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ÇAĞLAYAN KASRI Skip to content ÇAĞLAYAN KASRI İstanbul Kâğıthane deresi kıyısında Sâdâbâd’da XIX. yüzyıla ait kasır.
Müellif: Semavi Eyice
Sultan III. Ahmed devrinde (1703-1730) Sadrazam Nevşehirli Damad İbrâhim Paşa’nın Kâğıthane deresi kıyısında inşa ettirdiği Sâdâbâd Sarayı’nın yerinde kurulmuştur. Ünlü şair Nedîm’in şiirlerinde güzelliğini övdüğü dere, kıyılar ve buradaki saray 1730’da Patrona İsyanı sırasında tahribe uğramış, fakat yıktırılmamıştı. Ayaklanma bastırıldıktan sonra Sâdâbâd Sarayı tamir edilerek daha bir yüzyıl kadar kullanılmıştır. Sultan II. Mahmud artık eskimiş olan, ayrıca zevkine de uygun bulmadığı bu ahşap sarayı yıktırarak yerinde “yeni resim üzerine” daha değişik bir saray yapılmasını istemişti. Dere üzerinde kazıklara oturan çıkmalara sahip ikinci Sâdâbâd Sarayı’nın inşasına 1224’te (1809) başlanmış, yapı 1229 Rebîülâhirinde (Mart-Nisan 1814) tamamlanmıştır. Bu sarayın mimarı Balyan ailesinden Krikor Kalfa’dır. Ancak Sultan Abdülmecid sarayı pek sevmemiş olacak ki buraya hemen hemen hiç gelmemiştir. Bu sebeple bakımsız kalan ikinci Sâdâbâd Sarayı da harap olmuştur.
Tahta çıktıktan sonra Sultan Abdülaziz’in isteği üzerine Mimar Sarkis Balyan tarafından Sâdâbâd Sarayı’nın yerinde üçüncü bir saray inşa edilmiştir ki bu bina Çağlayan Kasrı olarak tanınır. Abdülaziz tahta geçtiğinde baba Garabet Amira Balyan hassa mimarı bulunduğuna göre sarayın yeniden inşası babasının nezâreti altında oğluna havale edilmiş olmalıdır. Sarkis genellikle kardeşi Agop ile birlikte çalışmıştır. Padişahın tahta çıkışının hemen arkasından Sultan Mahmud Kasrı yıktırılarak tamamen Batı Avrupa saraylarının mimari bakımdan benzeri olan Çağlayan Kasrı yapılmış, 1279’dan (1862-63) 1282’ye (1865-66) kadar içinin döşenmesi sürmüştür.
Yeni Çağlayan Kasrı yapılırken yine dere kıyısında çayırda eski İmrahor (Mîrâhur) Kasrı’nın yenilenmesi uygun görülerek bu da Avrupa mimarisi üslûbunda yapılmıştır. Kâğıthane mesiresinin son canlılık döneminde Abdülaziz’in sık sık Çağlayan’a geldiği bilinmektedir. II. Abdülhamid de şehzadeliği yıllarında Maslak ve Çağlayan kasırlarında kalıyordu. Padişah olduktan sonra Yıldız Sarayı’nda yaşamayı tercih etmişse de arada Çağlayan’a gitmeyi ihmal etmemiş, saltanatının ilk yıllarında cuma selâmlığından çıkışında Kâğıthane’ye uğramaya özen göstermiştir. Bu sebeple burada bazı köşkler yaptırdığı gibi orduya alınan yeni tip tüfekleri denemek için bir de atış poligonu kurdurarak bunun önüne padişaha mahsus olmak üzere Poligon Kasrı’nı inşa ettirmiştir. Poligon, Çağlayan Kasrı’nın biraz aşağısında derenin sol tarafında bulunuyordu.
Tamamen Avrupa üslûbunda iki katlı bir yapı olan Çağlayan Kasrı, bilindiğine göre, yapıldıktan bir süre sonra kışın taşan derenin suları altında kaldığından 1 m. kadar yükseltilmiştir. Sonraları buraya Çağlayan Kasrı denilmesine rağmen o devirde hâlâ Sâdâbâd Kasr-ı Hümâyunu olarak anılıyor ve padişahın sadece günü birlik gelip kaldığı “biniş kasrı”ndan çok “sayfiye sarayı” mahiyetinde bulunuyordu. Zaten mimarisi de onun kasırdan ziyade bir saray olduğunu göstermekteydi. 14 Zilhicce 1279 (2 Haziran 1863) tarihli bir masraf defteri, buranın bütün dairelerinin döşenmesinin hayli uzun sürdüğünü ve bunun için büyük para harcandığını gösterir. Topkapı Sarayı Arşivi’ndeki çeşitli vesikalarda alınan eşyanın listesi ve ödenen paranın miktarı kaydedilmiştir. Nitekim 1281 (1864-65) tarihli bir yazıda, “Sâdâbâd Kasrı ile civarındaki Yeni Kasır ve Kâğıthane’de şehzadeler dairelerinin ve Kasr-ı Hümâyun’da vâlide sultan, başkadınefendi, Şehzade Burhâneddin Efendi, Şehzade Abdülhamid Efendi vesair dairelerin tefrişi için” alınan eşya ve mefruşat ile bunun masrafı ayrıntılı olarak kaydedilmiştir. Masraf defterleri, döşenme işlerinin 1282 (1866) yılına kadar sürdüğünü gösterir. Bu belgelerden, aynı zamanda sarayda vâlide sultan ve şehzadelerden başka padişah zevcelerinin, çeşitli saray hademeleriyle harem müstahdeminin daire ve odaları bulunduğu da anlaşılmaktadır. Sultan II. Abdülhamid döneminde 1306’da (1888-89) kasır yeniden elden geçirilerek dışı boyanmıştır. Fakat II. Meşrutiyet’ten sonra bina tekrar ihmal edilmiş, Sultan Reşad ancak bir defa buraya gelebilmiştir. I. Dünya Harbi’ni takip eden mütareke yıllarında, Fransızlar 19 Kânunusâni 1335’te (19 Ocak 1919) bir general ile 400 subayın oturması için bazı sarayları istediklerinde Beylerbeyi Sarayı’nı kurtarmak için Validebağı Köşkü ile Çağlayan Kasrı teklif edilmiştir. Fakat Fransızlar bu teklifi olumlu karşılamamışlardır. Kasır işgal yıllarında yetim kız çocukları için yurt yapılmış ve 1923 yılına kadar bu iş için kullanılmıştır.
Çağlayan Kasrı bundan sonra kendi haline terkedilmiş, bu arada büyük paralar harcanarak yapılan döşeme ve eşyası tamamen boşaltılmıştır. Bir bekçinin nezaretinde kalan Çağlayan Kasrı bu bakımsızlık yıllarında tabiat şartlarından zarar görmeye başlamıştır. İstanbul Eski Eserleri Koruma Encümeni 1930’lardan itibaren, çok az bir harcama ile kurtarılması mümkün olan Çağlayan Kasrı’nın ele alınması için bir lâyiha ile birlikte proje ve keşif hazırlatarak ilgili makamlara göndermiş, 31 Mart 1934 tarihli yazıyla binanın korunmasını istemiştir. İstanbul Belediyesi’nin bu konu ile ilgilenmemesi üzerine encümen, “bu tarihî mâmûreden bir eser kalmayacağı” düşüncesiyle kurtarılması için son bir gayret göstermiştir. Bunun neticesinde Maarif Vekâleti’nin 15 Mart 1940 tarihli yazı ile yapılmasını istediği yeni inceleme sürerken aynı bakanlığın 5 Mart 1940 tarihli yazısı ile Maliye Vekâleti tarafından kasır, çocukları koruma yurdu yapılmak üzere İstanbul Belediyesi’ne devredilmiştir. Halbuki kasrın kurtarılması için Millî Emlâk Müdürlüğü 25 Haziran 1941’de bir keşif yaptırmış ve binanın 35.000 liraya esaslı bir tamirinin mümkün olduğu anlaşılmıştı. Maarif Vekâleti’nin 23 Ağustos 1941 tarihli yazısından öğrenildiğine göre bu para Maliye Vekâleti’nden sağlanmış, fakat ihale tasdik edilmediğinden işe başlanamamıştı. Bu arada ihaleyi alan müteahhidin tahsisatı arttırmak istemesi ve harcamanın yan işler de katılarak 300.000 liraya yükseltilmesi üzerine Maarif Vekâleti kasrın kurtarılmasından vazgeçerek sadece bazı parçaların sökülüp başka saraylara taşınmasını, Çadır Köşkü’nün ihyası ile derenin, çağlayanların düzene sokulmasını yeterli görmüştür. Fakat ertesi yıl İstanbul kumandanı Orgeneral Fahrettin Altay’ın emriyle çatısı çökmüş olan kasır tamamen yıktırılmış, hatta başka sarayların tamirlerinde kullanılmak üzere sökülen işlenmiş parçaların Topkapı Sarayı Müdürlüğü’ne teslimi hususundaki karara rağmen her şey yok edilmiştir. Arsası bir süre boş durmuş ve 1950’li yılların başında aynı yerde İstihkâm Okulu’nun inşasına başlanarak yapı 1953’te tamamlanmıştır. Ayrıca zaman zaman buradaki bazı unsurların korunup yaşatılması düşünülmüşse de bunların hiçbiri gerçekleşmemiştir. Kasrın Sütlüce yolu tarafındaki bahçe duvarları da kaldırılmış, 1956 kışından itibaren, derenin akışını kolaylaştırmak için mermer çağlayanlar bile sökülmüştür. İstihkâm Okulu da yakın yıllarda burayı boşaltınca binası göçmen misafirhanesi olmuş, böylece Çağlayan Kasrı İstanbul tarihinden bütünüyle silinmiştir.
Eski Sâdâbâd’ın “cedvel-i sîm” adı verilen, iki taraftan taştan rıhtım içine alınan Kâğıthane deresi kenarında olan binasının önünde, suyun birinden diğerine akmak suretiyle süzüldüğü mermer çanakları Çağlayan Kasrı yapılırken korunmuştu. Ayrıca bu çağlayanların başında olan bir çıkma set (veya sofa) üstünde kurulan ve eski Sâdâbâd’dan bazı değişikliklerle Abdülaziz devrine kadar gelen etrafı açık kameriye biçimindeki köşk de muhafaza edilmişti. Kasr-ı Nişâd adı verilen bu zarif yapı, ince mermer sütunların taşıdığı geniş saçaklı bir çatıya sahipti ve ortasında fıskıyeli bir havuz bulunuyordu. İçeriden ahşap kubbesi ve saçak altları zengin kalem işi nakışlarla bezenmişti. Sütun aralarında güneş, rüzgâr ve yağmurdan içeriyi korumak üzere kumaş perdeler bulunuyordu. Suyun çanaklardan akışını görmek ve sesini dinlemek için yapılan bu köşkün içinde çepeçevre sedirlere oturuluyordu. Kasr-ı Nişâd, sarayın bakımsız kaldığı yıllarda (1940’a doğru) üzerine ağaçların devrilmesi sonunda tamamen yıkılmış, İstihkâm Okulu yapılırken de diğer parçaları ortadan kaldırılmıştır.
Çağlayan Kasrı, Kasr-ı Nişâd’ın hemen yanında, birbirine 90 derecelik bir açı ile birleşen “L” biçiminde iki büyük kanattan meydana gelmişti. Yer yer demir parmaklıklı pencereli bodrum katının üzerinde yükselen iki ahşap katı vardı. Üstü ise alçak korkuluk duvarı ile gizlenen kiremit kaplı bir çatı ile örtülmüş, dışarıdan girişler mermer merdivenlerle sağlanmıştı. Dere kenarındaki rıhtım üzerinde yükselen birinci blokun sadece üst katı, konsollara dayanan dört çıkma ile hareketlendirilmişti. Bu kanadın içinde boydan boya uzun bir koridor uzanıyor ve dereye bakan bir dizi oda bu koridora açılıyordu. Bu mekânların karşılarında eş düzende sofalar, merdivenler ve bir de zengin biçimde tezyin edilmiş mermer kaplı hamam bulunuyordu. Böylece bu kanadın harem bölümü olduğu, dereye bakan odaların kadınefendilere ayrıldığı ve bunların koridorun karşı tarafındaki sofalar ve merdivenlerle bağımsız birer daire teşkil ettikleri anlaşılmaktadır. Bu kanadın ucundaki daire ağa dairesiydi. Bu bloka bitişik, esas cephesi parka bakan ikinci kanat ise mimari bakımdan daha ilgi çekici özelliklere sahipti. Bu kısma iki taraftan mermer merdivenlerle çıkılıyor ve dikdörtgen planlı büyük sofalara giriliyordu. Sofaların diplerinde yukarı kata iniş çıkış, daire kavisli büyük merdivenlerle sağlanmıştı. Bu kanadın birbirini takip eden değişik ölçülerdeki salonları, tam ortadaki büyük beyzî bir divanhâne sofasına bağlanıyordu. Sofanın üstü zengin nakışlı bir kubbe ile örtülmüştü. Bu blokun arkadaki iç avluya bakan tarafında birinin hünkâra, diğerinin vâlide sultana mahsus olduğu tahmin edilen iki hamam vardı.
Kasrın tavanları zengin nakışlar ve yer yer muşamba üzerine yapılmış manzara resimleriyle bezenmişti. Çift kanatlı kapılar ceviz renginde cilâlı olup altın yaldızla zırh çekilmişti. Hamamlar da kabartma motiflerle süslenmişti. 1938 yılı yazında kasrın içi gezildiğinde her yer henüz sağlamdı; yalnız ikinci blokun ucundaki büyük selâmlık merdiveninin üstündeki çatı kısmen çökmüştü.
Kasrın gerek iç süslemesinde gerek dış mimarisinde Avrupa’da neo-klasik veya empire denilen üslûbun hâkim olduğu açıkça bellidir. Böylece bu bina, Avrupa ve Kuzey Amerika’da XVIII. yüzyıl sonları ile XIX. yüzyıl başlarında çok moda olan bir sanat akımının İstanbul’da geç ve belki de son temsilcisiydi. Merdivenlerin çok değişik bir sistemle kavisli olarak yükselmesi, mimari bakımdan başarılı bir buluş olarak kabul edilmektedir. Sarayın iç süslemesinin Mimar Sarkis’e ait olmadığı söylenebilir. Zira bu yıllarda İstanbul’da olan bazı Fransız dekoratörler, yeni yapılan sarayların iç süslemesi ve mefruşatı ile uğraşıyorlardı. Nitekim Dolmabahçe Sarayı’nın içi Ch. Séchan tarafından düzenlenmişti. Çağlayan Kasrı’nın yapıldığı yıllarda İstanbul’da olan, hatta 1865’te Sultan Abdülaziz’in Paris seyahatinde beraberindeki heyette bulunan Percheron adlı Fransız da “saraylar dekoratörü” olarak tanınıyordu. Bu sebeple kasrın iç süslemesi ve döşenişinin bu sanatçı tarafından yapıldığı söylenebilir.
Çağlayan Kasrı’nın etrafı ve eski Sâdâbâd’dan kalan değerli ağaçlarla kaplı geniş korusunun çevresi bir duvarla sınırlanmıştı. Kasrın mutfakları bu sınırın dışında yandaki yamaca yaslanmış, içinde altı bölme bulunan ayrı bir binadır. Burada kasrın suyunu sağlayan bir de hazne bulunuyordu.
Kasrın Şişli’den inen yola açılan bir bahçe kapısı vardı. Esas kapılar ise camiye bakan duvara açılmıştı. Bunlar tamamen mermer çerçeveli ve birbirinden farklı girişlerdi. Dereye yakın olan daha sade, ötekisi daha gösterişliydi. Birinci kapı (harem kapısı [?]) yarım yuvarlak kemerli olup iki yanında birer pilastırla süslenmişti. Ötekisi ise daha âbidevî olup yüksek yarım yuvarlak kemeri iki yanda çifte mermer sütunlar tarafından taşınmaktaydı. Kemerin üstünde kitâbe işlenmek üzere hazırlanmış bir satıh varsa da bu gerçekleşmemiştir. Kemerin tepesinde taç biçiminde Osmanlı Devleti arması bulunmakta ve bu arma, Sultan Abdülaziz’in oval bir çerçeve içindeki tuğrasının etrafını sarmaktadır.
Çağlayan Kasrı’nın Abdülaziz devrinde yeniden yapılması sırasında yeni baştan düzenlenen önemli bir parçası da kasırdan Kâğıthane köyü istikametinde eski cedvel-i sîm boyunca uzanan büyük korudur (has bahçe). Yüzlerce ağaç dikilmiş olan korunun içinde düzenli yollar açılmış, ayrıca tam ortada bir de gölcük yapılmıştı. Suyunu dereden ayrılan emniyet arklarından alan bu gölcüğe tabii bir biçim verilmişti. Dereden gelen arkların derenin taşkınlarını önlemek için birtakım emniyet kapaklarına sahip olduğu da tesbit edilmiştir. Bu sistemin Sâdâbâd’ın hangi devrinde yapıldığı bilinmemektedir. Fakat herhalde 1862-1864 yenilenmesinde elden geçirilmiş olmalıdır. Derenin 1940’lardan itibaren ihmal edilmesi, emniyet kapaklarının işlemez ve arkların görev yapmaz hale getirilmeleri, yatakların doldurulması Kâğıthane deresini sel kaynağı durumuna sokarken koru ve civarının da su baskınları altında kalmasına sebep olmuştur.
Osmanlı devrinde İstanbul tarihinde büyük bir yer alan ve dolayısıyla Türk şehir hayatında bıraktığı derin izleri edebiyat ve mûsikide hâlâ yaşayan eski Sâdâbâd ve Kâğıthane’nin son hâtırası olan Çağlayan Kasrı’nın, bazı idarecilerin kasıtlı denilebilecek kayıtsızlık ve duygusuzluğu neticesinde yok olması affedilemeyecek bir husustur.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İstanbul Arkeoloji Müzeleri, Eski Eserleri Koruma Encümeni, 1940-41 Yılı Mesai Raporu, İstanbul 1943, s. 5-9 (encümenin ayrıntılı raporu). Sedad Hakkı Eldem, Türk Evi Plan Tipleri, İstanbul 1953, s. 214, nr. 267 ve plan. a.mlf., Sa‘dabad, İstanbul 1977, s. 91-110. a.mlf., Türk Bahçeleri, İstanbul 1977, tür.yer. Gönül Aslanoğlu-Evyapan, Eski Türk Bahçeleri ve Özellikle Eski İstanbul Bahçeleri, Ankara 1972, s. 50-52, rs. 171-181. Münir Aktepe, “Kâğıthane’ye Dâir Bâzı Bilgiler”, İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı Armağanı, Ankara 1975, s. 335-363. Pars Tuğlacı, Osmanlı Mimarlığında Batılılaşma Dönemi ve Balyan Ailesi, İstanbul 1981, s. 264-267. Ahmed Refik, “Sâdâbâd”, Yeni Mecmua, sy. 11, İstanbul 1917. a.mlf., “Kâğıthane’ye Dair”, İkdam, nr. 8990, İstanbul 27 Mart 1922. a.mlf., “Sâdâbâd Âlemleri”, Yedigün, II/79, İstanbul 1934. Ayhan Atis – [İbrahim Hakkı Konyalı], “Sâdâbâd Kasrı Ne Âlemde?”, a.e., XVI/394, İstanbul 1940. Sâdi Nâzım Nirven, “Sâdabat Su Tesisleri”, Arkitekt, XIX/3-4 (207-208), İstanbul 1949, s. 71-79. a.mlf., “Çağlayan Kasrı”, İst.A , VII, 3654-3657. Halûk Şehsuvaroğlu, “Kağıthaneye Dair”, Cumhuriyet, İstanbul 26 Temmuz 1952. Tahsin Öz, “İstanbul Bunu Affetmiyecektir”, Panorama, I/2, İstanbul 1954. Semavi Eyice, “Kâğıthane-Sâdâbâd-Çağlayan”, Taç, I/1, İstanbul 1986, s. 29-36, rs. 10.
[Bu madde, 1938 ve 1955 yıllarında yerinde yaptığımız müşahede ve incelemelere dayanarak Sâdâbâd-Çağlayan hakkında hazırladığımız henüz basılmamış araştırmadan faydalanılarak yazılmıştır. Tam bibliyografya o eserde olup burada sadece belli başlı yayınlar gösterilmiştir].
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1993 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 8. cildinde, 179-182 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.