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DAHİLİYE NEZÂRETİ Skip to content Osmanlı Devleti’nde 1836’da kurulan ve Cumhuriyet döneminde İçişleri Bakanlığı adını alan teşkilât.
Osmanlı Devleti’nde kuruluşundan itibaren ülke içinde huzur va asayişin sağlanması, bunun için görevliler tayin edilmesi devletin temel vazifelerinden biri olmuş ve bu vazife sadrazamın sorumluluğuna bırakılmıştı. Sadrazamlar bu önemli işi Dîvân-ı Hümâyun’da ve kendi konaklarında akdettikleri divanlarda görürlerdi. Dîvân-ı Hümâyun’da bu konuda kendilerine devlet idaresinde geniş tecrübe sahibi olan vezirler yardımcı olurlardı.
Dîvân-ı Hümâyun’un önemini kaybederek devlet idaresinin “sadrazam kapısı”na (bâb-ı âlî / Bâbıâli) intikali üzerine “hademe-i Bâb-ı Âsafî” adını alan sadâret kethüdâsı (kethüdâ-i sadr-ı âlî, kâhya bey), reîsülküttâb, çavuşbaşı, büyük ve küçük tezkireciler, teşrifatçı, kethüdâ kâtibi, mektûbî gibi doğrudan sadrazamın yardımcısı ve maiyeti durumundaki görevliler Bâbıâli’de yer aldılar. Bunların Bâbıâli’de büroları ve ikametgâhları vardı. Sadrazam adına doğrudan doğruya dâhilî işlere bakan sadâret kethüdâsı başlangıçta resmî sıfatı olmadığından protokolde yer almaz, ancak bütün işlerde sadrazamın başyardımcısı olarak çalışırdı. Kethüdânın Bâbıâli’deki dairesi Alay Köşkü karşısındaki büyük kapının üzerinde idi. Pek çok yardımcısı bulunan kethüdâ çeşitli konularla ilgilenmekle birlikte daha çok dâhilî işlerle uğraşırdı. Vilâyetlere giden yazılar ve gelen yazıların cevapları burada hazırlanır, incelenir, asılları gönderilir, sûretleri ise defterlere kaydedilirdi. Kethüdâ kitâbetinin bugün Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi’nde 1737-1839 tarihleri arasına ait on iki defteri, ayrıca 1592-1791 tarihlerine ait 2511 vesikası bulunmaktadır. Kethüdânın maiyetinde çeşitli askerî, idarî ve adlî makamların Bâbıâli nezdindeki işlerini takip etmek, aradaki haberleşmeyi sağlamak üzere çok sayıda görevli de çalışırdı.
II. Mahmud’un 23 Zilkade 1251 (11 Mart 1836) tarihli, Sadrazam Mehmed Emin Raûf Paşa’ya hitaben sâdır olan hatt-ı hümâyunu ile reîsülküttaplık Hariciye Nezâreti’ne, sadâret kethüdâlığı da Dahiliye (Umûr-ı Mülkiyye) Nezâreti’ne dönüştürüldü. 1836’da Umûr-ı Mülkiyye Nezâreti teşkil edildiğinde bu görev Pertev Mehmed Said Paşa’ya, 9 Receb 1253’te (9 Ekim 1837) adı Dahiliye Nezâreti’ne çevrildiğinde bu defa Âkif Paşa’ya verildi (Hariciye Nezâret-i Celîlesi Salnâmesi , s. 63-64; Sicill-i Osmânî , IV, 800-806; Lutfî, V, 29-30, 99). Bu iki nezâretin kurulmasından sonra Osmanlı memurları Batı’da olduğu gibi Dahiliye ve Hariciye memurları şeklinde ikiye ayrıldı. 1839’da Dahiliye Nezâreti kaldırılarak görev ve yetkileri sadârete devredilmiş ve sadâret bünyesinde kurulan Dahiliye Kalemi Kitâbeti 1869 yılına kadar bu işlerin idaresinden sorumlu olmuştur.
Belirli bir hiyerarşi içinde çalışan bu kalem 1277 (1861) tarihli bir nizamnâme ile yeniden düzenlendi. Kalem bu sırada serhalife, mümeyyiz-i evvel ve mümeyyiz-i sânî adıyla iki yardımcı ve dört kısma ayrılan kâtiplerden oluşmaktaydı. Nizamnâme ile ayrıca kalemin işleyişine de açıklık getirilmişti. Taşraya giden ve taşradan gelen bütün evrakın geldiği ve kaydedildiği yer olan Dahiliye kâtibinin başkanlığında çalışan bu kalem Rumeli, Anadolu, Arabistan ve Cezayir olmak üzere dört kısma ayrılmıştı. Vilâyetlerden gelen yazıları sadâret müsteşarı gördükten sonra Dahiliye Kalemi’ne gönderir, burada serhalife ilgili kısma havale ederek orada tarihi, numarası, konusu ve ekleri deftere kaydedildikten sonra diğer işlemlere geçilirdi. Bâbıâli’den taşraya gidecek yazılar ise kalemde kaydedildikten sonra gönderilirdi. Cevabı geciken evrakın kalem tarafından aylık ve yıllık listeleri yapılarak müsteşar vasıtasıyla gecikmenin sebebi sorulurdu.
Dahiliye Kalemi’nde giden-gelen defterlerinden başka taşraya görevli olarak gönderilen memurlarla yapılan yazışmaların kaydedildiği ve serhalife nezdinde bulunan memurîn defteri, ayrıca kaza müdürlerinden gelen yazıların kaydedildiği müteferrik defterler bulunmaktaydı (BA , Meclis-i Tanzimat Defteri , nr. 2, s. 2-3).
Keçecizâde Fuad Paşa’nın ölümüyle Sadrazam Âlî Paşa’nın Hariciye nâzırlığını da kendi uhdesine alması üzerine, sadrazamlığa ilâveten hâricî ve dâhilî işlerin hepsinin bir kişide toplanmasının ağırlığı düşünülerek 1869’da Dahiliye Nezâreti müstakil olarak yeniden kuruldu. Nâzırlık, hazîne-i hâssa nâzırlığı da uhdesinde kalmak üzere Şirvânîzade Mehmed Rüşdü Paşa’ya verildi. Sadrazam Âlî Paşa’nın bu konuya dair saraya gönderdiği 8 Zilhicce 1285 (22 Mart 1869) tarihli arzında Dahiliye Nezâreti’nin ve buna ait yazı ve icraatın sadâretten ayrılması, Dahiliye müsteşarlığına 15.000 kuruş maaşla Kenan Beyefendi’nin, Dahiliye mektupçuluğuna 8000 kuruş maaşla Sâdık Efendi’nin tayin edilmesi, Dahiliye kitâbetinin ise eski Dahiliye kâtibi Sâib Bey’in üzerinde kalması padişahın onayına sunuluyordu. Dâhilî meselelerde Rüşdü Paşa’nın kendi başına hareket edip sarayla doğrudan irtibat kurması, sadrazama iş öğretircesine evrakın arkasına mütalaa yazarak göndermesi, usul ve muâmelât konusunda çok titiz olan Âlî Paşa’da Rüşdü Paşa’nın Dahiliye Nezâreti’ne intibak edemediği kanaatini uyandırdığından kısa süre sonra başka nezârete nakledildi (İbnülemin, I, 439-440).
Tarihi tam belli olmamakla birlikte Dahiliye Nezâreti’nin sadâretten ayrılarak müstakil hale geldiği 1869 dönemine ait olduğu anlaşılan bir kararnâmede, bu nezâretin bütün dâhilî meselelerin idare ve icra mercii olduğu belirtilerek başlıca şu hususlara yer verilmektedir: Şûrâ-yı Devlet ve Dîvân-ı Ahkâm-ı Adliyye’den sadârete takdim edilen mazbata ve müzekkirelerin muâmelâtı Dahiliye Nezâreti vasıtasıyla yapılır. İstanbul ile bütün diğer vilâyetlerin zâbıta işleri konusunda zabtiye müdüriyeti Dahiliye Nezâreti’ne müracaat eder. Şehremaneti (belediye) Dahiliye Nezâreti’ne bağlı olduğundan kendi görevleri arasında yer alan her hususta bu nezâretle irtibat halinde çalışır. Mısır, Tunus, Sırbistan ve Memleketeyn’den oluşan eyâlât-ı mümtâze dışındaki bütün vilâyetlerin valileri ve diğer mülkiye memurları dâhilî konularda nezâretle haberleşirler. Mutasarrıf ve kaymakamların, vilâyet mektupçuları ile yardımcılarının ve diğer mülkiye memurlarının seçimi valiler tarafından teklif edilip mülkiye memurlarının görevlerinin tasdiki Dahiliye Nezâreti’nce yapılacaktır. Nezâret devletin ve milletin refahının artmasına yardımcı olacak, elde ettiği bilgileri sadâret makamına sunacaktır. Emniyet sandıklarının idaresi ve yenilerinin açılması, sanayiin geliştirilmesi, ıslahhâneler, gümrükle ilgili hususların idare ve müracaat yeri Dahiliye Nezâreti’dir. Türkçe, Ermenice, Rumca matbuatın usulüne uygun şekilde çıkarılması, bu husustaki esaslara uyulması konularında da Dahiliye Nezâreti yetkilidir. Dahiliye Nezâreti, sadâret makamının yanında diğer dairelerle de içişleri konularında irtibat halinde olacak, bütün dahiliye memurlarının ve kalemlerinin âhenkli çalışmasını temin edecektir (Nizamnâme , İÜ Ktp., nr. 83.307).
Daha sonra belirli aralıklarla kesintiye uğrayan bu nezâret, 1877 tarihinden itibaren kesin olarak teşkil edilip birçok müdürlük ve komisyonları da bünyesine alarak devamlı gelişme gösterdi. Özellikle II. Abdülhamid döneminde hükümdarın merkeziyetçi anlayışı çerçevesinde gelişmesini sürdürdü. Önceleri memuriyet seviyesinde bulunan birçok büro, daha etkili çalışmalarını sağlamak için müdüriyete çevrildi. Memurlar özenle seçildi ve ayrıca yeni kadrolar sağlandı. II. Abdülhamid’in saltanatının başlarında bu nezârete bağlanan muhacirler, matbuat ve memurlarla ilgili üç büro nezâretin işlerini oldukça yoğunlaştırdı. Bunlardan İdâre-i Muhâcirîn Komisyonu, 1876 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı sonrasında kitleler halinde İstanbul’a akın edenlerin meseleleriyle ilgilenmek ve yerleşmelerini sağlamak üzere kurulmuştu.
II. Abdülhamid dönemi için matbuat idaresi ve kontrolü son derece önemliydi. Salnâmelerdeki bilgilerden, 1877’ye kadar Hariciye Nezâreti’ne bağlı olduğu görülen matbuat idaresinin bu tarihte Dahiliye Nezâreti’ne bağlandığı, böylece idaresinin daha merkezî bir hüviyet kazandığı anlaşılmaktadır.
Bu devirde nezârete bağlı olarak çalışan üçüncü önemli büro ise memurların seçimi, göreve alınması ve sicillerinin tutulması ile ilgili olarak kurulan İntihâb-ı Me’mûrîn ve Sicill-i Ahvâl Komisyonu’dur. Bu dönemde memurların seçimi, göreve alındıktan sonraki memuriyet değişiklikleri düzenli olarak takip edilmiştir. İlk defa 1879 yılında Dahiliye Nezâreti bünyesinde Sicill-i Ahvâl Komisyonu kurulmuş, mülkî ve adlî bütün memurların sicilleri, memuriyet değişiklikleri defterlere işlenmiştir. 1896’da adı Me’mûrîn-i Mülkiyye Komisyonu olarak değiştirilen ve müstakil hale getirilen büro, 1908’de II. Meşrutiyet’ten sonra yeniden Sicill-i Ahvâl İdaresi adıyla Dahiliye Nezâreti bünyesinde yer almıştır. Sicill-i Ahvâl Komisyonu 92.000 memuriyet kaydını oldukça düzenli bir şekilde 200 defter halinde toplamıştır.
II. Abdülhamid döneminde Dahiliye Nezâreti, Maliye ve Hariciye kalemlerinde yetişen, daha sonra sırasıyla Mâbeyin kâtipliği, sadâret mektupçuluğu ve müsteşarlığı, Şûrâ-yı Devlet üyeliği yapan, ardından Konya, Sivas ve Ankara valiliklerinde bulunan ve 1893’te vezâret pâyesi verilerek 1895 yılında Dahiliye nâzırı olan Memduh Paşa’nın on üç yıl süren görevi sırasında istikrarlı bir kurum niteliği kazandı.
Ancak yönetimdeki bu istikrara karşılık Tanzimat döneminden itibaren nezâretlerin, meclislerin, dairelerin sık sık değiştirilmesi ve kaldırılıp yeniden kurulması uygulaması büyük ölçüde Dahiliye Nezâreti’nde de görüldü. Nitekim salnâmelerde Dahiliye Nezâreti bünyesinde normal olarak on on iki civarında kalem olduğu halde 1294-1328 (1877-1910) yılları arasında salnâmelerde Dahiliye Nezâreti’nde kurulup kaldırılan veya isim değişikliği yapılan kalem sayısının 100’den fazla olduğu görülmektedir.
Nezâretin çalışmalarının yoğunluğu ve kapsamı hakkında, II. Abdülhamid’in saltanatının sonuna, Cemâziyelâhir 1326-Şevval 1327 (Temmuz 1908-Ekim 1909) dönemine ait nezâretin uğraştığı meselelere dair şu örnekler zikredilebilir: Hafiyeliğin kaldırılması, sancak, kaza, köy statülerinde yapılan değişiklikler, birinden diğerine geçiş (idarî birimlerde yapılan bu tür değişikliklerin Dahiliye Nezâreti’ni çok meşgul ettiği görülmektedir, bunlar münferit olarak veya bazan uzun listeler halinde verilmektedir), mülkiye memurları ile ilgili çok çeşitli meseleler, vilâyet ve sancaklarda muhtaç, mağdur kimseler hakkında alınacak tedbirler, serseri ve zanlı kimselerle ilgili konular, halkın iâşe ve ibâtesi, vilâyetlerde ve merkezde zorunlu yeni kadroların ihdası, örfî idarenin ilânı ve uzatılması, matbuat kanunu, matbaalar kanunu, her yıl 10 Temmuz tarihinin bayram olması, polis meseleleri, vilâyet kapı kethüdâları meselesi, İstanbul hamalları hakkında tâlimat, müfettişliklerle ilgili kararlar, köle, câriye, esir ticaretinin yasaklanması hakkında irade vb. (Düstûr , İkinci tertip, I, tür.yer.).
Çok geniş Osmanlı ülkesi özellikle XIX ve XX. yüzyılda misyonerlerin, bâtıl mezhep ve inanç mensuplarının faaliyet gösterdiği yer olmuş, bunların denetlenmesi yine Dahiliye Nezâreti’ni en çok meşgul eden konuların başında gelmiştir. Meselâ Amerika’da ortaya çıkan Mormon mezhebini Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nden Albert Herman’ın Halep’te yayma faaliyetleri tesbit edilmiş ve Dahiliye Nezâreti’ne durum bildirilmiş, bunun üzerine 18 Muharrem 1321’de (16 Nisan 1903) çıkan bir irade ile bu mezhebin Osmanlı ülkesinde yayılması faaliyetleri yasaklanmıştır.
Dahiliye Nezâreti’nin görev ve yetkileri İttihat ve Terakkî döneminde yeniden belirlendi. 22 Muharrem 1332 (21 Aralık 1913) tarihli Dahiliye Nezâreti teşkilâtı hakkında çıkarılan on yedi maddelik nizamnâmede nezâretin kalemleri müsteşarlık ve hususi kalemden başka on bir müdüriyetten oluşmaktaydı. Burada müsteşarın nâzıra yardımcı olup ona karşı sorumlu tutulması gerektiği ve hukuk müşavirinin normal görevine ilâveten müsteşar muavinliği yapacağı belirtilmekteydi. Hususi kalemi ise nâzırın dâhilî ve hâricî işlerini, özel ve mahrem yazışmalarını idare edecek, Haremeyn tercümanlığı bu kaleme bağlı olacak, nezâretin tercüme işlerini de bu kalem yürütecekti.
Diğer on bir müdüriyetin başlıca görevleri de nizamnâmede şu şekilde belirlenmişti: Muhasebe Müdüriyeti Dahiliye Nezâreti’nin, sadrazamlığın ve Şûrâ-yı Devlet’in bütçeleriyle ilgili işleri idare edecek; Emniyyet-i Umûmiyye Müdüriyeti ülkenin asayişine ait işlemlerle uğraşacak; polis teşkilâtı polis mekteplerinin idaresini sağlayacaktı. Bu sonuncu müdürlüğün ayrıca bir nizamnâmesi olduğu da belirtilmekteydi. Diğer müdürlüklerden İdâre-i Umûmiyye-i Dâhiliyye Müdüriyeti, kanunlar ve nizamlarla Dahiliye Nezâreti’nin diğer nezâret ve vilâyetlerle resmî yazışma ve haberleşmesini temin edecek; Umûr-ı Mülkiyye-i Vilâyât Müdüriyeti, vilâyet bütçelerini inceleyip bütçeden ayrılan para ile yapılacak işleri, vilâyet kanununda yazılı bütün mahallî hizmetleri ve belediyeye ait işleri kontrol edecek; Umûr-ı Aşâir ve Muhâcirîn Müdüriyeti, aşiretlerin genel ve özel durumlarını ve ihtiyaçlarını inceleyerek yerleşmelerini sağlayacak, dışarıdan gelecek göçmenlerin sevk, iâşe ve iskân muameleleriyle uğraşacak, ülke içinden dışarıya göç etmek isteyenlere karşı tedbirler alacak, bu konudaki yazışmaları idare edecek; hukuk müşavirliği nezârete ait kanunlar, nizamlar, tâlimatlar, lâyihalar ve emirleri toplayıp tanzim edecek, bu konudaki mütalaaları hazırlayıp cevap verecek ve her türlü davayı açıp takip edecek; Memurîn Müdüriyeti, mülkî dahiliye memurlarının her türlü kayıtlarının tanzimini, hal tercümesi dosyalarının hazırlanmasını gerçekleştirip karıştıkları olayları takip edecek, memurlar hakkındaki işlem ve haberleşmeyi sağlayacak; Sicill-i Ahvâl Müdüriyeti bütün devlet memurlarının hal tercümelerinin tesbiti, karıştıkları olayların takibi, devlet salnâmesinin tertip ve tanzimiyle ilgilenecek; Nüfus Müdüriyeti devletin nüfus muamelelerini, nezâretin bu konudaki yazışmalarını yapacak, nüfus sayımını ve istatistikleri düzenleyecek; Hapishaneler Müdüriyeti buraların korunmasını, idaresini, inşaat ve tamiratını gerçekleştirip hesaplarını tutacak; Evrak Müdüriyeti, gelen giden evrakı alıp gönderme ve kayıt işlerini yerine getirecekti.
Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi’nde mevcut belge tasnifleri arasında Dahiliye Nezâreti’ne ait evrak önemli bir yekün tutmaktadır. Nitekim nezâretin hukuk kalemine ait 19.557, hukuk müşavirliğine ait 6304, siyasî kısma ait 66.031, şifre kalemine ait 20.640, İdâre-i Umûmiyye kısmına ait 79.685, Kalem-i Mahsûs Müdüriyeti’ne ait 28.000 olmak üzere toplam 220.217 vesikanın bugün için düzenli katalogları hazırlanarak istifadeye sunulmuştur.
Osmanlı devlet salnâmelerinde genellikle Bâbıâli heyeti içerisinde olmak üzere, bazan da müstakil olarak Dahiliye Nezâreti teşkilâtı verilmiştir. Burada kalemlerin tek tek isimleri, kalemlere mensup çeşitli rütbe ve memuriyetteki görevlilerin adları, sahip oldukları madalya ve nişanları düzenli bir şekilde gösterilmiştir. Dahiliye Nezâreti Osmanlı Devleti’ni yıkılışına kadar devam etmiş, Cumhuriyet döneminde ise ismi önce Dahiliye Vekâleti daha sonra da İçişleri Bakanlığı olmuştur.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
BA, HH , nr. 35.253.
BA , Meclis-i Tanzimat Defteri , nr. 2, s. 2-4.
Nizamnâme , İÜ Ktp., nr. 83.307.
Düstûr , Birinci tertip, İstanbul 1300, VII, 1015; İkinci tertip, İstanbul 1329, I, bk. İndeks; VI (1334), s. 130-133.
Hariciye Nezâret-i Celîlesi Salnâmesi , İstanbul 1306, s. 54, 6364.
Devlet-i Aliyye-i Osmâniyye Salnâmes i, İstanbul 1314, s. 192-199.
Sicill-i Osmânî , IV, 800-806.
Lutfî, Târih , V, 29-30, 99; IX, 175.
Dahiliye Nezâreti 1331 Senesi Şubat Ayına Mahsus Tebligat-ı Umûmiyye Mecmuası , İstanbul 1331.
Dahiliye Nezâreti Memurîn Nizamnâmesi , İstanbul 1331.
İbnülemin, Son Sadrıazamlar , I, 439-440.
Uzunçarşılı, Merkez-Bahriye , s. 257-259.
C. Findley, Bureaucratic Reform in the Ottoman Empire , Princeton 1980, tür.yer.
S. Show – E. K. Show, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ve Modern Türkiye (trc. Mehmet Harmancı), İstanbul 1983, II, 105-106.
Ahmed Ziya, Tanzimattan Cumhuriyete Yasalarımız Dizini: 1839-1923 (s.nşr. Nuri Onat), Ankara 1990, bk. İndeks.
Ali Akyıldız, Osmanlı Merkez Bürokrasisinde Reform: 1836-1856 (doktora tezi, 1992), MÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, s. 11-14.
Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi Rehberi (nşr. Başbakanlık Devlet Arşivleri Genel Müdürlüğü), Ankara 1992, s. 181, 314, 374-379.
Cerîde-i İlmiyye , IV, İstanbul 1336-37, s. 1185-1187, 1188-1189; V (1937-38), s. 1813-1816.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1993 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 8. cildinde, 414-416 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.