyla arasının açılmasına rağmen (bk. Yâkūt, III, 65-66) kendisinin zaman zaman haksız bir sapıklık (ilhad) suçlamasına mâruz kalmış olması Belhî için talihsizlik olmuştur.
Aklî (felsefî) ilimler içinde matematik ve astronomiye özel bir ilgi duyan Belhî, belki sırf bu yüzden hocası Kindî’nin aksine astrolojiye inanmamış ve ancak matematik ve fizik esaslara dayalı bir gök biliminin geçerli olabileceğini savunmuştur. Kendisinden on altı yıl sonra vefat edecek olan Fârâbî’nin en-Nüket fîmâ yaṣıḥḥu ve mâ lâ yaṣıḥḥu min aḥkâmi’n-nücûm adlı eserindeki ayırımları dile getirmiş olması bakımından Belhî’nin bu yaklaşımı önemlidir. Onun bu tavrında aynı zamanda bir astronom ve matematikçi olan Sâmânî Veziri Ebû Ca‘fer el-Hâzin’in de etkisi bulunmalıdır; adı geçen bilgin vezirle olan fikrî münasebeti sayesindedir ki Belhî coğrafya ile ilgili çalışmalara da koyulmuş, daha sonra geliştireceği Hâzin’e ait haritalar bu konuda kendisine engin bir ufuk kazandırmıştır. Coğrafya alanında yaptığı ve Kindî ekolünün tipik eğilimini yansıtan çalışmalar ünlü İslâm coğrafyacıları İstahrî ve İbn Havkal’ın eserlerine kaynaklık etmiş, Batılı araştırmacılar nezdinde de uzun süre yalnızca büyük bir coğrafyacı olarak tanınmasına yol açmıştır. Belh coğrafya okulunun kurucusu sayılan Belhî’nin coğrafya ilmindeki yeri ve önemi özellikle De Goeje ve Barthold’un yaptığı incelemeler sayesinde tesbit edilmiştir (bk. Ḥudûdü’l-ʿâlem , s. 19).
Eserleri. İbnü’n-Nedîm Belhî’ye kırk üç eser nisbet eder. Yâkūt bu sayıyı elli altıya çıkarır. Ancak onun eserlerinden günümüze yalnızca ikisi ulaşmıştır. Bu sebeple ilmî şahsiyeti daha çok kendisinden sonraki etki ve yankılarıyla belirlenebilmektedir.
1. Meṣâliḥu’l-ebdân ve’l-enfüs . Belhî’nin tıp ve ahlâk konusundaki fikirlerini tesbite yarayan ve iki ana bölümden oluştuğu için el-Maḳāleteyn olarak da anılan bu eser, müellifinin çağına ait tıbbî birikimi özümlediğine yeterli bir delil teşkil ettiği gibi tıp ve ahlâkı aynı ilmî disiplin çerçevesinde birleştiren anlayışın da İslâm dünyasındaki öncüsü durumundadır. Nitekim kendisi, beden sağlığına dair yeterince kitap yazıldığı halde bu eserine gelinceye kadar ruh sağlığıyla ilgili kayda değer bir eser verilmediğinden söz etmekte ve bu konuda hem ilk hem orijinal olma iddiasını taşımaktadır (bk. Meṣâliḥu’l-ebdân ve’l-enfüs , s. 273-275). Belhî “bedenî tıp” ile “ruhanî tıp” kavramlarının ortak terimini bir ilişkinin hareket noktası yapmakta ve böylece beden ile ruh arasındaki etkileşmenin sağlık ve hastalık bakımından nelere yol açabileceğini incelemektedir. Belhî’nin akranı olan ve muhtemelen kendisinden felsefe okumuş bulunan Ebû Bekir er-Râzî’nin eṭ-Ṭıbbü’r-rûḥânî adlı eserinin paralelinde olan bu yaklaşımın yönlendirici fikri insanın ruh ve bedenden müteşekkil bir bütün olduğudur. Dolayısıyla Belhî’ye göre hastalığa yol açan maddî sebeplerle ruhî sebepleri bir arada ele almanın büyük faydası vardır. Bu yönlendirici fikrin Belhî’yi psikosomatik hastalıklar kavramına büyük ölçüde yaklaştırdığı söylenebilir. Ayrıca iklim, tabii çevre, fizyolojik yapı gibi faktörlerin yanı sıra yeme, içme, cinsî münasebet, uyku vb. gündelik hayatı ilgilendiren hususlardaki rejimlerin beden ve ruh sağlığı üzerindeki etkilerini uzun uzun inceleyen Belhî, müziğin bedenî ve ruhî hastalıkların tedavisindeki önemine de işaret eder. Kontrolsüz öfke, yersiz korkular ve derin endişeler şeklinde beliren psikolojik baskıların davranış bozukluklarına yol açması ve neticede bir yandan nevrotik hastalıkların, diğer yandan da ahlâkî kötülüklerin insan ruhunda yerleşmesi sonucunu doğuracağından Belhî’nin yaklaşımında ruhanî tıp terimi hem bir ölçüde psikoterapiye hem de ahlâk ilmine işaret edecek şekilde tıp, ahlâk ve psikoloji sahalarını birleştirir. Meṣâliḥu’l-ebdân ’ın Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’nde iki yazma nüshası vardır (Ayasofya, nr. 3740, 3741). Bu nüshalardan ikincisinin tıpkıbasım halinde neşri Fuad Sezgin tarafından yapılmıştır (Frankfurt 1984).
2. Ṣuverü’l-eḳālîm . Taḳvîmü’l-büldân adıyla da anılır. Bu esere ait tek yazma nüshanın Necef’te (Mektebetü’l-hakîm elâmme, nr. 632) bulunduğu tesbit edilmiştir (Resâʾilü Ebi’l-Ḥasan el-ʿÂmirî… , s. 165). Kitabın adı Belhî’ye ait eserlerin listesinde geçmemektedir. Ancak Makdisî’nin Aḥsenü’t-teḳāsîm fî maʿrifeti’l-eḳālîm ’i gibi klasiklerdeki kayıtların yanı sıra modern araştırmalar bakımından da bu eserin Belhî’ye aidiyeti konusunda kuşku yoktur. Tefsîru Ṣuver adıyla zikredilen eserin de Ṣuverü’l-eḳālîm için kaleme alınmış bir açıklama olması mümkündür.
Belhî’nin günümüze ulaşmayan eserleri ise şunlardır: Ḳavâriʾü’l-Ḳurʾân , Ġarîbü’l-Ḳurʾân , Naẓmü’l-Ḳurʾân . Bu üç eser tefsirle ilgili olup bunlardan özellikle sonuncusunun çağın tefsir bilginlerinin övgüsünü kazandığı belirtilmektedir. Esmâʾüllāhi teʿâlâ ve ṣıfâtühû adlı eseri akaide dairdir. Şerâʾiʿu’l-edyân , el-İbâne ʿan kemâli’d-dîn , ʿİsmetü’l-enbiyâʾ , er-Red ʿalâ ʿabedeti’l-evs̱ân , el-İbâne ʿan ʿileli’d-diyâne . Bu eserleri ise dinler tarihi ve kelâm sahalarını birlikte kuşatan çalışmalardır. Aḳsâmü’l-ʿulûm felsefî ilimlerin tasnifine ait olup Kindî’den mülhemdir ve herhalde öğrencisi İbn Ferîûn’un Cevâmiʿu’l-ʿulûm ’una da kaynaklık etmiştir. Aristo’nun es-Semâʾ ve’l-ʿâlem (De caelo et mundo ) adlı eserinin ilk bölümüne yazdığı şerhi Sâmânî Veziri Ebû Ca‘fer el-Hâzin’e ithaf etmiştir. Bu bölümdeki cisim, mekân ve hareket kavramlarına getirilen açıklamalar, Belhî’nin asıl ilgi alanı olan astronominin mekanik zeminini tahlil gayesine yönelik olmalıdır. Fażîletü ʿulûmi’r-riyâżiyyât , Kitâbü Mâ yaṣıḥḥu min aḥkâmi’n-nücûm . Bu eserler matematiğin önemini kavramış bir astronomi bilgininin ilmî anlayışını yansıtır. Edebü’s-sulṭân ve’r-raʿiyye , Fażlü’l-melik , Kitâbü’s-Siyâseti’l-kebîr , Kitâbü’s-Siyâseti’ṣ-ṣaġīr . Bu eserleri de siyasetle ilgili olup İslâm dünyasında Mâverdî’ye kadar uzanan bir etkiye sahip bulunmuş görünmektedir (Halîfât, s. 167).
Belhî’ye nisbet edilen ve Clément Huart tarafından Fransızca tercümesiyle birlikte neşredilen el-Bedʾ ve’t-târîḫ adlı eserin (Paris 1899-1919) Belhî’nin ölümünden sonra yazıldığı anlaşılmış, gerçek müellifin Mutahhar b. Tâhir el-Makdisî olduğunda ittifak edilmiştir (Brockelmann, I, 222; Ziriklî, VII, 159). Ancak Abdullah Ni‘me, Tevhîdî’nin Taḳrîżü’l-Câḥiẓ adlı eserinde Belhî’ye nisbet ettiği Kitâbü’l-Bedʾ ve’l-meʾâl adını taşıyan eserin Kitâbü’l-Bedʾ ve’t-târîḫ olabileceğini ileri sürmektedir (Felâsifetü’ş-Şîʿa , s. 117, 127).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Ebû Zeyd el-Belhî, Meṣâliḥu’l-ebdân ve’l-enfüs (nşr. Fuat Sezgin), Frankfurt 1984.
İbnü’n-Nedîm, el-Fihrist , s. 153, 357.
İbn Ferîûn, Cevâmiʿu’l-ʿulûm (nşr. Fuat Sezgin), Frankfurt 1985.
Şehristânî, el-Milel (Kîlânî) , II, 158.
Beyhakī, Tetimme , s. 26 vd.
Yâkūt, Muʿcemü’l-üdebâʾ , III, 64-86.
Safedî, el-Vâfî , VI, 378, 409-413.
Dâvûdî, Ṭabaḳātü’l-müfessirîn , I, 42-43.
Brockelmann, GAL Suppl. , I, 222, 408.
Ḥudûdü’l-ʿâlem (Minorsky) , s. 15-23.
Ziriklî, el-Aʿlâm (Fethullah) , I, 131; VII, 159.
Abdullah Ni‘me, Felâsifetü’ş-Şîʿa ḥayâtühüm ve ârâʾühüm , Beyrut 1987, s. 116-127.
Resâʾilü Ebi’l-Ḥasan el-Âmirî ve şeẕerâtühü’l-felsefiyye (nşr. Sahbân Halîfât), Amman 1988, s. 163-172.
İlhan Kutluer, İslam Felsefesi Tarihinde Ahlak İlminin Teşekkülü (doktora tezi, 1990), MÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, nr. 647, s. 128-154.
D. M. Dunlop, “al-Balk̲h̲ī”, EI2 (İng.) , I, 1003.
W. Montgomery Watt, “Abū Zayd Balḵī”, EIr. , I, 399-400.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1992 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 5. cildinde, 412-414 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.