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DAMÂN Skip to content Ödeme sorumluluğunu ifade eden bir fıkıh terimi.
Sözlükte “bir şeyi üstlenme, taahhüt ve garanti etme” anlamına gelen damân kelimesi İslâm hukukunda dar anlamda kefalet akdini, geniş anlamda ise kişinin ödeme sorumluluğunu, hatta genel malî yükümlülüklerini ifade eder.
Kur’an’da akidlerin ve sözlerin yerine getirilmesi (el-Bakara 2/177; el-Mâide 5/1; en-Nahl 16/91), başkalarının malına zarar verilmemesi (el-Bakara 2/188; eş-Şuarâ 26/183), yapılan haksızlıkların ve tecavüzlerin denk bir ceza ile karşılanması (el-Bakara 2/194; en-Nahl 16/126; eş-Şûrâ 42/40) üzerinde önemle durulur. Kişilerin hak, yetki, kazanç ve davranış bilinçlerine denk bir sorumluluk içinde olmaları, haksızlığa uğrayanın korunması, verilen zararın izâlesi, işlenen suçun karşılıksız bırakılmaması İslâm’ın adalet anlayışının tabii sonucudur. Hz. Peygamber de borç ve yükümlülüklerin ifası, hakların korunması, şahıs ve mallara verilen zararın misliyle veya değeriyle karşılanması üzerinde titizlikle durmuş olup hadislerde bu konuda zengin uygulama örnekleri vardır (bk. İbn Mâce, “Aḥkâm”, 14; Ebû Dâvûd, “Büyûʿ”, 90-92; Şevkânî, V, 355-366). Yine Hz. Peygamber’in koyduğu, “Zarar verme ve zarara zararla karşılık verme yoktur” (İbn Mâce, “Aḥkâm”, 17); “Kazanç sorumluluğa göredir” (İbn Mâce, “Ticârât”, 43); “Kişi aldığını geri verinceye kadar ondan sorumludur” (Ebû Dâvûd, “Büyûʿ”, 90) gibi ilkeler de damân anlayışının ve medenî sorumluluk hukukunun gelişmesinde sağlam bir zemin oluşturmuştur.
İslâm hukukunun tedvini sürecinde damân, sözlük anlamıyla da bağlantılı olarak “şahsî ve malî kefalet, borcun nakli, bir borç ve ifayı üstlenme, bedene veya mala verilen zararın karşılanması, zilyedlik veya akidden doğan malî sorumluluk” gibi anlamlarda kullanılmıştır. Hanefîler hariç fakihlerin çoğunluğu damânı, fıkhın müstakil bir bölümünü teşkil eden kefalet akdiyle eş anlamlı olarak kullanır. Bununla birlikte bu terimin, hukuk doktrininde giderek “kişinin malî sorumluluğu” şeklinde geniş bir anlam kazandığı görülür. Bundan dolayı damân, modern hukukta daha çok “hukuka aykırı bir eylem ve işlemin yol açtığı zarar ve ziyanın ödenmesi” anlamında kullanılan tazmin kavramından daha kapsamlıdır. Ancak hukukun diğer nazarî ve genel konuları gibi damân da klasik fıkıh kitaplarında ayrı bir başlık altında işlenmeyip ibadet de dahil fıkhın hemen hemen her bölümünde, konuyla ilgisi ölçüsünde ve meseleler arasına serpiştirilmiş olarak yer alır. Damânın hukukçulara ve hukuk ekollerine göre farklı tanımlarının olması, meselâ birçok kaynakta kefalet (bk. Şîrâzî, I, 339; İbn Kudâme, IV, 399), telef veya gasp sebebiyle verilen maddî zararın tazmini (Mecelle , md. 416) şeklinde sınırlı bir muhteva ile tanımlanması da bu yüzdendir. Bununla birlikte damân, bu farklılıkları da içine alacak şekilde “kişinin zimmetinin ödenmesi gereken bir borçla yüklü olması” diye tanımlanabilir. Bu sebepledir ki hakların Allah hakkı – kul hakkı şeklinde ikili ayırımında damân, kul hakkı ihlâllerinde en başta gelen müeyyide nevi olarak görülür. Sorumluluğun cezaî-medenî şeklindeki yaygın ikili ayırımı açısından ise damân medenî sorumluluğun önemli bir bölümünü teşkil eder.
Damân sebepleri, diğer bir ifadeyle kişinin malî ödeme yükümlülüğünün kaynakları konusunda İslâm hukukçularının birçok farklı tasnif ve adlandırmasına rastlanır. Meselâ İbn Rüşd ve Gazzâlî damânı bilfiil ve doğrudan zarar verme (mübâşeret), zarara yol açma (tesebbüb) ve zilyedlik (vad‘u’l-yed) şeklinde üç sebebe bağlar. Şehâbeddin el-Karâfî de buna yakın bir tasnif yapar. Kâsânî sadece gasp ve itlâf üzerinde dururken İzzeddin İbn Abdüsselâm yed, mübâşeret, tesebbüb ve şart; Süyûtî ise akid, yed, itlâf ve haylûle şeklinde dört sebep sayar (aş.bk.). İbn Receb başlangıçta akid, yed ve itlâfı damânın üç temel sebebi olarak göstermekle birlikte buna sonradan başka sebepleri de ilâve eder. Bu farklı tasniflerin en başta gelen sebebi, damânın hukukçulara ve hukuk ekollerine göre farklı anlam ve kapsamlarının olmasıdır. “Kişinin malî ödeme sorumluluğu” şeklindeki en geniş anlamıyla alındığında damân sebepleri şâriin yükümlü tutması (ilzâm), kişinin kendi üstlenmesi (iltizam), zilyedlik ve zararlı fiil olarak dört ana başlık altında toplanabilir. Bu tasnif, damân sebeplerini akid, yed ve itlâf şeklinde üçlü ayırıma tâbi tutan klasik anlayışa göre daha kapsamlı görünmektedir.
a) Şâriin (nassın) özel hükmünün yüklediği malî yükümlülüklerin arasında kefâretler, ihramlının avlanması, Harem bölgesinde avlanma veya haccın ifası sırasında yapılan ihlâller için öngörülen malî cezalar, nafaka, diyet ve erş yükümlülükleri sayılabilir. Diyet ve erş, uğranılan zararın tazminini de çok defa içermek ve zararlı fiilden doğan damân grubunda ele alınmakla birlikte cezaî müeyyide özelliği de gösterir. Zararı tazmin amacı hükûmet-i adl de daha açıktır. Zekât, fitre, infak, cizye, haraç gibi sosyal amaçlı malî mükellefiyetlerin damânın kapsamına girip girmeyeceği ise tartışmalıdır (bk. Ali el-Hafîf, I, 9-15; Muhammed Fevzî Feyzullah, s. 23).
b) Damânın ikinci sebebi olan iltizam, hem nezir ve bazı malî taahhüt nevileri gibi tek taraflı irade ile kurulan işlemleri, hem de iki taraflı irade ile kurulan akdi ifade eder. Akidler damân açısından üçlü tasnife tâbi tutulur: Damân akidleri, emanet akidleri, çift vasıflı akidler. Sırf damânı amaçlayıp konu alması bakımından kefalet akdi bu tasnifin dışında kalıp dördüncü grubu teşkil eder. Damân akidleri esasında damân amaçlı olmayıp kazanç ve mülkiyeti gaye edinir. Ancak bu nevi akidlerde akid konusunu elinde bulunduran taraf, herhangi bir telef veya zararın vukuu halinde kastı ve kusuru bulunmasa da zararı tazmin etme veya zarara katlanma sorumluluğunu taşır. Satım, mal karşılığı sulh, karz, nikâh gibi akidler bu gruptandır. Meselâ satılan malın kabz öncesi satıcının, kabz sonrası ise alıcının damânında olması, mal satıcının elinde telef olmuşsa satıcının onu tazminle, alıcının elinde telef olmuşsa alıcının buna katlanmakla yükümlü olması anlamındadır. Satıcının veya üçüncü şahsın, satılan malda satış sonrası hukukî bir eksikliğin ortaya çıkması halinde ödenen bedelle ilgili olarak alıcıya verdiği garanti de (damânü’d-derek) bir nevi kefalet olarak geçerlidir. İslâm hukukçuları, akid sebebiyle söz konusu olan bu damân nevi ile (damânü’l-akd), kısmî farklılıkla birlikte modern hukuktaki akdî mesuliyeti, özellikle de telef olan malla ilgili ödeme veya zarara katlanma sorumluluğunu kastederler. Akdin sahih veya fâsid olması, kefalet akdi hariç damânı etkilemez (Ali el-Hafîf, I, 20-21). Vekâlet, vedîa, ortaklık, velâyet, vesâyet, Hanefî ve Mâlikîler’e göre âriyet gibi tabiatı icabı güven, koruma ve emanet esasına dayalı ilişkilerde (ukūdü’l-emânât) elde bulundurulan mal emanet hükmünde olup ancak kusur ve kasıtlı davranış sonucu telef olduğunda ödenir. Kira, rehin, iş akdi ise çift vasıflı akidlerdir. Meselâ kira akdinde kiralanan malın çıplak mülkiyeti (rakabe) akid süresince kiracının elinde emanet hükmünde, menfaati ise damânındadır. Kiralananı kullansın veya kullanmasın kira bedelini öder. Akidlerdeki damân ve emanet vasfı, bu akidlerin tabiatının gereği görüldüğünden İslâm hukukçularının genel temayülü, bu vasfın tarafların aksine anlaşmasıyla bile değişmeyeceği yönündedir (Zerkā, el-Fıḳhü’l-İslâmî , I, 485).
c) Zilyedlikten kaynaklanan damân (damânü’l-yed), malı elinde bulunduran kimsenin hukuken emin veya dâmin sayılması ile bağlantılıdır. Burada söz konusu edilen “emin” sıfatı, mala gelecek zarardan kasıt ve kusur (teaddî ve taksir) durumu hariç, kural olarak sorumlu olmamayı, “dâmin” sıfatı ise kural olarak sorumlu olmayı ifade eder. Ancak bu sıfatlar şahıslardan ziyade ele (yed) izâfe edilir. Burada “el” ile de malın fiilen el altında bulundurulması (zilyedlik) durumu kastedilir. Zilyedliğin yed-i damân, yed-i emânet şeklindeki klasik ikili ayırımı, akidlerin damân-emanet akidleri şeklindeki ikili ayırımının değişik açıdan ifadesidir. Hukukî yetkiye dayanan ve ayrıca hukuken emin sayılan zilyedlikler, zilyede isnadı mümkün bir haksız fiil bulunmadıkça damân sebebi olmazlar. Vedîa, mudârebe, müsâkāt, iş ve kira akdi gereği elde bulundurulan malın, veli ve vasînin elinde bulunan küçüğe veya yetime ait malın, iyi niyetli kimsenin elindeki buluntu malın durumu böyledir. Zilyedin iyi niyetini kaybetmesi, doğrudan haksız bir fiilde bulunması veya muhafazada kusurlu davranması, akdin tabiatından, örf ve teamülden, akdî şartlardan doğan kayıt ve sorumlulukları ihlâl etmesi halinde artık zilyedliğinin hukukî vasfı emanetten damâna dönüşür. Meselâ emanet bırakılan kimsenin emanet malı başkasına vermesi, emanet malı kullanması, malı âriyet alanın veya kiracının bu malı mal sahibinin şartına aykırı tarzda kullanması böyledir. Hırsızlık ve gaspta olduğu gibi haksız zilyedliklerin ise damân vasfı taşıdığı açıktır. Ayrıca hukukî yetkiye ve mal sahibinin iznine dayandığı halde bazı zilyedlikler de yine belli gayelerle bu grupta sayılmıştır. Meselâ sattığı malı teslim etmeyip elinde tutan satıcının, Şâfiî ve Hanbelîler’e göre âriyet olarak aldığı malı kullanan kimsenin, ellerindeki müşteri malları itibariyle esnaf ve sanatkârın zilyedlikleri böyledir. Bu grup zilyedler, mal ellerinin altında iken telef olduğunda kendilerine isnadı mümkün bir haksız fiilleri bulunmasa da kural olarak ödeme sorumluluğunu taşırlar.
d) Damânın en yaygın ve bilinen kaynağı zararlı fiildir. Zararlı fiilden doğan ödeme sorumluluğu “damânü’l-itlâf” diye de anılır. Daha dar kapsamlı olan ve zararı sadece itlâf şeklinde maddî bir çerçevede ele alan bu son adlandırma, İslâm hukukunun gelişme süreciyle, malî sorumluluk hukukunda ilk dönemlerde sadece maddî zarar ve itlâfın söz konusu edilmesiyle açıklanabilir. Bundan dolayı, “zararlı fiilden doğan ödeme sorumluluğu” tabiri, modern hukuktaki tazmin nevilerini karşılaması sebebiyle daha kapsamlı ve isabetli görünmektedir (bk. TAZMİN ). Damânın damânü’l-akd, damânü’l-yed ve damânü’l-itlâf şeklindeki klasik üçlü ayırımında damânü’l-akd tamamen, damânü’l-yed ise kısmen modern hukuktaki akdî sorumluluğun alanına girmekte iken damânü’l-itlâf haksız fiil sorumluluğunu, kısmen de cezaî sorumluluğu ilgilendirir. Zararlı fiilden doğan damân, şahıslara ve mallara karşı işlenen cürümlerin sonucu olduğundan, öncelikle “damânü’n-nefs” ve “damânü’l-mâl” şeklinde ikiye ayrılır. İnsan hayatına ve vücut bütünlüğüne zarar vermekten doğan damân, klasik fıkıh kitaplarında ceza hukukunun diyet, erş, hükûmet-i adl gibi alt bölüm ve başlıkları altında, mala zarar vermekten doğan damân ise gasp, itlâf, damân gibi bağımsız başlıklar altında ele alınır. Ancak her iki grupta da damân meseleci tarzda, konular ve örnekler üzerinde işlenmiştir.
Suçlar karşısında aslolan cezaî sorumluluk ve müeyyide ise de işlenen suçun kul hakkını ihlâl etmesi veya maddî bir zarara yol açması halinde medenî sorumluluk ve damân da söz konusu olur. Bu sebeple Allah hakkını ve kamu düzenini ihlâl mahiyetindeki sarhoşluk, irtidad gibi suçlarda damândan söz edilemezken hırsızlık, zina, zina iftirası gibi kul hakkı ihlâllerinin de bulunduğu suçlarda verilen zararın damânı gerekebilir. Öncelikle kul hakkı ihlâli sayılan adam öldürme ve müessir fiil suçları ise hem cezaî hem de medenî sorumluluğun konusudur. İnsan hayatına ve vücut bütünlüğüne karşı kasıtlı olarak işlenen suçlarda kural, suçluya mağdura verdiği zarara denk bir cezanın uygulanmasıdır. Ancak adam öldürme ve müessir fiil suçunun tam teşekkül etmemesi, kısasın tatbikine imkân bulunamaması gibi hallerde mağdur olan tarafa diyet, erş veya hükûmet-i adl terimleriyle ifade edilen malî bir bedel ödenir. Bu ödemeler bir yönüyle cezaî müeyyide sayılabilirse de ödemenin esasen failin kasıt ve kötü niyetinden çok mağdurun hukuken suçsuz ve dokunulmaz oluşuna dayanması göz önünde bulundurulursa uğranılan zararın tazmini olarak da nitelendirilebilir. Belli durumlarda diyet borcunun failin yakınlarına veya hazineye ödettirilmesi, cezaî sorumluluğu ve edâ ehliyeti bulunmayan kimselerin işlediği cinayetlerde de bu bedelleri ödemenin söz konusu olması bu yüzdendir.
Bir malın kısmen veya tamamen zarar görmesi halinde damândan söz edebilmek için fiil, zarar ve bu ikisi arası bağ şeklinde üç temel unsurun bulunması aranır. Bu unsurlara ilişkin şartlar ve şartların örnek olaylara uygulanması konusunda klasik kaynaklarda çok zengin doktriner görüş ve tartışmalar vardır. Özetle ifade etmek gerekirse zararın izâlesi hukukun genel ilkelerinden olup (Mecelle , md. 20) zarara haksız bir fiilin yol açması, zarar gören malın da hukuken muteber ve koruma altında olması zararın izâlesi için yeterlidir. Bu anlamda damân, kişilerin edâ ehliyetini değil vücûb ehliyetini ilgilendirir. Zarara yol açan fiilin işlenmesinde failin kasıt ve kusurunun bulunup bulunmaması cezaî sorumluluğunu etkilese de ödeme sorumluluğunu etkilemez. Çünkü doğrudan haksız fiillerde kusur sorumluluğu değil sebep sorumluluğu esastır. Meselâ çocuk veya delinin, uyuyan veya bayılan kimsenin başkasının malına zarar verecek bir fiil işlemesi halinde ya kendileri ya da velileri bunların malından bu zararı öder. Zararlı fiilin zaruret, meşrû müdafaa gibi haklı bir sebepten dolayı işlenmesi de üçüncü şahıslarla ilgili ödeme sorumluluğunu etkilemez. Nitekim Mecelle ’de bu husus, “Izdırar gayrın hakkını iptal etmez” (md. 33) kaidesiyle ifade edilmiştir. Buna karşılık bir hakkın kullanımı, görevin ifası, mal sahibinin veya yetkili merciin izni gibi hukukî bir müsaade sonucu işlenen fiilin yol açtığı zarar kural olarak damânı gerektirmez. Mecelle ’deki, “Cevâz-ı şer‘î damâna münâfî olur” (md. 21) kaidesiyle de anlatılmak istenen budur. Bundan dolayı doktorluk, ebelik, baytarlık, sünnetçilik gibi mesleklerin icrası esnasında can ve mal kaybı meydana gelmişse ilgili şahıslar ancak kasıtlı ve kusurlu olmaları halinde ödeme sorumluluğu taşırlar. Kişinin kendi hakkını sırf başkasına zarar verecek tarzda kullanması halinde meydana gelecek zarardan sorumlu olup olmayacağı ise hukukçular arasında tartışmalıdır.
İşlenen fiille zarar arasında doğrudan bir bağ bulunması ile (mübâşeret) fiilin dolaylı olarak zarara yol açması (tesebbüb) ayırımı da ödeme sorumluluğu açısından önemlidir. Öldürme, yaralama, kırma, bozma gibi doğrudan zarar doğuran fiillerin işlenmesi halinde kasıt, kusur ve bilgisinin bulunup bulunmadığına bakılmaksızın fiili işleyen zarardan sorumlu tutulur. Mecelle ’nin ifadesiyle, “Mübâşir müteammid olmasa da dâmin olur” (md. 92). Ancak doğrudan değil de dolayısıyla ve sonuç bakımından zarara yol açan bir fiil işlenmişse failin sorumluluğu için fiiliyle zarar arasında mâkul bir sebep-sonuç bağının bulunması, araya başka şahsın bir fiilinin girmemesi (Mecelle , md. 925), failin kasıtlı (Mecelle , md. 93, 923) veya kusurlu (Mecelle , md. 924) olması gibi ilâve şartlar aranır. Zarara sebebiyet vermenin damânı gerektireceği nazariyede ilke olarak benimsenmekle birlikte (Karâfî, II, 207) fakihler, hangi olay ve bağın etkin sebep sayılacağında ve tesebbübün oluşum şartlarında farklı düşündüklerinden yolda, bahçede kuyu kazma, kapıyı açık bırakma, bir belgeyi yok etme gibi fiillerin yol açtığı zararları tazminde farklı görüşlere sahip olmuşlardır.
Bir zararın vukuunda hem buna sebebiyet veren (mütesebbib), hem de doğrudan zararlı fiili işleyen (mübâşir) birlikte bulunsa damân mübâşire ait olur (Mecelle , md. 90). Ancak damânda aslolan, zararın gerçek sorumluya ödettirilmesi olduğundan zararın vukuunda mütesebbibin daha etkin olması durumunda damânın ona yüklenmesi, belli durumlarda da birlikte sorumlu olmaları mümkündür. Zarara yol açan fiilin aynı grupta birden fazla olması halinde, mübâşerette zararı birlikte ve payları oranında tazmin etmeleri, tesebbübde ise en uygun ve zararın vukuuna en yakın fiili işleyenin sorumlu tutulması görüşü hâkimdir.
Bir zarar ve tehlikeyi önlemede pasif davranma halinde, yani zararın terk ve ihmal (selbî fiil) sonucu meydana gelmiş olması durumunda da yine belli ölçüde tesebbübden söz edilebilir. Ancak İslâm hukukçularının çoğunluğu, bu selbî davranışla zarar arasında kuvvetli bir bağın bulunduğu ve ilgili şahsın bu zararı önlemekle görevli sayılabildiği durumlarda damândan söz ederler.
Bazı İslâm hukukçularının ve müelliflerin ayrı bir damân sebebi olarak gösterdiği (bk. İbn Receb, s. 223-233; Süyûtî, s. 578-579; Ali el-Hafîf, I, 195, 201; Süleyman Muhammed Ahmed, s. 44, 72-91) aldatmanın (gurûr) ve hak sahibiyle mal ve menfaatin arasına girerek hak sahibinin tasarruf ve yararına engel olmanın (haylûle), tesebbüben zarar verme kapsamında değerlendirilmesi daha isabetli görünmektedir. Hayvanların kendiliğinden verdiği zararlar için damân gerekmeyeceği genel ilke ise de (Mecelle , md. 94) hayvanların yol açtığı zararlarda sahiplerinin tutum ve davranışları tesebbüb yoluyla zarar verme çerçevesinde ele alınıp doğrudan haksız bir fiilinin veya kusurunun bulunması halinde sorumlu tutulmaları benimsenmiştir (Mecelle , md. 929-940). Eşya, makine, araç ve teçhizatı kullanmanın yol açtığı zararlarda, bunların bakım ve kullanım sorumluluğu kime aitse damânın da ona ait olması görüşü hâkimdir.
Zararlı fiilden doğan damânda zararın maddî ve fiilî olarak vuku bulmuş olması da aranır. Mânevî zararın tazmini klasik kaynaklarda pek işlenmemiş bir konu olmakla birlikte sorumluluk hukukunun prensiplerine ve genel amaçlarına uygunluk gösterir. Zarara uğrayan malın hukuken muteber ve dokunulmaz olması da damânın şartlarındandır. Bu sebeple mülkiyet altında olmayan mubah malları, müslümanlar açısından mütekavvim (hukuken muteber) sayılmayan domuz ve şarabı, haram işlerde kullanılan alet ve malzeme veya harbînin malı gibi hukukun koruması altında olmayan malları, İslâm hukukçularının çoğunluğu damân konusu (madmûn) saymazlar. Öte yandan Hanefîler’e göre menfaatler mal statüsünde olmayıp ancak akidle hukukî değer kazandığından menfaatlerin akid dışı kullanımı, gasp ve itlâfı halinde damân gerekmez. Bununla birlikte Hanefîler, bu yaklaşımın doğuracağı sakıncaları kurala bazı istisnalar getirerek önlemeye çalışmışlardır.
Zararlı fiilden doğan ödeme sorumluluğu kural olarak o fiili işleyene aittir ve bu konuda şahsî sorumluluk esastır. Ancak zararlı fiil ciddi tehdit ve zor (ikrâh-ı mülcî) altında işlenmişse Hanefî ve Şâfiîler’e göre damân zorlayana aittir (Mecelle , md. 1007). Diğer hukuk ekolleri ise hem zorlayanı hem de zorlananı belli oranda damâna iştirak ettirirler. Zararlı fiilin başkasının emir ve tâlimatıyla yapılması, kural olarak faili sorumluluktan kurtarmaz (Mecelle , md. 89, 95). Ancak zararlı fiilin devlet başkanının emir ve tâlimatı veya çocuk tarafından babasının emriyle işlenmesi durumları bir yönüyle ikrah olarak değerlendirildiğinden damânın faile değil de emri verene ait olacağı görüşü ağırlık kazanmıştır. İşçi ve memurların görev ve iş esnasında yol açtıkları zararlarda aslolan şahsen sorumlu olmaları ise de bunların iş veren adına ve onun doğrudan veya dolaylı izni dahilinde hareket ettiği durumlarda iş verenin sorumlu tutulması mümkün görülmüştür. Kadıların yargılama sırasında, kasıt ve kusurları bulunmaksızın yol açtıkları zararların hazine tarafından tazmin edilmesi uygulaması da bu anlayışın sonucudur.
Meydana gelen malî zararın mâkul bir şekilde izâlesi esastır. Bu da mislî mallarda zayi edilen malın mislinin, kıyemî mallarda ise kıymetinin ödenmesiyle gerçekleşir (Mecelle , md. 416). Bütünüyle tazmin edilen malın mülkiyeti tazmin edene ait olur. Bunun için de özellikle Hanefîler, bir konuda aynı sebepten dolayı hem damân hem de ücretin aynı şahsa yüklenmemesine özen gösterirler (Mecelle , md. 86). Bir malın ciddi oranda zarar görmesi halinde Hanefî ve Şâfiîler mal sahibine seçim hakkı verirler; isterse bu hasarlı malı damândan sorumlu şahsa verip yerine sağlamını alır, isterse sağlamı ile aradaki değer farkını ödetir. Diğer hukuk ekolleri ise sadece zararı, yani malda meydana gelen değer kaybını ödetirler. Bazı istisnaî durumlarda farklı veya ağır tazmin usullerinin olması, bunlarda biraz da cezaî müeyyide amacı bulunduğundandır.
Damândan doğan alacak hakkı kazâen (hukuken) on beş yıl gibi belli bir zaman aşımı süresine tâbi tutulabilirse de (Mecelle , md. 1660) borç dinen devam ettiğinden ve zaman aşımı hakkın aslını düşürmediğinden (Mecelle , md. 1674) borçlunun ikrarı, borcunu rızâen ödemesi gibi işlemler hukuken de geçerlidir.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1993 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 8. cildinde, 450-453 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.