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BERCHER, Léon Skip to content (1889-1955)
Fransız şarkiyatçısı.
7 Temmuz 1889’da Belfort’ta doğdu. Bu şehrin yer aldığı Alsas bölgesi Fransa’nın 1871’de Prusya ile yaptığı savaşta yenilmesi sonucunda yeni kurulan Alman İmparatorluğu’na ilhak edilince Fransız vatandaşı kalmayı tercih eden 100.000 civarındaki Alsaslı’nın büyük bir kısmı Fransız hâkimiyetinde bulunan Cezayir’e yerleşmişti. Bercher’in Le Mans’ta askerî doktor olarak görev yapan babasının tayini dolayısıyla ailesi de aynı yıl Cezayir’in Kosantîne şehrine göç etmişti. Bercher, Cezayir Lisesi’nden 1906’da mezun oldu ve Tıp Fakültesi’ne hazırlık amacıyla Cezayir Bilimler Fakültesi’ne girdi. Bu esnada Cezayir’de ilk Arap dili kürsüsünün (1836) kurucusu olan Louis Jacques Bresnier’in o dönemde artık klasik hale gelmiş ders kitaplarını elde edince kendini tamamıyla klasik Arapça ve lehçelerinin öğrenimine verdi. 1909’da Arap dili diploması aldı. Aynı yıl, Fransız ordusunun daha çok Fas, Cezayir ve Tunus’un yerel halklarından teşkil ettiği süvari güçlerinin birinci alayında stajyer tercüman olarak göreve başladı. Fas ve Batı Cezayir’de çeşitli şehirlerde kaldığı sırada yerli dili ve lehçeleri daha yakından tanıma imkânı buldu. 1912’de üçüncü sınıf, 1914’te ikinci sınıf mütercim subay rütbesine yükseldi ve I. Dünya Savaşı’ndan önce birkaç ay Tunus’un güneydoğusundaki Medenîn’de görev aldı. 1916’da Yarbay Brémond kumandasında Hicaz’a gönderilen Mission Militaire Française’de yer aldı. Bu küçük birliğin hedefi 1916 yılında İngilizler’in desteğiyle isyan eden Mekke emîri Şerîf Hüseyin’e yardım ederek bölgede Fransız nüfuzunun etkinliğini arttırmaktı. 1919’da birkaç ay Fas şehrinde görevlendirildi, kısa bir süre sonra eski âmirleri tarafından Tunus’a çağrıldı ve görevini burada sürdürdü.
Resmî görevleri sırasında da ilmî çalışmalarını sürdüren Bercher 1920’de, dönemin en önemli Fransız şarkiyatçılarından William Marçais tarafından yönetilen Arap Dili ve Edebiyatı Yüksek Okulu’ndan mezun oldu ve Aix-en-Provence Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi’ne kaydını yaptırdı. Askerlikten 1921’de ayrılınca Tunus hükümetinin genel sekreteri G. Puaux’nun talebi üzerine genel sekreterliğin Tercüme ve Tercümanlık Servisi müdürlüğü görevini üstlendi. Tercüme çalışmalarının yanı sıra Arap Dili ve Edebiyatı Yüksek Okulu’nda ve çeşitli kurumlarda çeviri dersleri verdi. Hukuk öğrenimini tamamlayıp 1926’da Les délits et les peines de droit commun prévus par le Coran başlıklı teziyle İslâm hukuku dalında doktor unvanını aldı. Aynı yıl Arap Dili ve Edebiyatı Yüksek Okulu İslâm Hukuku Kürsüsü başkanlığına getirildi. 1938’de Tunuslu Hüseynî hânedanı tarafından “İftihar nişanı”nın ikinci derecesiyle ödüllendirildi. 1947’de ısrarlı talepler üzerine kabul ettiği ve 1950’ye kadar sürdürdüğü Tunus Adalet Bakanlığı müşavirliği görevinde iken gerçekleştirilen Tunus hukuk reformu sürecinde danışmanlık yaptı. 1950’de Tunus’ta kurulan Yüksek Araştırmalar Enstitüsü’nde Arap araştırmaları müdürlüğüne tayin edildi. Bu dönemde enstitünün çıkarmaya başladığı Revue tunisienne de droit adlı dergide öğrencilere ve yargıçlara hitap eden çeşitli hukuk çalışmalarının edisyonunu gerçekleştirdi ve tercümelerini neşretti. Bir süre mücadele ettiği hastalık sonucu 23 Ocak 1955’te öldü.
Dindar bir Katolik olan Bercher’in 1868’de Cezayir başpiskoposunun kurduğu “Beyaz Babalar” (Pères Blancs) adlı misyoner topluluğuna yakınlığı biliniyordu. Mütevazi ve çalışkan bir kişiliğe sahipti. Araştırmaları, Arap modernleşmesinin genel anlamda bir Fransız siyasal ve kültürel çerçeve içinde gelişmesini arzuladığını göstermektedir. Bu amaca hizmet etmek için hayatı boyunca tercüme faaliyetini bir vazife şuuruyla yerine getirdiği gibi çevresindeki insanlara da sürekli çeviri ve edisyonların önemini telkin etmiştir.
Eserleri. Telif: 1. Les délits et les peines de droit commun prévus par le Coran, leur réglementation dans les rites malékites, chaféite et hanéfite (Tunis 1926). Mâlikî, Şâfiî ve Hanefî mezheplerine göre “ukūbât” meselelerini incelediği doktora tezidir. 2. Lexique arabe-française (Tunis 1938; Alger 1942 [1944], 1953). Bir asır içinde büyük değişim ve dönüşümler geçirmiş olan Arapça basın dili üzerinde Bercher’in Tunus hükümeti genel sekreterliği adına gerçekleştirdiği titiz bir inceleme sonunda yazdığı bu modern sözlük onun bu alana önemli katkılarından biridir.
Tercüme: Bercher, ilmî mesaisini telif eserlerden ziyade Arapça’dan yaptığı tercümelere ayırmış olup bu çevirilerinden bazıları şunlardır: 1. le Kitâb al-Waraqāt, traité de méthodologie juridique musulmane (Tunis 1930; Les fondements du fiqh: Kitab al Waraqāt fī uçoul al Fiqh , Paris 1995). İmâmü’l-Haremeyn el-Cüveynî’nin fıkıh usulüne dair el-Varaḳāt adlı eserinin tercümesidir. Önce bir dergide yayımlanmış olup (Revue tunisienne , Nouvelle Series, 1930, sy. 1-2, s. 93-105; sy. 3-4, s. 185-214) daha sonra kitap halinde basılmıştır. Bercher, eserin girişinde usûl-i fıkıh hakkında kısa bir açıklama yaptıktan sonra bu teorik disiplinin daha çok örfün belirlediği vâkıayı meşrulaştırmak için kullanıldığını ifade eder. Bu sebeple son dönem Osmanlı gayri müslim devlet adamlarından Sava Paşa’nın (ö. 1904) usulden hareketle İslâm hukukunun güncellemeye açık bulunduğunu iddia ettiği çalışmasının (Etude sur la théorie du droit musulman , I-II, Paris 1892) oldukça çarpıcı, fakat nâfile olduğunu belirterek İslâm hukuku hakkındaki kanaatini ortaya koyar. 2. La risâla ou épitre sur les éléments du dogme et de la loi de l’Islâm selon le rite mālikite (Alger 1945, 1948, 1949, 1960, 1968; Beyrut 2004). Mâlikî mezhebinin temel metinlerinden olan İbn Ebû Zeyd’in er-Risâle ’sinin Arapça metinle birlikte notlar konulmuş çevirisidir. 3. Le collier du pigeon (Alger 1949). De l’amour et des amants adıyla da anılan eser, İbn Hazm’ın Ṭavḳu’l-ḥamâme fi’l-ülfeti ve’l-üllâf adlı eserinin günümüzde de referans kabul edilen tercümesidir. 4. Recueil de textes de sociologie et de droit public musulman contenus dans les “Prolégomènes” d’Ibn Khaldoun (Alger 1951, G. Surdon ile birlikte). İbn Haldûn’un Muḳaddime ’sinden bazı seçmeleri ve çevirilerini içerir. 5. Al-Mukhtasar: Le statut personnel en droit musulman hanéfite (Tunis 1952, G.-H. Bousquet ile birlikte). Kudûrî’nin el-Muḫtaṣar adlı eserinin Arapça metinle birlikte notlar konulmuş tercümesidir. 6. Le livre des bons usages en matière de mariage. Gazzâlî’nin İḥyâʾü ʿulûmi’d-dîn ’inden seçmelerin notlarla birlikte çevirisidir (Paris 1953, G.-H. Bousquet ile birlikte). 7. Al-‘Âcimiyya: Le présent fait aux juges touchants les points délicats des contrats et de jugements (Alger 1958). Mâlikî mezhebinin el kitaplarından Ebû Bekir İbn Âsım’ın el-ʿÂṣımiyye (Tuḥfetü’l-ḥükkâm fî nüketi’l-ʿuḳūd ve’l-aḥkâm) adlı manzum eserinin Arapça metinle birlikte çevirisidir. Bercher’in el yazısıyla hazırladığı metin esas alınarak ölümünden sonra yayımlanmıştır. 8. L’obligation d’ordonner le bien et d’interdive le mal. İḥyâʾü ʿulûmi’d-dîn ’in “Emir bi’l-ma‘rûf ve nehiy ani’l-münker” adlı bölümünün çevrisidir (Tunis 1961).
Bercher’in çeşitli dergilerde ağırlıklı olarak İslâm hukuku, Arap dili ve edebiyatı konularında yayımladığı makaleler içinde 1930-1935 yılları arasında Revue des études islamiques ’te (REI) çıkanlar, onun Tunus ve Mısır’da dinî yüksek eğitim ve öğretim reformuyla ilgili projelerle de yakından ilgilendiğini göstermektedir. Bercher, Ezher ve Zeytûne’nin geleneksel ulemâsı karşısında konumlanan ve onlarla tartışmaya giren müslüman aydınların eserlerini de yakından takip etmiş, bu bağlamda meselâ hilâfetin gerekliliğini sorgulayan Mısırlı Ali Abdürrâzık’ın el-İslâm ve uṣûlü’l-ḥükm adlı eserini tercüme etmiş (“l’Islam et les bases du pouvoir”, REI , sy. 7 [1933], s. 353-391; sy. 8 [1934], s. 163-222), İslâm toplumunda kadının yeriyle ilgili Tunuslu Tâhir el-Haddâd’ın eseri hakkında da bir değerlendirme yazısı yazmıştır (M. Mutafarrij takma adıyla, “Notre femme dans la loi et la société”, REI , sy. 9 [1935], s. 201-230). Müellifin kendi el yazısıyla yazdığı çalışmalar içinde bulunan, daha çok C. Brockelmann, A. Mez ve Th. Nöldeke gibi şarkiyatçıların Arap edebiyatına dair eserlerinin kısmî veya tam tercümeleri onun Alman şarkiyatçılarını da yakından izlediğini göstermektedir. Ayrıca Goldziher’in Muhammedanische Studien adlı eserinin II. cildinin büyük bölümünü Fransızca’ya çevirerek yayımlamıştır (Etudes sur la tradition islamique , Paris 1952; eserlerinin tam listesi için bk. Henri Pérès, s. 237-240).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA :
Léon Bercher, “Le Kitāb al-Waraqāt”, RT , sy. 32 (1930), s. 93-94; Necîb el-Akīkī, el-Müsteşriḳūn , Kahire 1964, I, 273; Abdurrahman Bedevî, Mevsûʿatü’l-müsteşriḳīn , Beyrut 1984, s. 56; A. Messaoudi, “Léon Bercher”, Dictionnaire des orientalistes de langue française (ed. F. Pouillon), Paris 2008, s. 88-89; Abdülhamîd Sâlih Hamdân, Ṭabaḳātü’l-müsteşriḳīn , [baskı yeri ve tarihi yok] (Mektebetü Medbûlî), s. 95; H. Pérès, “Nécrologie: Léon Bercher (1889-1955)”, RAfr. , XCIX (1955), s. 234-240; “In Memoriam: Léon Bercher”, IBLA , XVII/68 (1954), s. 313 (http://www.iblatunis.org/); G.-H. Bousquet, “Léon Bercher (1889-1955)”, Hespéris , XLII, Paris 1955, s. 14-16; Ferheng-i Ḫâverşinâsân (ed. Pervîz Meşkînnejâd), Tahran 1382 hş./1993, II, 242-244.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2016 yılında İstanbul’da basılan (gözden geçirilmiş 2. basım) EK-1. cildinde, 185-186 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.