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CEBRİYYE Skip to content CEBRİYYE İnsanlara ait ihtiyarî fiillerin ilâhî irade ve kudretin zorlayıcı tesiriyle meydana geldiğini savunan grupların ortak adı.
Müellif: İrfan Abdulhamîd Fettâh
Sözlükte “bozuk olan bir şeyi ıslah edip düzeltmek, birine zor kullanarak iş yaptırmak” gibi anlamlara gelen cebr kelimesine nisbet ekinin ilâve edilmesiyle meydana gelen bir terim olup zorlayıcı bir gücün hâkimiyeti fikrini benimseyenler için kullanılmıştır. Bütün kelâmcıların kabul ettiği bir tarifi bulunmamakla birlikte genellikle “insanların kendilerine has bir iradeye sahip olmadığını, zihnî ve amelî bütün fiillerinin ilâhî gücün zorlayıcı tesiriyle meydana geldiğini savunanlar” diye tanımlanabilmektedir. Bununla beraber Mu‘tezile mensuplarıyla Ehl-i sünnet kelâmcılarının Cebriyye kavramına yükledikleri anlamlar önemli ölçüde birbirinden farklıdır. Mu‘tezile’ye göre Cebriyye, kullara ait bütün fiillerin önceden belirlenmiş bir plan (kader) dahilinde gerçekleştiğini ve bu tür fiillerin, kulun kısmî tesiri söz konusu olsa bile ilâhî irade ve kudretten bağımsız olarak meydana gelmesinin mümkün olmadığını kabul eden grupların adıdır. Buna göre kadere inanan ve kullara ait fiillerin Allah’ın yaratmasıyla oluştuğunu savunan bütün Sünnî ekoller Cebriyye’ye dahildir. Ehl-i sünnet kelâmcılarının çoğunluğuna göre ise insanlara ait fiillerin, kendilerinin hiçbir etkisi olmaksızın yalnız ilâhî irade ve kudretin tesiriyle gerçekleştiğini ve insanların gerçek anlamda herhangi bir fiil sahibi olmadıklarını iddia edenlere Cebriyye denilir.
Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de cebr veya cebriyye kelimeleri yer almamakla birlikte cebr kökünden türeyen cebbâr kelimesi geçmektedir ki bir yerde yüce Allah’a, dokuz yerde de zorba insanlara verilen bir isim veya sıfat olarak kullanılmıştır (bk. M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “cbr” md.). Bunun dışında ilâhî iradenin her şeyi kuşattığını ve Allah’ın mutlak kudret sahibi olduğunu belirten birçok âyetin yanında müşriklerin Tanrı’ya ortak koşmalarına ilâhî iradenin sebep olduğu iddialarını naklederek cebir görüşüne dolaylı yoldan temas eden âyetler de mevcuttur (el-En‘âm 6/148; en-Nahl 16/35). Hadislerde de esmâ-i hüsnâ arasında zikredilen cebbâr isminden ayrı olarak kadere imanı ve ilâhî iradenin yaratıklar üzerindeki tesirini ifade eden açıklamalar vardır. Bununla birlikte hem Kur’an’da hem de hadis literatüründe insanın kendisine has irade, kudret ve fiillerinin bulunduğunu bildiren naslar da mevcuttur.
Kökleri düşünce tarihinin ve dinlerin başlangıç dönemine kadar uzanan cebir görüşünün izlerine Câhiliye döneminde ve Asr-ı saâdet Arapları’nda da rastlamak mümkündür (Cevâd Ali, VI, 121-122). Pratik sonuçlar vermeyen, çözümü zor bu tür konular üzerinde tartışmanın tasvip görmediği Asr-ı saâdet döneminden sonra gelişen çeşitli siyasî, dinî-fikrî hareketlerin tesiriyle önceki devreye ait sade ve teslimiyetçi tavır değişerek bunun yerine dinî anlayışlarda derin etkiler meydana getiren yeni bir tartışma ortamı doğmuştur. Kelâm tarihçileri ilk itikadî problemlerden birini oluşturduğu kabul edilen “cebir” ve “ihtiyar” meselesi etrafındaki tartışmaların doğuşunu farklı sebeplere bağlarlarsa da bunları üç noktada toplamak mümkündür. 1. Siyasî ve Sosyal Sebepler. Hz. Peygamber’in hayatında her şeylerini paylaşacak derecede kardeşlik bağları kuvvetli olan müslümanların onun vefatından sonra farklı siyasî görüşleri benimsedikleri için iç savaşlara götürecek kadar ayrılığa düşmelerine anlaşılabilir bir açıklama getirme çabalarının yanı sıra bazı Emevî idarecilerinin, Hz. Ali taraftarlarına karşı siyasî otoritelerini hâkim kılmak ve yanlış icraatlarından dolayı kendilerini mâzur göstermek, bu uygulamaları herkese kabul ettirmek gayesiyle ilâhî irade ve takdirin değişmezliği fikrini desteklemeleri konuyla ilgili siyasî sebeplerin başında kabul edilmiştir. 2. Dinî-Fikrî Sebepler. İnsanların hür bir iradeye sahip olduğunu ifade eden naslar yanında cebir görüşünü temellendirecek müteşâbih nasların da mevcudiyeti, ilâhî sıfatlarla ilgili yorumların başlaması ve nihayet tasavvufî düşüncenin telkin ettiği tevhid anlayışı, cebir görüşünü tartışma alanına çeken dinî-fikrî sebeplerin en önemlileri telakki edilmiştir. Zira varlıkların en yetkini olan Allah’ın zâtı gibi sıfatlarının da yetkin olması aşkın tanrı anlayışının bir gereği olarak görülmüş, buna bağlı olarak da ilim, kudret ve irade sıfatlarının bütün varlık ve olayları kuşattığına, bu arada insanların da bu metafizik gücün koyduğu zorunluluk kanunlarına tâbi (mecbûr) olduklarına inanmak gerektiği görüşü ortaya atılmıştır. Öte yandan tasavvufî düşüncenin, “vahdet-i vücûd ” denilen varlık felsefesi yanında amelî bakımdan da hakiki mânada bir tevhidin gerçekleşebilmesi için insanın ilâhî irade karşısında bütün benliğiyle kendisini yok farzederek “fenâfillâh” olması ve her şeyin O’ndan geldiğine inanması gerektiğini telkin ederek koyu bir teslimiyet ve aşırı bir tevekkül fikrini yerleştirmeye çalışması cebir görüşünün yaygınlaşmasında etkili olmuştur. 3. Kültürel Sebepler. Bazı müslüman yazarlarla çeşitli şarkiyatçılar tarafından ileri sürülen bir iddiaya göre müslümanların yabancı kültürlerle tam olarak temas kurmalarını sağlayan fetihler sonunda, insanın fiillerinde hür veya “mecbûr” oluşu problemini yoğun bir şekilde tartışan yabancı kültürle, özellikle hıristiyan ve yahudi teolojisiyle karşılaştıktan sonra İslâm âlimlerinin ister istemez bu konulardaki İslâmî inancı belirlemeye çalışmaları Cebriyye’nin teşekkülünde rol oynamıştır (Goldziher, s. 77 vd.). Ancak bundan önce söz konusu edilen iki faktörden özellikle dinî-fikrî olanını dikkate almadan cebir görüşünü sadece yabancı kültürün tesirine bağlamak isabetli görülmemiştir.
Hz. Peygamber devrinde bazı müşriklerin, inançlarını ilâhî iradenin zorlamasına bağlamaları bir yana bırakılırsa İslâm düşünce tarihinde cebir görüşünün ilk defa kimler tarafından ortaya atıldığı kesin bir şekilde belirlenememektedir. Hz. Ali ile İbn Abbas’ın Cemel ve Sıffîn savaşlarından sonra cebir telakkisini ileri sürenleri tenkit ettiklerine dair bazı rivayetler doğru kabul edilirse (İbnü’l-Murtazâ, s. 9-10) cebir tartışmasının başlangıç tarihi ashâb-ı kirâmın son dönemlerine kadar götürülebilir. Söz konusu rivayetlerde insanların bütün fiillerinin kesinlikle kazâ ve kadere göre cereyan ettiği, fakat bu durumun onları zorlamak anlamına gelmediği, yani Allah’ın insanları kendisine isyan etmeye zorlamadığı, kazâ ve kaderin hürriyetlere engel oluşturmadığı, ashabın anlayışı olarak bildirilmesine rağmen Emevî idarecilerinin cebir görüşünü teyit edecek beyanlarda bulundukları, halifeler adına söylenen şiirlerde bu inancın işlendiği kelâm tarihçilerince kabul edilmektedir (İbnü’l-Murtazâ, s. 6; Ali Sâmî en-Neşşâr, I, 231-232).
Tesbit edilebildiği kadarıyla kullara ait fiillerin Allah tarafından yaratıldığını, onların gerçek anlamda bir fiile sahip olmadıklarını ve dolayısıyla cebir altında bulunduklarını ilk defa Ca‘d b. Dirhem ileri sürerek görüşünü Şam bölgesinde yaymaya çalışmıştır. Emevî hükümdarlarından II. Mervân’a “Ca‘dî” lakabının verilmesi, Ca‘d’ın tesirini göstermesi bakımından dikkat çekicidir. Ca‘d’ı Saîd b. Cübeyr, Ebû Rü’be ve Hâris b. Süreyc et-Temîmî takip etmiştir. Cebir fikrini temellendirerek kelâm ilmine mal edenin Cehm b. Safvân olduğu kabul edilir. Ebü’l-Hasan el-Eş‘arî’nin Cehm’e nisbet ettiği bir görüşe göre insanların eliyle gerçekleşen fiillerin yaratıcısı Allah’tır ve âlemde O’ndan başkasına ait hiçbir fiil yoktur. Ancak Allah bunu, fiilin meydana gelmesini sağlayan irade ve kudreti kullarında yaratmak suretiyle gerçekleştirmektedir (Eş‘arî, s. 279). Daha sonra gelen kelâm tarihçileri Cehm’e atfedilen bu görüşü, fiilin meydana gelmesinde kulun hiçbir fonkisyonu bulunmayan mutlak cebir tarzında yorumlamışlardır. Cehm’den sonra Mu‘tezile’den Dırâr b. Amr, Şîa’dan Hişâm b. Hakem, Neccâriyye’nin kurucusu Hüseyin b. Muhammed en-Neccâr, Muhammed b. Îsâ el-Burgūs, Yahyâ b. Ebû Kâmil gibi kişiler, özellikle kullara ait fiillerin meydana gelişiyle ilgili görüşlerinden dolayı hemen bütün kelâmcılarca Cebriyye’nin temsilcileri kabul edilmişlerdir. Mu‘tezile âlimleri ise kulların fiillerinin önceden belirlenen kazâ ve kadere göre Allah tarafından yaratıldığını ve fiilin meydana gelişi anından önce insanların fiil yapma gücü bulunmadığını savunan (bk. İSTİTÂAT ) bütün Sünnî kelâmcıları Cebriyye ricâli arasında görerek onlardan genellikle Mücbire, bazan Mücebbire, İcbâriyye veya Kaderiyye (“kader inancını benimseyenler” anlamında) diye bahsetmişlerdir (Kādî Abdülcebbâr, Şerḥu’l-Uṣûli’l-ḫamse , s. 324, 772, 775; İbnü’l-Murtazâ, s. 49, 97). Ancak Eş‘arî ve Mâtürîdî, Ehl-i sünnet’i bu şekilde adlandırmayı reddetmişlerdir. Özellikle Mâtürîdî, Allah tarafından yaratılmış da olsa kulda fiilin meydana gelmesinde rol oynayan irade ve kudretin var olduğunu söyleyen Ehl-i sünnet’i Mu‘tezile’nin Cebriyye’den saymasını mantıksız bulur. Çünkü Ehl-i sünnet, fiilin işlenmesi sırasında kulda irade ve kudret bulunduğunu kabul eder. Ona göre Cebriyye adı, fiilin meydana gelişi anında kulun kudreti bulunmadığını iddia eden Mu‘tezile’ye daha uygun düşmektedir (Kitâbü’t-Tevḥîd, s. 320, 322). Mâtürîdî, muhtemelen, Mu‘tezile tarafından da benimsenen kudretin (istitâat) bir araz olduğu, arazlarınsa iki ayrı zamanda bulunamayacağı düşüncesinden hareketle bu sonuca varmıştır. Çünkü Mu‘tezile insanda fiilin işlenmesinden önce kudretin var olduğunu savunur. Bu durumda bir araz olan kudretin başka bir zaman olan fiil anında bulunmaması gerekir ki bu cebirden başka bir sonuca götürmez. Fahreddin er-Râzî de Cebriyye adının, kulun fiilinin yaratıcısı olmadığını söyleyenlere değil kulun fiilini gerçekleştirecek gücü bulunmadığını iddia edenlere lâyık olduğunu belirtir (İʿtiḳādât, s. 103). Gerçi Râzî, Mu‘tezile’nin Mücbire’ye yönelttiği tenkitleri cevaplandırarak bir anlamda bu adı kabullenmiş gibi görünürse de (Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb, XIV, 79) onun cebir görüşünü benimsemediği kendi ifadelerinden açık bir şekilde anlaşılmaktadır. Takıyyüddin İbn Teymiyye de Ehl-i sünnet’e mensup olan mutasavvıfları Cebriyye’nin temsilcileri olarak mütalaa eder.
Kaynaklarda Cebriyye’ye atfedilen görüşleri iki noktada toplamak mümkündür. 1. Kazâ ve Kader. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de her şeyin yaratılmadan önce Allah’ın ezelî ilim ve iradesine göre bir kitapta (levh-i mahfûz) yazıldığı ve böylece kaderin tayin edildiği, Allah’ın dilediği kullarını hidâyete erdirdiği, dilediklerini dalâlete sevkedip doğru yolu bulmalarına engel olduğu, kâfirlere azap etmeyi murat edip onların kalplerini imandan çevirdiği, mülkünde dilediğini yaptığı ve bundan sorumlu tutulamayacağı ve nihayet her şeyin Allah tarafından yaratıldığı bildirilmektedir (ilgili âyetler için bk. Ahmed b. Muhammed er-Râzî, s. 17-34). Şu halde kulların iman-inkâr, hidâyet-dalâlet, itaat-isyan cinsinden yaptığı bütün fiilleri dileyen Allah’tır. İnsanları her taraftan kuşatan kader çizgisinin dışına çıkmak mümkün olmadığından onların bütün fiilleri kaderin bir sonucu olup Allah’ın ilim ve irade sıfatlarına bağlıdır. Aksi takdirde O’nun her şeyi bilmediğini ve mülkünde irade etmediği birtakım fiillerin meydana geldiğini söylemek gerekir ki bu ulûhiyyet makamı için düşünülemeyecek bir eksiklik ve âcizliktir. Şu halde âlemde vuku bulan iyi ve kötü bütün fiillerin, olayların Allah’ın dilemesiyle gerçekleştiğine inanmak gerekir. Buna bağlı olarak Allah’ın kullarına güç yetiremeyecekleri sorumluluklar yüklemesi de mümkündür. Nitekim iman etme imkânı bulunmayan kâfirleri sorumlu tutmuştur. 2. Kulların Fiilleri. Kur’an’da Allah’ın her şeyin yaratıcısı olduğu bildirildiğine göre (meselâ bk. el-En‘âm 6/102; er-Ra‘d 13/16) kullara ait fiillerin de Allah tarafından yaratılmış olması icap eder. İnsanlara ait fiillerin kendileri tarafından yaratıldığını iddia etmek bir anlamda yaratıcılıkta O’na ortak tanımak demektir. Müstakil olarak fiil yapma imkânından yoksun olan insanların hür oldukları söylenemez. Kul vasıtasıyla meydana gelen kötü fiilleri yaratmak Allah’a nisbetle güzel, kula nisbetle çirkindir.
Mezhepler tarihi yazarları Cebriyye’yi aşırı ve mutedil görüşlere sahip olmaları açısından iki gruba ayırmışlardır. İnsanın fiillerinde hiçbir etkisi bulunmadığı ve irade hürriyetinden tamamen yoksun olduğu temel görüşünü savunan aşırıların (Cebriyye-i Hâlisa, Mücbire-i Gulât) Cehm b. Safvân, İsmâil el-Bittîhî, Bekir b. Uhtü Abdülvâhid ve Ebû Sabbâh b. Muammer es-Semerkandî tarafından temsil edildiği kabul edilir. Bu sebeple Cebriyye mensupları önderlerine nisbetle Cehmiyye, Bittîhıyye, Bekriyye ve Sabbâhiyye diye de anılırlar. Ancak kula, fiillerinde rol oynayan bir kudret ve irade verildiği tarzında Eş‘arî tarafından Cehm’e atfedilen görüş (Maḳālât, s. 279) doğru kabul edildiği takdirde onu hâlis Cebriyye’den saymamak gerekir. Nitekim Şerîf el-Murtazâ da Eş‘arî’nin rivayetine yakın bir görüşü Cehm’e nisbet eder (İnḳāẓü’l-beşer, I, 258). Hâlis Cebriyye’nin temsilcileri arasında sayılan diğer şahısların fikirleri hakkında açık bilgiler mevcut değildir. Bu durumda Cebriyye-i Hâlisa’nın tevhidi, Allah’ın irade ve kudreti karşısında kulun bütün benliğiyle kendisini yok farzetmesi şeklinde anlayan sûfîlerce temsil edildiği kabul edilmektedir. Her ne kadar Kelâbâzî, bütün mutasavvıfların insanlara gerçek anlamda fiil isnat ettiklerini, cebir ve zorlama altında bulunmadıkları görüşünde birleştiklerini belirtmişse de bu müelliften önce ve sonra birçok mutasavvıf kesin bir cebir anlayışını benimsemiştir. Nitekim Abdülkerim el-Kuşeyrî’nin naklettiğine göre Cüneyd-i Bağdâdî tevhidi “bütün yaratılmışların her türlü davranışlarının Allah’tan olduğunu bilmek” şeklinde tarif etmiştir. Zünnûn el-Mısrî’ye göre tevhid ve tevekkül öncelikle Allah’tan başka tanrılar edinmeyi, ikinci olarak da O’ndan başka sebepler göstermeyi imkânsız kılar. Herevî’ye göre bunların ilki “avâmın tevhidi”, ikincisi de “havâssın tevhidi”dir (bk. Çağrıcı, s. 31-32). İbn Teymiyye, Muhammed Abduh ve çağdaş bazı yazarlara göre mutasavvıfların bu şekilde bir taraftan kulun ilâhî irade karşısında kendisini yok farzetmesi gerektiğini savunması, diğer taraftan onun cebir altında bulunmadığını ileri sürmesi tutarlı değildir (İbn Teymiyye, IV, 299-302; Ali Sâmî en-Neşşâr, III, 286).
İnsanlara ait ihtiyarî fiillerin Allah tarafından yaratıldığını ve onların fiillerini müstakil olarak gerçekleştiremediğini benimsemekle birlikte sorumluluğa ahlâkî açıdan sağlam bir zemin bulmak amacıyla bu fiillerde insanların da etkisi bulunduğunu kabul eden mutedil (mutavassıt) Cebriyye’nin hangi fırkalardan oluştuğu hususunda farklı görüşler mevcuttur. Şehristânî ve Fahreddin er-Râzî bu gruba sadece Dırâr b. Amr ile Hüseyin b. Muhammed en-Neccâr’a nisbetle anılan Dırâriyye ve Neccâriyye’yi dahil edip Ehl-i sünnet gruplarını bunun dışında tutarken İbn Teymiyye, Seyyid Şerîf el-Cürcânî ve Muhammed Reşîd Rızâ Eş‘ariyye’yi, Tehânevî ise bütün Ehl-i sünnet’i mutavassıt Cebriyye içinde mütalaa etmiştir. Cebriyye teriminin esas itibariyle insanların irade hürriyetinden tamamen yoksun bulunduklarını savunanlar anlamına geldiği dikkate alınırsa, bazı istisnalar bir yana, Ehl-i sünnet’i bu mezhebe dahil etmek isabetli görünmemektedir. Zira Sünnî âlimlerin çoğunluğu insanların sorumluluğa konu teşkil eden fiillerini kendi iradeleriyle yaptıklarını kabul etmekte, buna karşılık Allah’ın kullarını inkâr veya isyan etmeye zorladığı fikrini ise reddetmektedir.
Cebir görüşü, İslâm düşünce tarihinde itikadî ve fikrî bir hareket olarak ortaya çıktığı hicrî I. yüzyılın ilk yarısından itibaren tenkit edilmiştir. İlk defa Hz. Ömer, Hz. Ali, Abdullah b. Abbas gibi ileri gelen sahâbîler tarafından başlatılan ve daha sonra Hasan-ı Basrî’nin sürdürdüğü eleştirilerde Allah’ın kullarını buyruklarına karşı gelmeye zorlamadığı, yaratıcı hakkında bu tür inançları beslemenin yanlış olduğu belirtilmiştir (Risâle fi’l-ḳader, I, 83, 85). Mu‘tezile kelâmcıları çeşitli aklî ve naklî delillere dayanarak Cebriyye’ye karşı tekfire kadar varan tenkitler yöneltirken Ebû Hanîfe ve Ahmed b. Hanbel gibi Sünnî âlimler, insanların fiillerini icbar altında yapmadıklarını, bununla birlikte ihtiyarî fiiller de dahil olmak üzere her şeyin ilâhî irade ve kudret çerçevesinde vuku bulduğunu söylemek suretiyle Mu‘tezile’nin insanı tamamen hür kabul eden tutumu ile Cebriyye’nin hiçbir noktada insana hürriyet tanımayan aşırı tutumu arasında naslara daha uygun düşen mâkul bir görüşü savunmuşlardır. Gerek Selefî gerekse kelâmcı olsun Ehl-i sünnet âlimlerinin kanaatine göre ihtiyarî fiillerin ilâhî iradenin zorlamasıyla gerçekleştiğini söylemek Allah’ın adalet, rahmet ve hikmet sıfatlarıyla bağdaştırılamaz; ayrıca peygamber göndermek suretiyle insanları buyruklarına uymakla yükümlü tutmasına ve sonuçta uymayanları cezalandırmasına hem naslar hem de apaçık aklî ilkeler açısından savunulabilir bir açıklama getirmek de mümkün değildir. Zira kullarına karşı rahmetle muamele ettiğini beyan eden (el-En‘âm 6/12) Allah’ın, insanları iman ve itaati sağlayacak irade ve kudretten yoksun bıraktıktan sonra inkâr ve isyanları sebebiyle cezalandırması adalet ve rahmet anlayışına aykırıdır (Mâtürîdî, s. 319-320). Şunu da belirtmek gerekir ki cebir görüşü, insanın içinde yaşadığı “teşebbüs etme-çalışma-başarma” dünyasının realiteleri ve kendi vicdanî kanaatleriyle de bağdaşmamaktadır.
Kazâ ve kader telakkisinin insanları hürriyetten yoksun hale getireceği tarzında Mu‘tezile tarafından öne sürülen iddia Ehl-i sünnet âlimlerince reddedilmiştir. Aslında Ehl-i sünnet nazarında kader, Allah’ın her şeyi meydana gelmeden önce bilip levh-i mahfûza yazması esasına dayanır ki Mu‘tezile’ye göre de Allah’ın ilim sıfatı, olmuş ve olacak her şeyi kapsayacak bir yetkinliğe sahiptir. Öyle görünüyor ki Mu‘tezile ile Ehl-i sünnet arasında cebirle ilgili olarak sürdürülen tartışmalar daha çok hangi görüşün cebri gerektireceği noktasında toplanmaktadır. İbn Rüşd’ün de belirttiği gibi insan iradesinin gözlenebilen dış tesirlerden kurtulması hemen hemen imkânsızdır. Her ne kadar irade ve fiil gücüne sahip olduğumuz şuurunu taşıyorsak da beşerî fiillerin ilâhî irade ve kudretten tamamen bağımsız olarak gerçekleştiği tarzında elimizde ne dinî ne de aklî delil vardır. Esasen ilâhî sıfatların varlık ve olaylarla ne tür bir irtibat içinde bulunduğu hususunda yeterli bilgiye de sahip değiliz. Önemli olan insanın bir fiil yapmayı dileyebilmesi, sonra da hangi şekilde olursa olsun onu gerçekleştirebilmesidir; bu da onun icbar altında olmadığını ispat etmek için yeterli görülmelidir (daha geniş bilgi için bk. KADER ; KESB ).
Kaynaklar, hicrî II. yüzyılın başlarından itibaren cebir veya kader konusu ile ilgili olarak yazılan pek çok eserin adını zikreder. Tesbit edilebildiği kadarıyla bunların ilki tâbiînden Hasan-ı Basrî’ye aittir. Risâle fi’l-ḳader adındaki bu muhtasar belge çeşitli eserler içinde yayımlanmıştır (Muhammed İmâre, Resâʾilü’l-ʿadl, I, 83-87; Mâcid Fahrî, el-Fikrü’l-aḫlâḳī el-ʿArabî, I, 19-28). Şiî âlimlerinden Zürâre b. A‘yen’in el-İstiṭâʿa ve’l-Cebr’i, Hişâm b. Hakem’in el-Cebr ve’l-ḳader’i (Îżâḥu’l-meknûn , II, 266, 285), Mu‘tezile’den Amr b. Ubeyd’in er-Red ʿale’l-Ḳaderiyye’si, İbn Keysân el-Esamm’ın er-Red ʿale’l-Mücbire’si, Ebü’l-Hüzeyl el-Allâf’ın er-Red ʿale’l-Ḳaderiyye ve’l-Mücbire’si, Bişr b. Mu‘temir’in el-Vaʿîd ʿale’l-Mücbire’si, cebir görüşüne ilişkin olarak kaynaklarda adı geçen, fakat günümüze ulaştığı bilinmeyen eserlerdir (İbnü’n-Nedîm, s. 203-215). Kāsım er-Ressî’nin er-Red ʿale’l-Mücbire’si, Şerîf el-Murtazâ’nın İnḳāẕü’l-beşer mine’l-cebr ve’l-ḳader’i, Hâdî-İlelhak Yahyâ b. Hüseyin’in er-Red ʿale’l-Mücbire ve’l-Ḳaderiyye’si, Resâʾilü’l-ʿadl ve’t-tevḥîd adlı bir kitapta yayımlanmıştır (baskı yeri yok, Dârü’l-hilâl 1971). Gazzâlî’nin Risâletü’l-Cebri’l-mutavassıṭ’ı (Süleymaniye Ktp., Fâtih, nr. 5391), Fahreddin er-Râzî’nin Risâle fi’l-cebr ve’l-ḳader’i (Süleymaniye Ktp., Esad Efendi, nr. 1278), Muhyiddin İbnü’l-Arabî’nin Şümûsü’l-fikeri’l-münḳıẕ min ẓulümâti’l-cebr ve’l-ḳader’i (Süleymaniye Ktp., Hamidiye, nr. 1440), Nasîrüddîn-i Tûsî’nin Risâle fi’l-cebr ve’l-ḳader’i (Süleymaniye Ktp., Esad Efendi, nr. 3570), M. Zâhid Kevserî’nin el-İstibṣâr fi’t-taḥaddüs̱ ʿani’l-cebr ve’l-iḫtiyâr’ı (Kahire 1370) ve Mustafa Sabri Efendi’nin Mevḳıfü’l-beşer taḥte sulṭâni’l-ḳader’i, cebir konusunda günümüze ulaşan eserlerden bazılarıdır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “cbr” md.et-Taʿrîfât , “cebriyye” md. İbnü’l-Esîr, en-Nihâye , “cebriyye” md. Tehânevî, Keşşâf , “cebriyye” md. M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “cbr” md. Mustafavî, et-Taḥḳīḳ , II, 45-46. Hasan-ı Basrî, Risâle fi’l-ḳader (nşr. Muhammed İmâre, Resâʾilü’l-ʿadl ve’t-tevḥîd içinde), Kahire 1971, I, 8387. Kāsım b. İbrâhim er-Ressî, er-Red ʿale’l-Mücbire (a.e. içinde), I, 115-117, 144-149. Şerîf el-Murtazâ, İnḳāẓü’l-beşer mine’l-cebr ve’l-ḳader (a.e. içinde), I, 257-260, 268. Hâdî-İlelhak, er-Red ʿale’l-Mücbire ve’l-Ḳaderiyye (a.e. içinde), II, 64. Buhârî, Ḫalḳu efʿâli’l-ʿibâd, Beyrut 1984, s. 112. Fazl b. Şâzân, el-Îżâḥ, Tahran 1351 hş., s. 6. Hayyât, el-İntiṣâr , s. 17-18, 29, 54, 55. Eş‘arî, Maḳālât (Ritter), s. 40-41, 279, 430. Mâtürîdî, Kitâbü’t-Tevḥîd , s. 319-322. Makdisî, el-Bedʾ ve’t-târîḫ , V, 146, 147. İbnü’n-Nedîm, el-Fihrist (Teceddüd), s. 203-215. Hârizmî, Mefâtîḥu’l-ʿulûm, Kahire 1923, s. 20. İbn Hazm, el-Faṣl (Umeyre), III, 35. Kādî Abdülcebbâr, Şerḥu’l-Uṣûli’l-ḫamse , s. 287-288, 313, 324, 483, 772, 773, 775. a.mlf., Müteşâbihü’l-Ḳurʾân (nşr. Adnân M. Zerzûr), Kahire 1969, s. 274, 288, 330-331, 362, 379, 537, 626. Bağdâdî, el-Farḳ (Kevserî), s. 204. Şehristânî, el-Milel (Kîlânî), I, 85-91. İbn Rüşd, el-Keşf ʿan menâhici’l-edille, Kahire 1968, s. 120, 123. Fahreddin er-Râzî, İʿtiḳādât (Sa‘d), s. 103, 106. a.mlf., Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb, XIV, 79; XV, 117. Ahmed b. Muhammed er-Râzî, Ḥucecü’l-Ḳurʾân, Beyrut 1986, s. 17-34. Ebû Mutî‘ en-Nesefî, er-Red ʿale’l-bidaʿ (Annales Islamoloques içinde), Kahire 1980, s. 61-65. İbn Teymiyye, Mecmûʿatü’r-resâʾil , IV, 299-302, 315-316. Cürcânî, Şerḥu’l-Mevâḳıf , II, 491. İbnü’l-Murtazâ, Ṭabaḳātü’l-Muʿtezile , s. 6, 9-10, 15, 49, 63, 80, 81, 96, 97, 99, 112, 113-114, 119.Îżâḥu’l-meknûn , I, 363; II, 266, 285. Reşîd Rızâ, Tefsîrü’l-Menâr , X, 138, 197, 198; XI, 101. Ali Sâmî en-Neşşâr, Neşʾetü’l-fikri’l-felsefî fi’l-İslâm, Kahire 1977, I, 231-232, 343-344; III, 286. M. Ali Ebû Reyân, Târîḫu’l-fikri’l-felsefî fi’l-İslâm, İskenderiye 1986, s. 257-261. Cevâd Ali, el-Mufaṣṣal , VI, 121-122. Muhammed Ebû Zehre, Târîḫu’l-meẕâhibi’l-İslâmiyye, Kahire, ts. (Dârü’l-fikri’l-Arabî), s. 103-105. Hüseyin Atvân, el-Fıraḳu’l-İslâmiyye fî bilâdi’ş-Şâm, Amman 1986, s. 91-95. Hasan Hanefî, Mine’l-ʿAḳīde ile’s̱-s̱evre, Beyrut 1988, III, 80-109. Mustafa Çağrıcı, İslâm Düşüncesinde Ahlâk, İstanbul 1989, s. 31-32. I. Goldziher, el-ʿAḳīde ve’ş-şerîʿa (trc. M. Yûsuf Mûsâ v.dğr.), Kahire, ts., s. 77-133. M. Watt, “al-D̲j̲abriyya”, EI2 (İng.), II, 365.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1993 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 7. cildinde, 205-208 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.