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BÜVEYHÎLER Skip to content 932-1062 yılları arasında İran ve Irak’ta hüküm süren Deylem asıllı bir hânedan.
Tarih. Hânedan adını, Sâsânî Hükümdarı Behrâm-ı Gûr’un soyundan olduğu rivayet edilen Büveyh (Bûye) b. Fennâ (Penâh) Hüsrev’den alır. Deylemliler önceleri Mecûsî ve putperest bir kavimken IV. (X.) yüzyılın başında Ali evlâdından Hasan el-Utrûş’un gayretleriyle müslüman oldular ve Şiîliği benimsediler. Daha sonra Abbâsî halifeliği dahil müslüman devletlerin ordularında büyük ölçüde yer aldılar. Ayrıca kendi bölgelerinde küçük beylikler kurdukları gibi güneye doğru inerek İran ve Irak’ta vuku bulan siyasî olaylarda da önemli rol oynamaya başladılar. Büveyh’in Ebü’l-Hasan Ali, Ebû Ali Hasan ve Ahmed adında üç oğlu vardı. Bu üç kardeş önce Gîlânlı bir sülâleye mensup Emîr Mâkân b. Kâkî’nin emrinde Sâmânîler’in hizmetine girdiler (928). Ancak Mâkân daha sonra Sâmânîler’e karşı harekete geçtiği zaman karşısına yine Gîlânlı bir soylu olan Merdâvic çıktı. Mâkân’ın mağlûp olup Taberistan’ı terketmek zorunda kalmasıyla Ali ve kardeşleri Merdâvic’in yanında yer aldılar. Merdâvic bundan sonra Rey başşehir olmak üzere Taberistan ve Cürcân’da Ziyârîler hânedanını kurdu.
Üç kardeşten Ali, Merdâvic tarafından Kerec valiliğine tayin edildi. İran’ın güneyinde bir devlet kurmak isteyen Ali’nin çevresinde çok sayıda Deylemli toplandı. Şiî olmasına rağmen amansız bir düşmanı haline gelen Merdâvic’e karşı Abbâsî halifesinin desteğini sağlamaya çalıştı ve güneye inerek İsfahan’ı işgal etti (932). Fakat Merdâvic müttefiklerinin yardımıyla onu bölgeden uzaklaştırdı. Ali daha sonra Fars’ı ele geçirdi ve Abbâsî Valisi Yâkūt’u mağlûp ederek Şîraz’a girdi (934). Bu arada Merdâvic ile barış yapmak zorunda kaldı ve kardeşi Hasan’ı onun yanına rehine olarak gönderdi. Ancak Merdâvic’in 935’te öldürülmesiyle Ziyârîler zayıfladı, Ali rahat bir nefes alma imkânı buldu. Ayrıca ona bağlı Türk askerlerinin birçoğu Şîraz’da Ali’nin ordusuna katıldılar. Ziyârîler’in Hazar denizi kıyılarındaki topraklarının büyük bir bölümü Büveyhî kardeşlerin eline geçti.
Ali Fars eyaletinde hâkimiyetini sürdürürken kardeşi Hasan da hemen hemen bütün Cibâl bölgesine sahip olmuştu. Küçük kardeşi Ahmed ise Kirman ve daha sonra da Hûzistan’ı ele geçirmişti. Böylece İran’ın batı ve güneyindeki en önemli bölgeler Büveyhîler’in idaresine girmiş oluyordu. Büveyhîler Hûzistan’a hâkim olduktan sonra Irak’la daha yakından ilgilendiler. Nihayet kardeşlerden Ahmed 19 Aralık 945 tarihinde davet üzerine karışıklıklar içindeki Bağdat’a girdi ve Abbâsî Halifesi Müstekfî-Billâh kendisini emîrü’l-ümerâ tayin ederek ona Muizzüddevle, Ali’ye İmâdüddevle, Hasan’a da Rüknüddevle lakaplarını verdi.
Bu olaydan kısa bir süre sonra Muizzüddevle Ahmed, Halife Müstekfî’nin gözlerine mil çektirerek yerine Mutî‘-Lillâh’ı halife ilân etti. Abbâsî hilâfeti bundan sonra bir çöküş devresi içine girdi ve halifelik otoritesi zayıfladı. Böylece Abbâsî halifeliğinin merkezi Bağdat’ta yeni bir dönem başladı. Şiî Büveyhîler siyasî sebeplerle, Sünnî olan Abbâsî halifeliğinin devam etmesine ses çıkarmıyorlardı. Çünkü onlar halifeliğin devamını gerek kendi hâkimiyet sahalarında, gerekse bölgeleri dışında kendi lehlerine kullanmak niyetindeydiler. Ayrıca halifeliği kendi kontrolleri altında bulundurmakla hem devlet içindeki Sünnîler hem de diğer müslüman devletler nezdinde itibar göreceklerdi.
Büveyhîler Fars ve Hûzistan, Kirman, Cibâl ve Irak olmak üzere dört ayrı bölgede hüküm sürdüler. Aralarında her zaman uyumlu ilişkiler yoktu. Ancak aile içinde en yaşlı üyenin otoritesine saygı duyarlardı. Hânedanın reisi İmâdüddevle Ali’nin erkek evlât bırakmadan ölmesi üzerine (949) Fars bölgesine Rüknüddevle’nin oğlu Adudüddevle hâkim oldu. Hânedanın öteki büyüklerinden Muizzüddevle’nin 967’de, Rüknüddevle’nin de 976’da ölümüyle Adudüddevle Irak’ta hüküm süren Muizzüddevle’nin oğlu Bahtiyâr’ı bertaraf ederek hânedanın başına geçti. Onun zamanında Büveyhî hânedanı kuvvet ve kudretinin doruk noktasına ve en geniş sınırlarına ulaştı.
Adudüddevle’nin 983’te ölümünden sonra üç oğlu Şerefüddevle, Samsâmüddevle ve Bahâüddevle arasında taht mücadelesi başladı. Bu iç savaşı Şerefüddevle kazandıysa da onun 989’da ölümüyle Bahâüddevle genç yaşta Bağdat’ta Büveyhî tahtına oturdu. Öte taraftan vezir Sâhib b. Abbâd’ın, ordunun isteği üzerine Adudüddevle’nin kardeşi Fahrüddevle’yi çağırmasıyla ortaya yeni bir rakip çıktı. Fahrüddevle İsfahan, Hemedan ve Rey’de hâkimiyetini kabul ettirdi ve daha sonra Büveyhîler’in hâkimiyetindeki İran’ın bütününe sahip oldu. Ancak Fahrüddevle bir hata yapmış, Horasan’ı ele geçirmek için doğu yönünde Sâmânîler’le mücadeleye girişmişti.
Bahâüddevle uzun süren çabalardan sonra bir ölçüde devletin birliğini sağlamaya muvaffak olmuş, fakat Irak’taki Büveyhî nüfuzu azalmaya başlamıştı. Bahâüddevle’nin 1012’de ölümüyle oğulları arasında uzun süren bir hâkimiyet mücadelesi başladı ve Büveyhîler’in büyük gayretlerle kurdukları birlik parçalandı. Bahâüddevle’den sonra yerine geçen oğlu Sultânüddevle’nin Irak’ta karşılaştığı en büyük güçlük Deylemliler ve Türkler arasındaki mücadele idi. Sonuçta Türkler’in desteklediği Müşerrifüddevle b. Bahâüddevle Irak’a hâkim oldu (1021). Sultânüddevle de Irak üzerindeki hâkimiyetinden vazgeçmek zorunda kaldı.
Öte yandan Kirman’a tayin edilen Ebü’l-Fevâris Kıvâmüddevle’nin Fars’ı işgal etmesi, Sultanüddevle ile aralarında yeni bir mücadeleye sebep oldu. Kıvâmüddevle bu mücadele sırasında Büveyhîler’in hâkimiyet sahalarına doğru genişlemeye çalışan Gazneliler’den yardım istedi. Gazneli Mahmud onu desteklemeye karar verdi. Fakat Kıvâmüddevle’nin bu yardımdan sonra Gazneli kumandan ve askerlere soğuk davranması yüzünden Sultânüddevle tekrar Fars bölgesini ele geçirdi (408/1017-18).
Hânedan mensupları arasındaki taht mücadelesinden faydalanan Kâkûyîler, Cibâl kolunun Hemedan ve İsfahan’daki şubesini ortadan kaldırdılar. Gazneli Mahmud ise ömrünün son yıllarında batıya yöneldi ve Rey şehrine hâkim olarak Büveyhîler’in Cibâl koluna son verdi (1029).
Müşerrifüddevle’nin 1025’te ölümünden sonra Irak’ta yeniden taht mücadelesi başladı. Sonunda askerler kardeşi Celâlüddevle’yi emîr seçtiler. Kirman’da tahta geçmeyi başaran Ebû Kâlîcâr bir ara Bağdat’ı ele geçirmek istediyse de başarılı olamadı, fakat kendini emîrü’l-ümerâ olarak kabul ettirdi. Celâlüddevle’nin 1044’te ölümüyle Bağdat’ta hutbe Ebû Kâlîcâr adına okundu. Böylece Ebû Kâlîcâr Büveyhîler’in Irak, Fars ve Kirman kollarını tek bir idare altında toplamış oluyordu. Fakat bu sırada Selçuklular Büveyhîler’in hâkim oldukları topraklara doğru ilerlemeye başladılar.
Selçuklular Dandanakan Savaşı’ndan (1040) sonra toplanan kurultayda o zamana kadar ele geçirilmiş ve ileride zaptedilecek toprakları hânedan üyeleri arasında paylaştırmışlardı. Bu bölüşme sırasında Kirman bölgesi Çağrı Bey’in oğlu Kavurd’a verilmişti. Kirman eyaletine Selçuklu akınları ilk olarak 434 (1042-43) yılında başladı. Daha sonra Kavurd Kirman üzerine yürüyerek bu bölgedeki Büveyhî hâkimiyetine son verdi (1048). Aynı tarihte Ebû Kâlîcâr öldü ve oğlu Hüsrev Fîrûz Bağdat’ta babasına halef oldu; Halife Kāim-Biemrillâh ona el-Melikü’r-Rahîm lakabını verdi.
Halife Kāim-Biemrillâh bu sırada Büveyhîler’in ve Türk askerlerinin kumandanı olan Arslan el-Besâsîrî’nin baskısı altında idi. Bundan dolayı Abbâsî halifesi Selçuklu Sultanı Tuğrul Bey’i Bağdat’a davet etmiş ve kendisini bu güç durumdan kurtarmasını istemişti. Bu ısrarlı davetler sonucu harekete geçen Tuğrul Bey, Ramazan 447’de (Aralık 1055) İslâm dünyasının o zamanki merkezi olan Bağdat’a girdi. Türkler ve Deylemli askerler arasında çıkan olayları bastıran Selçuklu ordusu âsileri cezalandırdı. Tuğrul Bey bu olay sebebiyle suçlu gördüğü el-Melikü’r-Rahîm’i hapsettirerek Bağdat’taki 110 yıllık Büveyhî hâkimiyetine son verdi.
BÜVEYHÎ HÜKÜMDARLARININ LİSTESİ 1. Fars ve Hûzistan Kolu İmâdüddevle Ali 322 (934) Adudüddevle 338 (949) Şerefüddevle 372 (983) Samsâmüddevle 380 (990) Bahâüddevle 388 (998) Sultânüddevle 403 (1012) Müşerrifüddevle 412 (1021) Ebû Kâlîcâr 415 (1024) Fülâd Sütûn 440 (1048) Şebânkâre reisi Fazlûye’nin hâkimiyeti ele geçirmesi 448 (1056) 2. Kirman Kolu Muizzüddevle Ahmed 324 (936) Adudüddevle 338 (949) Samsâmüddevle 372 (983) Bahâüddevle 388 (998) Kıvâmüddevle 403 (1012) Ebû Kâlîcâr 419 (1028) Kirman Selçukluları’nın kuruluşu 440 (1048) 3. Cibâl Kolu İmâdüddevle Ali 320 (932) Rüknüddevle Hasan 335-366 (947-977) a) Hemedan ve İsfahan Şubesi Müeyyidüddevle 366 (977) Fahrüddevle Ali 373 (983) Şemsüddevle 387 (997) Semâüddevle 412 (1021) Kâkûye hânedanı hâkimiyeti 419 (1028) b) Rey Şubesi Fahrüddevle Ali 366 (977) Mecdüddevle Rüstem 387 (997) Gazneliler’in hâkimiyeti 420 (1029) 4. Irak Kolu Muizzüddevle Ahmed 334 (945) Bahtiyâr 356 (967) Adudüddevle 367 (978) Samsâmüddevle 372 (983) Şerefüddevle 376 (987) Bahâüddevle 379 (989) Sultânüddevle 403 (1012) Müşerrifüddevle 412 (1021) Celâlüddevle 416 (1025) Ebû Kâlîcâr 435 (1044) el-Melikü’r-Rahîm 440 (1048) Selçuklu hâkimiyeti 447 (1055)
Fars bölgesine ilk Selçuklu akınları İbrâhim Yinal idaresindeki kuvvetlerle başlamış, Ebû Kâlîcâr da bu durumdan daha önce anlaşma yaptığı Tuğrul Bey’e şikâyette bulunmuştu. Bunun üzerine akınlara geçici bir süre için ara verilmişse de daha sonra Oğuzlar bölgenin başşehri Şîraz’a kadar ilerlemişti (444/1052-53). el-Melikü’r-Rahîm’e karşı mücadele eden Ebû Mansûr Fülâd Sütûn, Şîraz’a hâkim olunca Tuğrul Bey adına hutbe okuttu (Ocak 1054). Ancak Şebânkâre emîrlerinden Fazlûye, Ebû Mansûr’u mağlûp ederek öldürttü (1056) ve Fars’taki Büveyhî hâkimiyetine son verdi. Melik Kavurd ise Fazlûye’yi mağlûp ederek Şîraz’a girdi ve hutbeyi Sultan Tuğrul Bey adına okuttu (Temmuz 1062). Böylece İran ve Irak’ta Büveyhîler idaresinde bulunan topraklar bütünüyle Selçuklular’ın hâkimiyeti altına girmiş oluyordu.
Büveyhîler kuruluşundan yıkılışına kadar sosyal, ırkî ve dinî bağlarla birbirlerine bağlı askerî bir güç idiler. Hânedan varlığını tamamen askerî kudretine borçluydu. Büveyhî emîrleri de ordunun başkumandanı idiler. Büveyhîler Sünnî halka karşı meşruluklarını ispat etmekte sıkıntılarla karşılaştılar. Bu meseleyi halletmek için İran asıllı bürokratlardan faydalanma yoluna gittiler. En güçlü oldukları dönemde devletin sınırları doğuda Rey, İsfahan ve Şîraz’dan batıda aşağı Fırat çölüne kadar uzanıyordu. Ayrıca Uman da devletin bir parçasıydı. Yine kuzeyde Irak ticareti için çok önemli olan Basra körfezi Büveyhîler’in kontrolü altındaydı. Diyarbekir bölgesinde hüküm süren Mervânîler de Büveyhîler’in vasal ı idiler. Hatta bir ara Adudüddevle Taberistan ve Cürcân’ı da işgal ederek hâkimiyet sahalarını Hazar denizine kadar genişletmişti. Kuzeyde Bizans, batıda Fâtımîler, doğuda Sâmânîler ve Gazneliler’le komşu olmuşlardı. Çok geniş bir alanda hüküm sürmelerine rağmen mahallî bir hânedan olarak kaldılar. Basra körfezi, Irak ve Batı İran’da ticareti geliştiremediler. Bunun sonucu olarak iktisadî açıdan zayıfladılar ve ücretli askerlerin maaşlarını ödeyemez hale geldiler. Muhtelif yerlerdeki isyanları ve hânedan mensupları arasındaki mücadeleyi önleyemediler. Neticede toprakları 1029’da Gazneliler, 1055’te Büyük Selçuklular ve 1062’de de Şebânkâre Emirliği ve Kirman Selçukluları tarafından zaptedildi.
Teşkilât ve Kültür. Büveyhîler Sâsânî geleneklerini yeniden canlandırmak istiyorlardı. Behrâm-ı Gûr’un soyundan olduklarını iddia eden Adudüddevle ve İmâdüddevle Ali bu maksatla Sâsânî hükümdarlarının kullandığı “şehinşah” unvanını kullanmışlardır. Ayrıca Büveyhîler kendilerini Sâsânîler’e bağlayan şecereler hazırlattılar. Çocuklarına Fars geleneğine uygun olarak Fennâ Hüsrev, Hüsrev Fîrûz gibi isimler verdiler. Ancak onların, Rüknüddevle ile başlayan ve Adudüddevle ile devam eden İran monarşisini İslâmî idare sistemiyle uzlaştırarak canlandırma fikri sonuçta başarısızlığa uğradı.
Büveyhîler’den önce Bağdat’ta büyük bir Şiî topluluğu yoktu. Bu sırada Şiîler’in en güçlü olduğu yer Bağdat’ın batısındaki Kerh mahallesiydi. Büveyhîler zamanında çok geçmeden Bağdat’taki Şiîler’le Sünnîler arasında ciddi mücadeleler görülmeye başladı. Bunun yanı sıra Bağdat’ta başka Şiî merkezleri de teşekkül etti. Belki de Deylemli âdetlerinin etkisiyle Muizzüddevle’nin aldığı kararlar Şiî ve Sünnîler’in daima çatışma halinde bulunmalarına sebep olmuştur. Nitekim Muizzüddevle 10 Muharrem 352 (8 Şubat 963) günü bütün Bağdat halkının çarşı ve dükkânlarını kapatmalarını, kadın erkek herkesin siyahlar giyerek şehirde dolaşmasını ve Hz. Hüseyin için matem tutmasını emretmişti. Sünnî Bağdat halkı, Şiîler bir hayli güçlendiği ve Muizzüddevle de onlardan yana olduğu için bu emre uymak zorunda kaldılar. Muizzüddevle 18 Zilhicce 352’de (7 Ocak 964) Gadîr-i Hum gününün bayram olarak kutlanmasını emretti. Nitekim bu maksatla şehir süslenerek gece gündüz şenlikler yapıldı. Daha sonraki yıllarda da Şiîler bu günlerde büyük merasimler düzenlemişlerdir. Fakat bu kutlamalar zaman zaman Şiîler’le Sünnîler arasında şiddetli kavgalara sebep olmuştur. Şiîler’in bu faaliyetleri daha sonra da devam etti. Şiîler Sünnîler’le her alanda tehlikeli rekabetlere giriştiler. Sünnîler de zaman zaman Abbâsî Halifesi Kādir-Billâh devrinde Gazneli Mahmud’un da desteğiyle Şiîler’e karşı tedbirler aldılar. Ancak Adudüddevle’nin Bağdat’ta bulunduğu beş yıllık devrede belki de Şiîler’in merasimleri yasaklandığı için bu tür olaylara rastlanmamaktadır. Büveyhîler bağımsızlıklarını tehlikeye düşürmesinden endişe ettikleri için aşırı Şiî grupları desteklemediler. Sünnî Abbâsî halifeliğini ortadan kaldırıp Şiî bir halifelik kurma yoluna da gitmediler. Fakat Adudüddevle büyük kızını Abbâsî Halifesi Tâi‘-Lillâh ile evlendirerek Büveyhî Emirliği’yle Abbâsî halifeliğini aynı hânedanda birleştirmeyi düşündüyse de bunu gerçekleştiremedi. Büveyhî idaresinde Şiîler’in yanı sıra hıristiyanlar ve yahudiler de bazı idarî görevlere getirilmişlerdir.
Emîrü’l-ümerâ unvanını taşıyan Büveyhî hükümdarlarının başında bulunduğu idarî teşkilât divanlardan oluşuyordu. Büveyhî devlet sistemi içinde başlangıçta “kâtip” unvanıyla görev yapan vezirin fazla önemi yoktu. Buna rağmen vezir divanların başı idi. Ancak onun en önemli görevi, temelini Deylemli ve Türk askerlerin oluşturduğu ordunun ücretlerini temin etmek ve malî konularda emîrü’l-ümerânın vekili olarak vazife yapmaktı. Vezire işlerinde bir çeşit kâtiplik yaparak yardımcı olan “sâhib-i dîvân” unvanlı memurlar vardı. Büveyhîler’in ilk devrinde görülen bu memuriyet daha sonra kaldırılmıştır. Abbâsîler’de mevcut Dîvânü’l-vizâre, Dîvânü’r-resâil, Dîvânü’l-berîd, Dîvânü’n-nafakat ve Dîvânü’l-ceyş Büveyhîler devrinde de aynı fonksiyonlarını sürdürdüler. Adudüddevle zamanında divanlar doğrudan onun gözetimi altında çalışmışlardı. Taşra şehirlerinde de merkeze bağlı divanlar vardı. Bağdat’ın yanı sıra Kûfe, Vâsıt, Basra ve Ahvaz da Büveyhîler devrinin önemli şehirleri arasındaydı. Mahallî idareler valilerin ve bazan askerî kumandan olarak da görev yapan vergi tahsildarlarının (âmil) elinde idi.
Büveyhîler’den Muizzüddevle ve veziri Ebû Muhammed el-Mühellebî devrinde Bağdat önemli bir edebî merkez oldu. Mühellebî vezir olduğu zaman bazı âlim ve şairler onun çevresinde toplanmıştı. Bunlar arasında Benü’l-Müneccim denilen şairler ailesi de vardı. Ebü’l-Ferec el-İsfahânî ve Ebû İshak İbrâhim b. Hilâl es-Sâbî de o dönemin seçkin müelliflerindendi. Büveyhîler’den Bahtiyâr da şiirle ilgilenmişti. İbnü’l-Haccâc Büveyhîler döneminin gözde şairlerindendi.
Adudüddevle ilim adamlarına değer verir, onları mükâfatlandırırdı. Adudüddevle’nin çevresindeki ilim adamlarından biri olan Ebû Ali el-Fârisî onun için el-Îżâḥ ve’t-tekmile adlı bir gramer kitabı yazmıştı. Ebû Saîd es-Sîrâfî ile İbn Cinnî de o devrin meşhur gramercilerindendi. Bu dönemin zikre değer şahsiyetleri arasında, Adudüddevle’nin hocalığını yapmış olan astronomi bilgini Abdurrahman es-Sûfî ve müneccim Şerif İbnü’l-A‘lem ile matematikçi Ebü’l-Kāsım Ubeydullah, Ebü’l-Kāsım el-Antâkî ve Ebû Nasr el-Kelvezânî sayılabilir. Adudüddevle’nin Bağdat’ta kurduğu hastahane çevresinde büyük bir tıp mektebi gelişti. Burada Cibrâîl b. Buhtîşû‘ gibi dönemin en ehliyetli ve başarılı hekimleri görev yaptılar. Bu sahanın önde gelen isimlerinden Ali b. Abbas el-Mecûsî Adudüddevle adına Kâmilü’ṣ-ṣınâʿâti’ṭ-ṭıbbiyye (el-Kitâbü’l-Melekî ) adlı bir eser yazmıştı. Adudüddevle devrinin Arap müelliflerinden biri de Kadı Ebû Ali el-Muhassin et-Tenûhî idi. Tecâribü’l-ümem adlı eserin müellifi İbn Miskeveyh o dönemin meşhur filozof ve tarihçilerindendi. Kendisi de şiir yazan Adudüddevle’nin himaye ettiği şairler arasında Ebü’l-Hasan b. Abdullah es-Selâmî, İbn Nübâte es-Sa‘dî ve Ali et-Taberî bulunuyordu. Şair Mütenebbî de Adudüddevle’nin yanına Şîraz’a gitmiş ve ondan yakın ilgi görmüştü. Adudüddevle devrinin mantık, felsefe ve kelâm sahasında ileri gelen bilginleri arasında Ebû Süleyman es-Sicistânî, Ebü’l-Hasan el-Âmirî ve Bâkıllânî sayılabilir.
Büveyhîler’den Şerefüddevle de ilmî konularla ilgileniyordu; Fars bölgesinde vali iken Şîraz’da yeni bir kütüphane yaptırmıştı. Astronomi gözlemleriyle meşgul olan Şerefüddevle Bağdat’taki sarayının bahçesinde bir rasathâne inşa ettirmişti. Onun zamanının önde gelen bilginleri Ebû Sehl b. Rüstem el-Kûhî, Ebû Ahmed es-Sâgānî ve Ebü’l-Vefâ Muhammed el-Bûzcânî idi. İbnü’n-Nedîm de meşhur eseri el-Fihrist ’i 377’de (987-88) Büveyhîler’in idaresindeki Bağdat’ta telif etmiştir.
Bahâüddevle zamanında vezir Sâbûr b. Erdeşîr’in çevresinde edebî bir merkez oluşmuştu. Sâbûr 993’te Kerh’te meşhur Dârülilm’i kurdu ve burada 10.000’den fazla kitap topladı. Nehcü’l-belâġa müellifi şair Şerîf er-Radî, matematikçi Ebû Bekir Muhammed İbnü’l-Hasan el-Kerhî, tarihçi Hilâl es-Sâbî, şair Ebü’l-Alâ el-Maarrî Bağdat’ta yaşamış ve Büveyhîler’den çok büyük ilgi görmüşlerdi. İranlı meşhur şair Firdevsî de Bahâüddevle’nin sarayında bulunmuştu.
Kur’an ve hadis sahasındaki meşhur bilginler arasında Ebû Ahmed Muhammed b. Hüseyn-i İsfahânî, Ebû Ahmed Muhammed b. Hüseyn-i Cürcânî, Ebü’l-Hasan Ali b. Ömer-i Dârekutnî, Ebû Nasr İsmâil b. Hammâd-ı Cevherî, Ebû Abdullah Muhammed b. Abdullah; fıkıh, usul ve tefsir âlimleri arasında da Ebü’l-Hasan Abdullah b. Hüseyn-i Kerhî, İmam Ebû Bekir Ahmed b. İbrâhîm-i Cürcânî, Ahmed b. Hüseyin İbnü’t-Taberî, İmam Ebû Hâmid Ahmed b. Muhammed-i İsferâyînî sayılabilir.
Büveyhîler döneminde Arap edebiyatı parlak bir gelişme gösterdi. Şair Mütenebbî, İbnü’l-Amîd, vezir Sâhib b. Abbâd o devrin en büyük şair, edip ve âlimlerindendi. Meşhur tabip İbn Sînâ Büveyhî saraylarında çalıştı ve ünlü eseri el-Ḳānûn fi’ṭ-ṭıbb ’ı tamamladı. İbnü’l-Bevvâb da Büveyhîler devrinde yaşamış meşhur bir hattattı.
Büveyhîler devri kütüphaneler açısından dikkati çekmektedir. Şîraz, Rey ve İsfahan kütüphaneleri en parlak devirlerini onların idaresinde yaşadı. Büveyhî vezirlerinden Behrâm b. Mâfinne, Sâhib b. Abbâd ve Sâbûr b. Erdeşîr’in de zengin özel kütüphaneleri vardı.
Büveyhîler devri imar faaliyetleri açısından da parlak geçmiştir. Özellikle Adudüddevle imar faaliyetleri bakımından da bu hânedanın en önde gelen şahsiyetiydi. Şîraz o dönemde büyük gelişme gösterdi. Adudüddevle Fîrûzâbâd’ı yeniden inşa ettirdi. Rüknüddevle de İsfahan’a yeni surlar ilâve ettirdi. Müeyyidüddevle İsfahan’ı büyütmeye ve güzelleştirmeye devam etti. Vezir Sâhib b. Abbâd Kazvin Kalesi’nin surlarını tamir ettirdi, orada bir saray ve Rey şehrinde de çeşitli binalar yaptırdı. Büveyhîler’in öteki emîrleri de daha önce zarar gören su kanallarını onarttılar ve yeni kanallar açtırdılar. Ayrıca ticarî faaliyetlerin yaygın olduğu yolları ve köprüleri yeniden yaptırdılar. Bağdat, Şîraz ve İsfahan gibi idare merkezlerini muhteşem saraylarla süslediler; köprü, cami ve hastahaneler inşa ettirdiler.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1992 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 6. cildinde, 496-500 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.