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CERRÂHİYYE Skip to content Halvetiyye-Ramazâniyye tarikatının Nûreddin Cerrâhî’ye (ö. 1133/1721) nisbet edilen bir kolu.
Nûreddin Cerrâhî’nin tarikat silsilesi, şeyhi Alâeddin Ali Köstendilî (ö. 1143/1730-31), Ali Lofçavî, Debbâğ Ali Rûmî, Mestçizâde İbrâhim Rûmî, Mestçi Ali Rûmî vasıtasıyla Ramazâniyye’nin kurucusu Şeyh Ramazan Mahfî’ye (ö. 1025/1616), daha sonra Muhyiddin Karahisârî, Kasım Çelebi ve İzzeddin Ali Karamânî ile Halvetiyye’nin dört ana kolundan biri olan Ahmediyye’nin kurucusu Yiğitbaşı Ahmed Şemseddin’e (ö. 910/1504) ulaşır.
Tarikatın kurucusunun sahâbeden Ebû Ubeyde b. Cerrâh neslinden geldiği veya İstanbul’un Cerrahpaşa semtinde doğduğu için “Cerrâhî” nisbesini aldığı ve tarikatına da Cerrâhiyye denildiği şeklindeki rivayetlerden ikincisinin doğru olduğu kabul edilir.
Nûreddin Cerrâhî hilâfet aldıktan sonra İstanbul Karagümrük’te Canfedâ Hatun Camii’nin yanında Bakkal İsmâil Efendi adlı bir kişi tarafından kendisi için yaptırılan konakta bir süre ibadet ve irşadla meşgul olmuş, daha sonra aynı yerde III. Ahmed’in inşa ettirdiği dergâha taşınarak tarikat faaliyetlerini burada sürdürmüştür (Hüseyin Vassâf, V, 42).
Dergâhın açıldığı 1115 (1703) yılı, tarikatın kuruluş tarihi olarak kabul edilebilir. Cerrâhiyye bu tarihten itibaren Nûreddin Cerrâhî ile İstanbul ve dışında faaliyet gösteren halifeleri tarafından yayılmaya başlamıştır. Tarikatın Nûreddin Cerrâhî’den başlayarak biri Sertarikzâde Mehmed Emin Efendi (ö. 1173/1759-60) ile devam edip Muhzırzâde Ali Ziyâeddin’e (ö. 1335/1917) kadar geldiği tesbit edilen, diğeri İğci Mehmed Hüsâmeddin (ö. 1169/1755), Abdurrahman Hilmî (ö. 1215/1800), Mehmed Ârif Dede (ö. 1238/1823), Abdülaziz Zihnî (ö. 1270/1854), Mehmed Rızâeddin Yaşar (ö. 1331/1913), İbrahim Fahreddin ([Erenden], ö. 1966) ve onun halifeleri Muzaffer Ozak (ö. 1985) ile Safer Dal vasıtasıyla günümüze ulaşan iki silsilesi vardır.
Şeyh Sertarikzâde Emin Efendi, Cerrâhiyye’nin özellikle İstanbul’da yayılmasında önemli rol oynamış ve bu sebeple kendisine “pîr-i sânî” denilmiştir. Nûreddin Cerrâhî’nin diğer halifesi Şeyh Yahyâ Moravî (ö. 1184/1770) memur olarak gittiği Mora’da tarikatı yaymıştır. Şeyh Yahyâ Moravî’nin hâcegân dan olması ve devlet ricâlini iyi tanıması tarikatın itibarını arttırmış ve büyük miktarda maddî yardımlar yapılmasına yol açmıştır. Meselâ Cerrâhî kaynaklarında, III. Mustafa döneminde (1757-1774) sadrazam olan Muhsinzâde Mehmed Paşa’nın Cerrâhî dervişi olduğu ve Nûreddin Cerrâhî’nin hal tercümesini kaleme aldığı iftiharla anlatılmaktadır. Cerrâhî şeyhleri daha sonraki dönemlerde de devlet ricâliyle ilişkilerini devam ettirmişlerdir. Nitekim yine Cerrâhî kaynaklarında, II. Mahmud’un Rumelihisarı’ndaki Karabaş Tekkesi postnişini, “Çöp Atlamaz” lakabıyla tanınan Şeyh Mehmed Âtıf’a (ö. 1251/1835) büyük saygı gösterdiği söylenmektedir.
XVIII. yüzyıldan zamanımıza kadar Cerrâhiyye tarikatına ait olduğu bilinen yirmi dokuz tekkeden yirmi dördü İstanbul’da bulunmaktaydı. Nûreddin Cerrâhî’nin halifelerinden Şeyh Ziyâeddin Mehmed Çelebi’nin Edirne’de, Tekirdağlı Şeyh Mustafa’nın Tekirdağ’da ve Musullu Şeyh Seyyid Yûnus’un Musul’da açtıkları tekkeler, kurucularının ölümünden sonra başka tarikatların eline geçmiştir. Yahyâ Moravî’nin Mora’da bulunduğu sırada Anabolu (Nauplia) ve Tripolis’te açtığı iki tekkeden sonuncusunun 1820-1821’e kadar Cerrâhiyye’nin elinde bulunduğu bilinmektedir.
XVIII. yüzyılın ilk yarısında, İstanbul’da Karagümrük’teki Nûreddin Cerrâhî Âsitânesi’nin yanı sıra Şeyh Sertarikzâde Mehmed Emin, Fatih Kumrulu Mescid civarında ve Eyüp Nişancılar’da Sertarikzâde adıyla bilinen tekkeleri, Şeyh İğci Mehmed Hüsâmeddin de Fatih Otlukçu Yokuşu’nda Hâcegî Mescidi Tekkesi’ni kurmuştur. Bu sonuncusuna İğci (İplikçi) Mehmed Hüsâmeddin Tekkesi de denilmektedir. Bunlara aynı yüzyılın ikinci yarısında on tekke daha ilâve edilerek tekke sayısı on dörde yükselmiştir. Bunlardan, önce Rumelihisarı’ndaki Durmuş Dede Tekkesi Sertarikzâde’nin halifelerinden Şeyh Mehmed Sâdık’ın (ö. 1176/1762-63) eline geçmiş, Şeyh Halil Nizâmî Efendi ile (ö. 1189/1775) ordu şeyhi Hâfız Mustafa Efendi (ö. 1209/1794) kendi adlarıyla anılan birer dergâh açmışlardır. Yine Sertarikzâde’nin halifelerinden Şeyh İbrâhim Efendi (ö. 1194/1780) Eyüp’teki Tamışvar Tekkesi postnişini olmuştur. Şeyh Yahyâ Moravî’nin halifesi Zerdecizâde Hüseyin Efendi (ö. 1201/1786-87) Silivrikapı’daki Karagöz Tekkesi’ne şeyh olmuş, bunlara ilâveten Üsküdar’da Şeyh Hâfız İsmâil ile Feyzullah Efendi tekkeleri Cerrâhîler’e intikal etmiştir. Bunlardan ilki 1820’ye, ikincisi 1850’lere kadar Cerrâhîler’de kalmıştır. Feyzullah Efendi Tekkesi bu tarihten sonra Şâbâniyye’ye geçmiştir. Ayrıca kısa bir müddet Cerrâhîler’in elinde kaldıktan sonra şeyhlerinin ölümü veya başka tekke postnişinliğine tayinleriyle diğer tarikatlara geçen birkaç tekke daha mevcuttur. Bunlardan Yavuzselim’deki Saçlı Mustafa Efendi Tekkesi, Nûreddin Cerrâhî’nin halifelerinden Şeyh Süleyman Veliyyüddin’in müridi Şeyh Saçlı Mustafa (ö. 1173/1759-60) tarafından kurulmuş, onun vefatından sonra Rifâiyye’ye geçmiştir. Diğer tekkeler, Şehzadebaşı’ndaki Şeyh Helvaî ile Topkapı’daki Harîrî Mehmed Efendi tekkeleridir. Şeyh Helvaî Tekkesi Cerrâhiyye şeyhi Mustafa Bedestânî’nin (ö. 1208/1793-94) uhdesinde iken vefatı üzerine Rifâiyye’ye, Harîrî Mehmed Efendi Tekkesi ise şeyhi Mehmed Efendi’nin ölümüyle (1218/1803) Sinâniyye’ye intikal etmiştir.
XIX. yüzyılda Fatih’teki Nişancı, Seyyid Vilâyet ve Hamzazâde tekkeleriyle Küçükmustafapaşa’daki Sirkeci Dede Tekkesi kısa bir zaman için Cerrâhiyye’ye geçmiştir. Bandırmalızâde bunlara ilâveten beş tekkeyi daha Cerrâhî tekkeleri arasında sayar. Bunlar Üsküdar’da Yağcızâde ve Ârif Dede, Eyüp Otakçılar’da Şeyh Ali Efendi, Bahçekapı’da Yıldız Dede ve Nuruosmaniye’de Çaylakzâde tekkeleridir.
S. Anderson, 1921’de İstanbul’da on Cerrâhî tekkesi bulunduğundan söz eder. Tekke ve zâviyelerin kapatıldığı 1925 yılında yalnız beş Cerrâhî tekkesinin faaliyette olduğu görülmektedir. Bunlar Cerrâhî Âsitânesi, her iki Sertarikzâde, İğci Mehmed Hüsâmeddin ve Karagöz tekkeleridir.
Cumhuriyet devrinin güç şartları altında Cerrâhî Âsitânesi’nin dışındaki tekkeler faaliyetlerini sürdürememişlerdir. Nûreddin Cerrâhî’nin Halvetiyye’nin âdâb ve erkânına getirdiği yenilikler kendisinden sonraki şeyhler tarafından geliştirilmiş, bu durum Cerrâhiyye’nin tasavvuf gelenekleri açısından son derece zengin bir tarikat olmasını sağlamıştır.
Nûreddin Cerrâhî Mürşid-i Dervîşân adlı risâlesinde, şeyhin biat etmek isteyen kişinin halini “ilhâm-ı ilâhî” yoluyla bildiğini söylerken son dönemde istihâreye başvurulmuştur. Tarikata intisap etmek isteyen kişi bir Cerrâhî dervişi vasıtasıyla durumu sertarik veya aşçıya söyler, o da şeyhe bildirir. Biat sırasında şeyh efendi tevhidhânede derviş adayına tarikatla ilgili tavsiyelerde bulunduktan sonra biat gülbangi çekilir. Nûreddin Cerrâhî’nin tertip ettiği “vird-i kebîr” okunur; ardından cemaatle sabah namazı kılınır ve zikir halkası teşkil edilir. Sonraki dönemlerde biat merasimi herhangi bir vakitte yapılmaya başlanmıştır. Zikirden sonra diğer dervişler tevhidhâneden dışarı çıkarlar. Meydancı dede adayı şeyhin huzuruna götürür. Şeyh efendi üç defa istiğfar ettirip “âmentü”yü okuttuktan sonra kendisi de tövbe ve biatla ilgili âyetleri okur ve dua eder. Sabah namazının sünnetiyle farzı arasında otuz üç defa İhlâs sûresini okumasını, ikindi namazından sonra otuz üç defa salâtüselâm getirmesini, akşam namazından sonra yine otuz üç defa “estağfirullah” demesini, her namazdan sonra kelime-i tevhidi 100 defa zikretmesini ve gördüğü her rüyayı kendisine anlatmasını söyler. Tarikata intisap eden sâlike törenle devetüyü renginde arakıyye giydirilir. Bundan sonra derviş şeyhinin tavsiyesi üzere İhlâs, salavat ve istiğfarı tamamlayıncaya kadar zikre devam eder. Daha sonra esmâ zikrine başlar. Şeyh efendinin belirlediği süre içinde esmâ-i seb‘ayı (lâ ilâhe illallah, Allah, hû, Hak, hay, kayyûm, kahhâr) sırasıyla zikredip sülûkünü tamamlar. Son isimde görülen zuhûrat ile dervişe taç ve hırka “tekbir edilir.” Böylece bazan yıllarca devam eden zikir ameliyesinden sonra sülûkünü tamamlayan derviş halife olur. Dervişin bu esmâlara devam ederken okuması gereken bazı dualar vardır. Bunların en önemlisi Nûreddin Cerrâhî’nin tertip ettiği “evrâd-ı sagīr”dir.
Halife olan kişi esmâ-i seb‘aya Nûreddin Cerrâhî’nin ictihadı üzere hafta devriyesi olarak devam eder. Halvetiyye tarikatının esası olan yukarıdaki esmâ-i seb‘ayı Dede Ömer Rûşenî (ö. 892/1487) “vehhâb, fettâh, vâhid, ahad, samed” isimlerinin ilâvesiyle on ikiye çıkarmış, Nûreddin Cerrâhî de bunların ilkine usul, ikincisine “alî” ve “azîm”i ekleyerek fürû adını vermiş, ayrıca tebdîlât (kadîr, kavî, celîl, cemîl, cebbâr, mâlik, vedûd) ve tebeddülât (kerîm, bâsıt, azîz, muiz, ganî, muğnî, latîf) adını verdiği yedişerden on dört isim ilâvesiyle esmâ sayısını yirmi sekize çıkarmıştır. Cerrâhiyye tarikatında hafta devriyesi, dört bölüme ayrılan bu yirmi sekiz esmâdan meydana gelir. Halife bu dört grubun her birinden sırasıyla birini alarak meydana getirdiği dört esmâ ile cumartesi gününden başlamak üzere her gün esmâyı değiştirmek suretiyle hafta boyunca zikre devam eder. Kendisine en son olarak “latîf” ismi telkin edilince icâzeti verilir.
Cerrâhiyye tarikatında kadınlara da hilâfet verildiği görülmektedir. İbrahim Fahreddin Efendi, kendisinin Fatma Mükerrem, Emine Binnaz ve Emine Nimet Bacı adlı üç kadın halifesi olduğunu söyler. Divan şairi Fıtnat Hanım da Yahyâ Şerefeddin Efendi’nin halifesidir. Tarikatın ilk döneminde yazılı icâzetnâme verilmezken sonraki dönemlerde, bir dergâhın şeyhliğine tayin edilmek için gerekli olduğundan, halifeye taç ve hırka giydirilirken icâzetnâme de verilmeye başlanmış, bu icâzetnâmenin aday esmâyı tamamladığında mühürlenmesi âdet olmuştur. İcâzetnâmeye sahip olan halife taç ve hırka giydirmeye ve esmâyı tekmil ettirmeye yetkilidir.
Tarikat esasları âdâb (diz üstü oturmak, sır saklamak, şeyh huzurunda az konuşmak, şeyhi nazardan çıkarmamak, şeyh ne verirse kabul etmek, mahlûkata hor bakmamak), ahkâm (meveddet, sehâvet, yakın, sabır, tevekkül, tefekkür), binâ (tövbe, teslim, zühd, kanaat, takvâ), ahbâb (ihsan, zikir, terk, havf, recâ) denilen dört bölüme ayrılır.
Cerrâhiyye Ehl-i sünnet inançlarına çok sıkı şekilde bağlı bir tarikattır. Nitekim Nûreddin Cerrâhî halifelerine bu hususta sıkı tâlimat vermiş, bu maksatla Birgivî’nin Vasiyetnâme ’sini özellikle okuyup okutmalarını emretmiştir.
Cerrâhiyye tarikatında halvet esasen kırk gün olmakla beraber sonraki dönemlerde yirmi sekiz, on sekiz, yedi ve son olarak üç güne kadar indirilmiştir. Sâlik beşinci esmâ olan “hay” zikrine başlarken halvete girer. Halvete akşam namazından sonra şeyhin de katıldığı özel törenle başlanır. Sâlik halvethâneden ancak farzları cemaatle kılmak için namaz vakitlerinde ve iftardan sonra kısa bir süre çıkabilir. Halvet süresince dervişe günde bir defa arpa veya çavdar ekmeği, pirinç, un veya mercimek çorbası, yedi adedi geçmemek şartıyla zeytin, hurma veya incir verilir. Halvet süresi tamamlanınca şeyh halvethânenin kapısına gelerek “yâ hû” diye seslenir; sâlik de “eyvallah” diyerek kapıyı açar ve şeyhin elini öper. Yatsı namazından sonra tarikat âyini icra edilir ve sâlike törenle yeşil tarikat tacı giydirilir. Ancak son dönemlerde halifeye sarı taç giydirilmeye başlanmıştır. Halifenin yaşı kırkın üzerinde ise ayrıca kendisine yine özel bir törenle asâ “tekbir edilir.” Sarı çuhadan yapılan Cerrâhî tacı yirmi dallı olup üzerine beyaz cüneydî destar sarılır.
Tarikatın ilk dönemlerinde “muhib” ve “hizmet dervişi” denilen iki derviş tipi bulunmaktaydı. Muhib şeyhe malıyla hizmet ederdi; “hizmetnişin” denilen hizmet dervişleri ise tekkedeki çeşitli işlerin yürütülmesiyle görevliydiler. Şeyhle birlikte on dört kişiden (sertarik, aşçı, zâkirbaşı, imam, meydancı, türbedar, kapıcı, asâdar, nakib, pazarcı, çerağcı, sâkî, ferrâş) meydana gelen hizmetnişinler, hiyerarşik bir sıralama ile görevlerini yürütürlerdi. Ancak bugün muhib olan dervişler de hizmet görevini yapmaktadırlar.
Dergâh, “meydan” adı verilen dört ayrı kurul tarafından yönetilir. Postnişin (şeyh), sertarik ve aşçıdan oluşan ve “üçler meydanı” denilen kurul mânevî işlerden, bunlara zâkirbaşı, imam, meydancı ve türbedarın katılmasıyla oluşan “yediler meydanı” adlı kurul idarî işlerden sorumludur. Hizmetnişinlerin oluşturduğu ve ihvanla ilgili meselelerin görüşüldüğü kurula “on dörtler meydanı”, hizmetnişinlerin ihvan arasından seçtiği yirmi altı dervişin katılmasıyla meydana gelen kurula da “kırklar meydanı” adı verilir. Postnişin bu dört meydanın da başkanıdır. Postnişin bulunmadığı takdirde hizmetnişinler sırayla başkanlık yaparlar. Meydanlar özel meydan gülbangiyle açılır. Âsitâne poştnişinliğinin boşalması halinde posta oturacak yeni şeyh için “iclâs merasimi” denilen bir tören yapılır. Makam postu Halvetiyye tarikatı kollarında kırmızı iken Cerrâhiyye’de mavidir.
Yeni bir tekke açılacağı zaman âsitâne postnişini tarafından tayin edilen şeyhe kırmızı bir post, bir kandil ve Nûreddin Cerrâhî’nin adı yazılı bir levha hediye edilir ve tören yapılır.
Cerrâhî tacının rengi sarı-turuncu, tepesi sivrice olup destarı yeşil, dört terkli ve kırk dallıdır (Yahyâ Âgâh, s. 92). Tepesi kanarya sarısı renginde olan ve İhlâs sûresi âyetlerinin sonundaki beş “dal” harfine işaret eden dört terke ayrılmış yirmi dallı taç ise yalnız âsitâne şeyhlerine mahsustur. Sertarikzâde Mehmed Efendi kolundan gelen şeyhlerin taçlarının tepesi turuncudur.
Cerrâhiyye tarikatında önceleri âyin (mukabele) pazartesi günleri öğle namazından sonra icra edilirken şimdi perşembe akşamları yapılmaktadır. Âyin kuûdî ve devrânî-kıyâmîdir. Vakit namazı kılındıktan sonra zikir halkası teşkil edilir. Kelime-i tevhid önce mâhur makamında üç defa gayet ağır, daha sonra hızlıca kırk defa zikredilir. Her 100 adette zikrin ritmi değiştirilerek kelime-i tevhid zikri en az 500’e ulaştırılır. Bu ritim değişikliğine “perde kaldırma” adı verilir. Bu sırada zâkirbaşı “durak” denilen bir ilâhi okur. Daha sonra salâtüselâm getirilerek topluca ayağa kalkılır ve devrânî zikir başlar. Postnişin tevhidhânenin ortasına doğru yürür. Dervişler el ele tutuşup “ism-i hû”yu zikrederek sola doğru devrana başlarlar. Zâkirbaşı zikrin ritmine uygun bir beste ile ilâhi okumaya başlar. Postnişin, Nûreddin Cerrâhî’nin türbesine yönelip niyaz ederek bir kere döndükten sonra sertarikin halka içine girmesini işaret eder. Zikre diğer Cerrâhî tekkeleri şeyhleri katılıyorsa onlar da halkanın içine girerek postnişinle beraber dönerler. Bu dönüş sırasında makam postu ve türbe yönüne geldiklerinde bir kere daha dönerler. Cerrâhî tarikatında zikir halkasının içine “kutubhâne”, makam postu ve türbe yönünde gelindiğinde yapılan dönüşe “tavaf” adı verilir. İlk perdenin kaldırılmasından sonra sol eller yanda bulunanın ensesine, sağ eller beline konulur. “Kol atmak” denilen bu hareketi yaptırmak meydancının görevidir. Her perde kalkışında devranın hızı arttırılır. Devranda kol atılınca zâkirbaşı ile zâkiran devrandan çıkar, zâkirbaşı makamı olan direğin önünde ilâhiler okurlar. “İsm-i hû”nun sonuna doğru postnişin kutubhânede Nûreddin Cerrâhî’nin sandukasına yönelerek zikri idare etmek için ayak vurur. “Ayak vurmak”, hac sırasında Safâ ile Merve arasındaki sa‘yi, nefs-i emmâreyi ayaklar altına almayı, ilâhî azameti tefekkür etmeyi simgeler. Daha sonra “ism-i hay” zikredilir. İsm-i hay zikri sırasında çoğunlukla postnişin halkadan çıkarak zikrin idaresini sertarika bırakır. Bu sırada postnişin hırkasını ve tacını çıkarıp sertarika verir, koynundan çıkardığı arakıyyesini giyer. Sertarik de halkadan çıkıp makam postunun önüne gelerek, “İyi bilin ki Allah’ın velîlerine korku yoktur ve onlar üzüntü çekmeyeceklerdir” (Yûnus 10/62) meâlindeki âyeti okur ve postnişinin hırkasını üçe katlayarak üstüne tacını koyar. Daha sonra kendisi de taç ve hırkasını çıkarır, arakıyyesini giyerek zikre katılır. Diğer dervişler de devrana takke ile devam ederler. Sadece zâkirbaşı taç ve hırkasını çıkarmaz. “Hay” zikri devam ederken sertarik “yâ mevlâm, hû Allah, hay hû” deyince devranda kollar çözülür, sağ tarafa dönülüp “hay hay hû” diyerek zikre devam edilir. “Vefâ devri” denilen bu devranı Nûreddin Cerrâhî’ye Zeyniyye meşayihinden Şeyh Vefâ’nın (Muslihuddin İbnü’l-Vefâ, ö. 896/1491) tecellî suretiyle ilham ettiğine inanılır. Vefâ devrinden sonra saf teşkil edilip sessiz olarak “ism-i hay” okunur, daha sonra rükûa gider gibi eğilinir, doğrulurken segâh makamından özel bestesiyle ve yüksek sesle, giderek hızlanan bir ritimle ism-i hay okunmaya devam edilir. İsm-i hay zikrinin sonunda okunan ilâhiye “cumhûrî durak” denir. Durak okunurken postnişin türbe tarafına doğru yürür, dervişler de o tarafa dönerler. Daha sonra sağ tarafa üç devir yapılır. Sultan Veled’in Nûreddin Cerrâhî’ye mânen öğrettiğine inanılan bu devre “Sultan Veled devri” adı verilir. Daha sonra el tutularak halka teşkil edilip sağa doğru “Allah, vâhid, ahad, samed” diyerek zikre devam edilir. Birkaç devirden sonra “hayyü’l-kayyûm, yâ Allah” isimleri zikredilir. Daha sonra devran “ism-i hû” ile sola döndürülür. Bu sırada zâkiran ilâhi okumaya devam eder. İsm-i hû ile birkaç devir yapılınca zâkirbaşı ve zâkirler beste ile “lâ ilâhe illallah, Muhammedün resûlullah, sallallāhü aleyhi ve sellem”, içlerinden biri “ve salli alâ eşrefi nûri cemîi’l-enbiyâi ve’l-mürselîn ve’l-hamdü li’llâhi rabbi’l-âlemîn” der. Bu sırada eller bırakılır. Bir aşr-ı şerif ve sessiz olarak belli bir dua okunur. Bu aşrın okunmasını da Nûreddin Cerrâhî’ye Bahâeddin Nakşibend tavsiye etmiştir. Mecliste bulunan hulefâ ve sertarika kıdemleriyle Fâtiha verilir. Daha sonra salâtüselâm okunur ve tekbir getirilerek zikir meclisi bitirilir. Postnişin bulunmadığı zaman zikri sertarik ile aşçıdan kıdemli olan, bunlar bulunmazsa meydancı idare eder.
Mevlid, Regaib, Berat ve Mi‘rac kandilleriyle Kadir gecesinde sadece âsitânede âyin icra edilir.
Tarikat büyüklerinin menâkıbı ve tarikatlarıyla ilgili geleneklerin kaybolmaması için gayret gösteren Cerrâhî şeyhleri, Türk tasavvuf tarihinin geleneklerini tesbit açısından önemli eserler kaleme almışlardır. Cerrâhî şeyhlerinden Abdüllatif Fazlî Gülşen-i Azîzân adlı eserinde Nûreddin Cerrâhî ile halifelerinin ve 1876 yılına kadar bütün Cerrâhî şeyhlerinin biyografilerini anlatmıştır. İbrahim Fahreddin Efendi’nin akrabalarından Toköz ailesinin elinde bulunan bu eserin, Nûreddin Cerrâhî ve yedi halifesinin biyografilerini ihtiva eden bir özeti Millet Kütüphanesi’ndedir (Ali Emîrî, Şer‘iyye, nr. 1099). İbrahim Fahreddin Efendi, amcası Yahyâ Galib’in (ö. 1315/1897) Makām-ı Hazret-i Pîr’den Güzerân Eden Eizze-i Meşâyih Terâcim-i Ahvâli adlı bir kitabından bahsetmekteyse de bu eserin nerede olduğu bilinmemektedir. İbrahim Fahreddin’in Cerrâhiyye’nin tarih, usul, âdâb, teşkilât ve gelenekleriyle kendisine kadar Cerrâhî âsitânesi şeyhlerini ve kendi halifelerini anlatan Envâr-ı Hazret-i Pîr Nûreddin adlı iki ciltlik eseri, Türk Tasavvuf Mûsikisi ve Folklorunu Araştırma ve Yaşatma Vakfı Kütüphanesi’ndedir. Fahreddin Efendi’nin tarikatla ilgili Sualnâme (İstanbul 1339) adlı bir eseri daha vardır.
Sadrazam, kadı, müderris, asker, imam, hattat, zanaat erbabı, esnaf gibi çeşitli toplum kesimlerine mensup Cerrâhî şeyhlerinin birçoğunun hece vezniyle “nutuk”lar yazdığı (bunların bazıları için bk. Sualnâme) bilinmekle birlikte içlerinden pek büyük şair çıkmamıştır. Kaynaklarda yalnız Şeyh Mehmed Memiş Tevfik (ö. 1248/1832) ile Hâfız Seyyid Mehmed Şâkir’in (ö. 1265/1849) divanları olduğu zikredilmektedir. Sertarikzâde Mehmed Emin, Fâzıl Mehmed Emin (ö. 1220/1805), Hâfız Seyyid Mehmed Şâkir, Seyyid Abdülaziz Zihnî ve Yahyâ Galib gibi bazı Cerrâhî şeyhlerinin risâleler yazdığı kaydedilmekteyse de bu risâlelerin birçoğu kaybolmuştur. Bunlardan Mehmed Şâkir’in Nâtıku’s-savâb adlı risâlesi günümüze kadar gelmiştir. Bunlara Muzaffer Ozak’ın İrşâd , Envârü’l-kulûb , Zînetü’l-kulûb , Aşk Yolu gibi eserlerini ilâve etmek gerekir.
Tekkelerin kapatılmasından sonraki yıllarda faaliyette olduğu bilinen yegâne Cerrâhî şeyhi İbrahim Fahreddin Efendi’dir. Âsitâne postnişini iken tekkelerin kapatılması üzerine türbedar olmuş, bu tarihten sonraki güç şartlarda tarikatı sürdürmeyi başarmış, 1964’te şeyhlik makamını halifelerinden Muzaffer Ozak’a bırakmıştır.
Muzaffer Ozak döneminde (1964-1985) topluma açılarak yeni ve güncel bir nitelik kazanan Cerrâhiyye, şeyhin sohbet ve eserleriyle Batı dünyasına ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’ne kadar ulaşmış, buralarda tekkeler açılmıştır. Muzaffer Ozak’ın ölümünden sonra makama İbrahim Fahreddin Efendi’nin halifelerinden Safer Dal geçmiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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a.mlf., Gülşen-i Azîz , Millet Ktp., Ali Emîrî, Şer‘iyye, nr. 1099, vr. 3b , 4a , 5a , 13a .
Harîrîzâde, Tibyân , I, vr. 212a , 214a , 216b .
a.mlf., el-Kavlü’l-mübîn fî ahvâli’ş-Şeyh Nûreddîn , Millet Ktp., Ali Emîrî, Şer‘iyye, nr. 813, vr. 29b -30a .
Tomar-Halvetiyye , s. 36, 96-98.
Hüseyin Vassâf, Sefîne , V, 37-54.
İsmet, Tekmiletü’ş-Şekāik , İÜ Ktp., TY, nr. 9290, vr. 151b , 152a , 155a-b .
Bandırmalızâde, Mir’âtü’t-turuk , İstanbul 1306, s. 40.
a.mlf., Mecmûa-i Tekâyâ , İstanbul 1307, s. 6.
Mehmed Sâmi, Esmâr-ı Esrâr , İstanbul 1316, s. 44-45.
Zâkir Şükrü, Mecmûa-i Tekâyâ (Tayşi) , s. 70.
İbrahim Fahreddin, Envâr-ı Hazret-i Pîr Nûreddin el-Cerrâhî , Türk Tasavvuf Mûsikisi ve Folklorunu Araştırma ve Yaşatma Vakfı Kütüphanesi (İstanbul).
Yahyâ Âgâh, Fütüvve-i Esrâr-ı Tâc-ı Saâdet (yazma, Nihat Azamat’taki fotokopi), s. 92.
Şenay Yola, Schejch Nureddin Mehmed Cerrahi, und sein Orden , Berlin 1982, s. 38-44.
Fulya Atacan, Sosyal Değişme ve Tarikat. Cerrahiler , İstanbul 1990, s. 44, 8695.
Samuel Anderson, “Dervish Orders of Costantinople”, MW , XII (1922), s. 53-61.
Nihat Azamat, “Nureddin Cerrahi”, TDEA , VII, 84-85.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1993 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 7. cildinde, 416-420 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.