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DANİMARKA Skip to content Kuzey Avrupa’da ülke.
Bölümler İçin Önizleme
Madde Planı
1/2 Müellif: DİA Bölüme Git
Kuzey deniziyle Baltık denizi arasında uzanan Jutland (Jylland) yarımadası ile çevresindeki irili ufaklı birçok adanın üzerine yayılmış olan Danimarka…
2/2 Müellif: HASAN UYSAL Bölüme Git
III. ÜLKEDE İSLÂMİYET Danimarkalılar’ın İslâm dini ve müslümanlarla tanışmaları IX. yüzyıla kadar uzanmakta ve ilk karşılaşmanın, ataları olan Vikingl…
I. FİZİKÎ ve BEŞERÎ COĞRAFYA
II. TARİH
III. ÜLKEDE İSLÂMİYET
Kuzey deniziyle Baltık denizi arasında uzanan Jutland (Jylland) yarımadası ile çevresindeki irili ufaklı birçok adanın üzerine yayılmış olan Danimarka’nın yüzölçümü, deniz aşırı Grönland ve Faeroe Islands toprakları dışında 43.093 km2 , nüfusu 5.167.000’dir (1992). Tek meclisli meşrutî monarşi ile yönetilir; başşehri 1.337.114 nüfuslu (1990) Kopenhag (København), diğer önemli şehirleri Arhus (200.188), Odense (138.986) ve Alborg’dur (113.599).
I. FİZİKÎ ve BEŞERÎ COĞRAFYA Yüksekliği hiçbir yerde 200 metreyi bulmayan alçak topraklardan oluşan Danimarka’nın ana gövdesini, güney-kuzey doğrultusunda uzanan Jutland yarımadası meydana getirir. Ülkenin en yüksek noktasını teşkil eden Yding Skovhøj zirvesi de (173 m.) burada bulunmaktadır. Toplam arazinin % 30’unu oluşturan 480 civarındaki adadan sadece 100 kadarında iskân vardır ve bunların en büyüğü Kopenhag’ın da üzerinde yer aldığı Zealand’dır (Sjealand). Ülke yüzeyinin ancak onda biri ormanlarla kaplıdır. En büyükleri 158 km. uzunluğundaki Gudena olan akarsular sayıca çok, fakat boyca kısadır. Özellikle Jutland yarımadasının kuzey taraflarında birçok göl mevcuttur.
İklim okyanus iklimi karakterinden karasal iklime geçiş özelliği gösterir. En sıcak ay (temmuz) ortalaması 17 °C, en soğuk ay (şubat) ortalaması ise 0 °C dolaylarındadır. Bir kuzey ülkesi olmasına rağmen sıcak deniz akıntılarının etkisiyle kışları fazla soğuk geçmez. Genellikle ilkbahar ve sonbahar aylarında yağmur alan ülkenin yıllık yağış miktarı 500 mm. ile 800 mm. arasında değişir. Nüfus yoğunluğu km2 /120 olan Danimarka bu yönüyle komşularından çok öndedir (İsveç km2 /21, Norveç km2 /13). Ancak nüfus ülkenin her tarafına eşit biçimde dağılmayıp daha çok Jutland yarımadasının doğusuyla adalar üzerinde toplanmıştır ve halkın üçte birinden biraz fazlası (% 35) dört büyük şehirde (Kopenhag, Arhus, Odense ve Alborg), dörtte birinden fazlası ise (% 26) bunlardan yalnız Kopenhag’da yaşamaktadır.
Etnik bakımdan ülke nüfusunun % 97,1’ini Danimarkalılar, bunların dışındaki en büyük grubu ise % 0,5’lik bir oranla Türkler oluşturur; ayrıca öbür İskandinavlar’la değişik ülkelerden gelen yabancılar da mevcuttur. Resmî dil Danca’dır. Din bakımından büyük çoğunluğu Evanjelik Lutherci hıristiyanlar meydana getirir (% 89). İstatistikler Danimarka’daki müslümanların sayısı hakkında bilgi vermemekteyse de etnik durumla ilgili olarak Türkler’in oranını % 0,5, İranlılar’ınkini % 0,2 göstermekte ve buradan da müslümanların oranının % 1’e yakın olacağı hükmüne varılabilmektedir. Buna göre müslümanların, ülkede % 0,6 oranında bulunan Katolikler’den daha kalabalık olduğu söylenebilir.
Danimarka, topraklarının büyük bir kısmının (% 63) ve ikliminin elverişliliği sebebiyle tarımda önemli gelişmeler göstermiş, bu alanda dünyanın en ileri ülkelerinden biri haline gelmiştir. Ekim alanları içinde hububata ayrılan bölüm geniş yer tutar. Tahıl çeşitleri arasında ilk sırayı, bira üretiminin çokluğundan dolayı yılda 5 milyon tona yakın rekolte ile arpa alır. Önemli ölçüde şeker pancarı ve patates gibi besin değeri yüksek tarla bitkileri de yetiştirilir.
Çayır ve otlakların ülke yüzeyinin beşte birini kaplaması Danimarka’yı hayvancılık, süt ve sütten yapılmış gıda maddeleri açısından dünyada söz sahibi bir ülke haline getirmiştir; et ve et ürünleri satışı bakımından dünyada ilk sırayı alır. Ülkede en fazla domuz (1988’de 9 milyondan fazla) ve sığır (2 milyondan fazla) beslenir. Ayrıca balık ve diğer deniz ürünleri satışı, ihracat içinde % 5 gibi küçümsenmeyecek bir orana sahiptir.
Ülke yer altı kaynakları bakımından zengin sayılmaz. Bununla birlikte dışarıdan alınan kömür, İsveç’ten getirilen elektrik enerjisi ve 1974’ten beri Kuzey denizinden çıkarılan petrol sayesinde endüstri gelişmiş ve çeşitlenmiştir. Başlıca endüstri kolları arasında petrokimya, konservecilik, biracılık, dokuma ve kâğıt imalâtı, gemi, gemi makina ve gereçleriyle tarım araçları ve porselen yapımı yer alır. Çalışan nüfusun % 60’ı sanayi sektöründe hizmet vermektedir. Mâmul madde satışı ihracatın yarıdan çoğunu oluşturur. En fazla ticaret yapılan ülkeler Almanya, İsviçre, İngiltere, Hollanda ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’dir.
II. TARİH Danimarka’nın tarihi milâttan önce III. binyıla kadar gitmekte ve yapılan kazılar daha yakın çağlarda buranın Romalılar’la ve Bizanslılar’la ilişkileri olduğunu göstermektedir. Ülkeye önceleri Britanya adaları üzerinden sırasıyla Keltler ve Angıllar’la (Angller) Saksonlar gelerek kabile temelinde örgütlendiler. VI. yüzyılda ise İsveç’ten gelen İskandinav kökenli Danlar Zealand adasında ilk Danimarka devletini kurdular. Adını efsanevî kralları Dan’dan alan ilk hânedan, VIII. yüzyılın sonlarında denizden saldıran Vikingler (Normanlar) tarafından iktidardan uzaklaştırıldı ve ülke daha güçlü bir krallık haline geldi. IX. yüzyılın başlarında İmparator Charlemagne’ın putperest kuzey kavimlerine Hıristiyanlığı kabul ettirmek için uyguladığı baskıya şiddetle karşı koyan Norman krallarından Harald Klak, 826 yılında bir ayaklanma sonucu ülkesinden kaçarak Charlemagne’ın yerine geçen oğlu Dindar Louis’ye sığınmak zorunda kaldı ve onun yanında kendi isteğiyle Hıristiyanlığı kabul etti; geri dönüp tahtı tekrar ele geçirdiğinde de bu dini halkına benimsetti. XI. yüzyılın başlarında İngiltere’yi zapteden ve veraset yoluyla Norveç’i de ele geçiren Danimarka Krallığı büyük bir imparatorluk haline geldiyse de kısa sürede dağıldı ve eski krallık da ikiye bölündü. XIV. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru İsveç, Norveç ve Danimarka Kalmar Birliği adıyla tek bir devlet halinde birleştiler (1397). İsveç’in 1523’te ayrılmasına rağmen Danimarka ile Norveç birliği muhafaza ettiler ve özellikle XV-XVI. yüzyıllarda Kuzey Avrupa’da Danimarka adıyla güçlü bir devlet olarak kaldılar. 1536’da devlet dininin Protestanlığa dönüştürülmesi üzerine Katolikler’le Luterciler arasında mezhep çatışmaları çıktı. XVII. yüzyılda bölgede nüfuz kurmak için İsveç’le sürdürdüğü savaşlarda başarısız olan Danimarka, ancak XVIII. yüzyılda siyasî ve iktisadî bakımdan büyük bir devlet niteliği kazandı; denetimini ele geçirdiği Belt ve Sund boğazlarındaki ticaret yollarından büyük imkânlar sağladı. XIX. yüzyılın başlarında Fransa ile birlikte hareket eden Danimarka Napolyon’un yenilmesi üzerine Kiel Antlaşması’nı imzalamak zorunda kaldı (1814) ve Norveç’i kaybetti. Bu yüzyılın ilk yarısında, bir yandan savaşlarda çökmüş olan ekonominin kalkındırılmasına önem verilirken bir yandan da diğer Avrupa ülkelerinde olduğu gibi liberal gelişmeye fırsat tanındı. 1834’te parlamento kuruldu ve 1848’den sonra hükümette liberaller de yer aldı. 1849 yılında mutlak monarşiye son veren ve demokratik esaslara dayanan bir anayasa ilân edildi. 1864’te anayasada yapılan bir değişiklikle çift meclisli (Landsting ile Folketing) bir sistem benimsendi, 1915’te de kadınlara seçim hakkı tanındı.
XX. yüzyılın başında sol partiler iktidara geldiler ve önemli yenilikler yaparak gelişmiş bir demokrasi kurmaya çalıştılar. I. Dünya Savaşı’nda tarafsız kalmayı başaran Danimarka, Versailles Antlaşması uyarınca yapılan halk oylamasıyla Schleswig’in kuzeyine sahip oldu. İzlanda’ya önce özerklik (1918), daha sonra bağımsızlık (1920) verilmekle birlikte Danimarka kralı bu ülkenin de hükümdarı olarak kaldı. İki dünya savaşı arasındaki dönemde ekonomi, eğitim ve sosyal alanlarda büyük bir ilerleme gösteren ülke, 1939’da Almanya ile saldırmazlık paktı imzalamış olmasına rağmen Nisan 1940’ta Alman birlikleri tarafından işgal edildi. Kasım 1941’de Anti-Komintern Pakt’a katıldı. 1943’te Naziler’e karşı örgütlü mücadele başlatıldı. 1945’te Almanlar’ın ülkeden çekilmeleri üzerine anayasal monarşi yönetimi yeniden kuruldu ve IX. Frederik kral oldu. Batı Avrupa ülkelerinin yıkılan ekonomilerini ayağa kaldırmak için devreye sokulan Marshall planı yardımını kabul eden Danimarka Nisan 1949’da NATO’ya girdi. Birleşmiş Milletler Teşkilâtı’nın ve Avrupa Konseyi’nin kurucu üyesi olan ülkede 1953 yılında yeni bir anayasa kabul edildi ve bu anayasa ile tek meclisli (Folketing) bir sisteme geçildi. Kral IX. Frederik’in ölümü (1972) üzerine II. Margareth tahta çıktı. 1972’de Avrupa Ekonomik Topluluğu’na girip girmeme konusunda yapılan oylamada halkın çoğu olumlu oy kullanınca ülke 1973’te bu teşkilâta üye oldu. 1978’de Grönland’a özerklik verildi ve bir çerçeve yasa yapıldı.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Selâmi Gözenç, Avrupa Ülkeler Coğrafyası II: Kuzey Batı ve Orta Avrupa Ülkeleri , İstanbul 1983, s. 59-65.
Le Grand Roberts des noms propres , Paris 1987, II, 816-819.
D.-M. Frémy, Quid 1991 , Paris 1991, s. 937-938.
L. D. Steefel, “Denmark”, EAm. , VIII, 679-685.
Sami Öngör, Devletler ve Ülkeler Ansiklopedisi , Ankara 1967, s. 42-43.
The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Mankind (ed. R. Carlisle), London 1978, IV, 458-461.
Gelişim Büyük Coğrafya Ansiklopedisi , İstanbul 1981, III, 801-816.
Büyük Larousse , İstanbul 1986, V, 2870.
EBr.2 , XVII, 226-232.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1993 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 8. cildinde, 461-462 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
III. ÜLKEDE İSLÂMİYET Danimarkalılar’ın İslâm dini ve müslümanlarla tanışmaları IX. yüzyıla kadar uzanmakta ve ilk karşılaşmanın, ataları olan Vikingler’in ticaret amacıyla Kuzey Afrika ülkelerine yaptıkları seyahatler sırasında gerçekleştiği sanılmaktadır. Bununla birlikte XX. yüzyıla kadar Danimarka halkının müslümanlar ve İslâm dini hakkında pek bir şey bilmediği anlaşılmaktadır. İlk defa 1920’li yıllarda Knud Holmboe adındaki bir gazetecinin Kuzey Afrika’ya yaptığı seyahat sırasında İslâmiyet’i kabul ederek hac için Mekke’ye gitmesinin ve seyahati boyunca tuttuğu notların ülkesindeki gazetelerde yayımlanmasının, halkın İslâmiyet ve o bölgelerdeki müslümanlar hakkında bilgi sahibi olmasına hizmet ettiği bilinmektedir. 1960’lı yıllarda çok sayıda müslüman işçinin çalışmak amacıyla Danimarka’ya gelmesi ise İslâmiyet’in doğrudan tanınmasında başlıca etken olmuştur.
1990 yılında 50.000 civarında bulunan Danimarka’daki müslüman nüfusun büyük çoğunluğunu, bu ülkenin vatandaşı olmayan ve buraya çeşitli müslüman ülkelerden gelen işçiler teşkil etmektedir. Ülke istatistiklerinde nüfusun dinî özelliklerine yer verilmediğinden hem Danimarkalılar’ın hem de yabancıların bu durumları hakkında objektif bilgi edinilememekte, ancak işçi ve göçmenlerin geldikleri ülkedeki en büyük din dikkate alınarak bir kanaate varılabilmektedir. Buna göre, 1990 rakamlarıyla Danimarka’da göçmen statüsünde bulunan toplam 150.644 kişiden 27.929’unun Türkiye, 8362’sinin İran, 6285’inin Pakistan, 2703’ünün Fas ve 684’ünün de Ürdün pasaportu taşımasından bu 43.260 kişinin müslüman olduğu sonucu çıkarılmaktadır. Bunların dışında diğer İslâm ülkelerinden gelenlerle Rusya, Bulgaristan, Romanya, Yugoslavya, Yunanistan ve Arnavutluk gibi ülkelerden gelen işçiler arasındaki müslümanların da en az 5-6000 civarında olduğu tahmin edilmektedir. Ayrıca evlenme ve ihtidâ yoluyla İslâmiyet’i kabul eden 2500-3000 Danimarkalı da hesaba katıldığında bu ülkedeki müslüman nüfusun 50.000’e ulaştığı söylenebilir.
Bugün Danimarka’da farklı etnik gruplara mensup olan müslümanlar arasında çeşitli amaçlarla dernek, vakıf ve merkez adı altında pek çok teşkilât kurulmuş bulunmaktadır. Genellikle çocuklara dinî ve millî kültür verilerek kimliklerinin korunması ve karşılaşılan ortak problemlerin cemaat dayanışmasıyla çözülmesi ihtiyacından doğan bu tür kuruluşların çoğu başşehir Kopenhag’da toplanmıştır. Bu arada Pakistanlılar’ın daha çok kurs ve mescidler, Araplar’ın da İslâm kültür merkezleri açtıkları görülmektedir. Etnik bakımdan en kalabalık grubu oluşturan Türkler arasında, 1984 yılında Türkiye Büyükelçiliği bünyesinde yer alan din hizmetleri müşavirliğinin çalışmaya başlamasına kadar bir düzensizlik vardı. Bu tarihten sonra teşkilâtlanma yarışına giren Türkler’in en önemli kuruluşu Danimarka Türk Diyanet Vakfı olmuştur. Ülkedeki müslüman Türkler’e hizmet vermek amacıyla kurulan vakıf, din hizmetleri müşavirliği ile iş birliği yaparak Kopenhag ve diğer şehirlerde toplam otuz altı adet Türk kültür merkeziyle birçok cami, Kur’an kursu, kütüphane ve lokal açmış, bu merkezlere Türkiye’den din görevlilerinin tayin edilmesiyle dinî hizmetlerde bir iyileşme sağlanmıştır. Ayrıca Danimarka Türk Diyanet Vakfı’na bağlı olarak faaliyet gösteren cenaze nakli yardımlaşma fonu, Türkler’in bu alandaki ihtiyaçlarına cevap vermektedir.
Aralarında Türkiye’nin de bulunduğu bazı İslâm ülkeleri Kopenhag büyükelçilerinin üyesi olduğu Islamic Cultural Center Scandinavia, çalışmalarıyla İslâm’ın temsil ve tanıtılmasında önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. İbadet yerleri açıp görevlilerini tayin etmek, kültür merkezleri kurmak, İslâmî usullerle hayvan kesimi yaptırmak ve dinî yayınlar temin etmek gibi amaçları bulunan bu merkezin en önemli faaliyeti, Kopenhag’da İslâm kültür merkezi sitesinin kuruluşuyla ilgili çalışmalardır. Halen arsası satın alınarak projelendirilmesi yapılmış olan sitenin inşaatıyla ilgili hazırlıklar sürdürülmektedir. 1992 yılında Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in Danca’ya sağlıklı biçimde tercümesi, İslâm’ın doğru olarak tanıtımı, dinî bayram günlerinin resmî tatiller arasına aldırılması, İslâmiyet’in hükümete resmî din olarak kabul ettirilmesi ve İslâmî usullerle kesim yapacak bir mezbahanın tesisi gibi meseleleri halletmek amacıyla Dansk Islamisk Rad (Danimarka İslâm Konseyi) adında başka bir teşkilât daha kurulmuş bulunmaktadır.
İslâmiyat Çalışmaları. Danimarka’da İslâm’la ilgili çalışmalar, şarkiyat konusunda olduğu gibi diğer Avrupa ülkelerine nisbetle hem geç başlamış hem de zayıf kalmıştır. İlk defa F. Kall (ö. 1775) Kopenhag Üniversitesi’nde İslâmiyet üzerine ders verirken Kral V. Frederik’in İslâm dünyasına gönderdiği ilim heyetinde görevli Danimarka asıllı Alman coğrafyacısı C. Niebuhr da 1761-1767 yılları arasında Mısır, Arabistan, Hindistan, İran, Suriye, Kıbrıs ve Anadolu’yu içine alan bir geziye katıldı. Niebuhr İstanbul üzerinden Danimarka’ya dönünce seyahat gözlem ve hâtıralarını Beschreibung von Arabien (København 1772) ve Reisebeschreibung nach Arabien und anderen umliegenden Ländern (I-II, København 1774-1778) adlı iki kitapta yayımladı. Aynı dönemde Almanya’da yetişen Danimarkalı müsteşrik J. Adler ise XVIII. yüzyıl sonu ve XIX. yüzyıl başlarında yaptığı önemli çalışmalarla dikkati çekti. Önce Kopenhag’daki Kraliyet Kütüphanesi’nde bulunan kûfî yazmaların katalogunu hazırlayarak bastıran Adler (Descriptio codicum quorundam Cuficorum in Bibl. regia Hafniensi , København 1780), daha sonra I. cildi J. J. Reiske tarafından neşredilmiş olan (Leipzig 1754) Ebü’l-Fidâ tarihinin geri kalan kısmını Latince’ye tercüme ederek beş cilt halinde yayımladı (Annales moslemici , Leipzig 1754; København 1789-1794). XIX. yüzyılda Danimarka’da şarkiyat ve dolayısıyla İslâmiyat çalışmalarında önemli bir ilerleme kaydedildi. Hindistan-İran uzmanı R. Rask, S. de Sacy’nin yanında yetişen J. L. Rasmussen ve L. N. Boisen, Doğu dilleri ve tarihi alanında önemli eserler verdiler. Kopenhag Kraliyet Kütüphanesi’nde bulunan Arapça, Farsça, Türkçe ve Hintçe yazmaların katalogunu hazırlayan A. F. van Mehren, bunun arkasından Ḥay b. Yaḳẓân risâlesini (L’allégorie mystique Hayy ben Yagzân , Leiden 1886) ve İbn Sînâ ile Ebü’l-Hasan el-Eş‘arî üzerine, başlıcaları Prov., Islams Reform ved Abu’l-Hasan el-Ashari… (Kjøbenhavn 1877) ve Avicenna’s Forhold til Islam og Hans Anskuelser om… (Kjøbenhavn 1883) olan bazı çalışmalarını yayımladı.
XX. yüzyılda O. R. Besthorn, F. Buhl, J. Ostrup, A. Christensen ve J. Pedersen gibi şarkiyatçılar önemli çalışmalar gerçekleştirdiler. Hem gazeteci hem bir ilim adamı olan Besthorn, Ortaçağ Endülüs Arapçası üzerinde çalışarak bu alana katkılarda bulundu. Danimarka’da yetişen meşhur şarkiyatçılardan F. Buhl, Kopenhag Üniversitesi Sâmî diller kürsüsünde görev yaparken İslâm dini ve coğrafyasıyla ilgili çalışmalarının yanı sıra Encyclopedie de l’Islam ’a yazdığı çeşitli makalelerle de dikkat çekti. Özellikle Muhammeds Liv (København 1903), Alidernes stilling til de Shi’itiske Bevaegalser under Umajjaderne (København 1910-1911) ve Ali som praetendent og Kalif (København 1921) gibi çalışmalarıyla tanınan Buhl’ün ayrıca Filistin coğrafyasıyla ilgili çeşitli eserleri bulunmaktadır. Fars dili ve edebiyatı üzerine yaptığı çalışmalarla dikkat çeken J. Ostrup’un Profeten Muhammed (København 1911) ve Islam: Den Muhammedanske Religion og dens historiske Udvidling i Kortfattet Fremstilling (København 1914) adlı eserleri bulunmaktadır. Bunların dışında A. Christensen Arap ve Fars edebiyatıyla yakından ilgilenerek Muhammedanske Digtere og Taenkere (København 1906) ve Om Laegekunts hos Perserne (København 1917) adlı eserleri telif etti; ayrıca Ebü’l-Meâlî’den Abü’l-Maâli: Fremstilling af Religionerne adını verdiği bir tercüme yayımladı (København 1916). İslâm kültürüne dair çalışmalarıyla ismini duyuran J. Pedersen Al-Azhar. Et Muhammedansk Universitet (København 1922), Islams Kultur (København 1928), Den arabiske Bog (København 1946), Islam og dens forhistorie (I-III, København 1968) adlı kitaplarının yanında bir de Kur’an tercümesi hazırladı (Koranen , København 1919). E. L. Pedersen ise Ali and Mu‘awiya in Early Arabic Tradition (Copenhagen 1964), Litteratur om Islam (København 1968) ve Islam. Faellesskabog Livsvej (Danmark 1984) adındaki önemli eserlerin sahibidir.
Danimarka’da 1960’lara kadar yalnız akademik seviyede yapılan İslâm’la ilgili yayınların bu tarihten itibaren daha çok popüler alanda arttığı görülmekte ve bunda müslüman işçilerin etkili olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Bir yandan İslâmiyet’i ve müslümanları işçilerin şahsında tanıma imkânı bulan Danimarkalılar’ın ilgi ve merakı, öte yandan işçi çocuklarının din eğitimi ihtiyacı popüler nitelikte yayınların artışını sağlamıştır. Popüler çalışmalara H. H. Hansen’in Islam (København 1964) ve Islams Kvinder i den naere Orient (København 1967), F. R. J. Verhoeven’in Islam (København 1962), K. Barr’ın Islam, Verdens Religioner (København 1964, 1980), A. S. Madsen’in Muhammed Liv og Laere (København 1967) ve Koranen (I-III, København 1980), M. V. Tronholm’un Islam (København 1970), F. Lokkegaard’ın Muhammed (København 1972) ve J. Jorgen’in Islam Verden (Danmark 1983) adlı eserleri örnek olarak verilebilir. Ayrıca 1989’da müslüman yazar Aminah Echammari’nin Islam Naturens Religion adlı kitabı ve 1991’de Danimarkalı müslümanların lideri durumunda olan Abdülvâhid Pedersen tarafından hazırlanan İslâm dini ve Hz. Peygamber’le ilgili on iki ayrı eser yayımlanmıştır. Akademik seviyedeki çalışmalar ise Kopenhag Üniversitesi’nin bünyesinde bulunan Doğu Dilleri Enstitüsü ile Orta Asya Enstitüsü’nde ve İran Filolojisi, Sâmî Diller ve Doğu Asya Dilleri bölümlerince sürdürülmektedir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Denmark: An Official Handbook , Copenhagen 1970, s. 201-216.
M. Ali Kettani, Muslim Minorities in the World Today , London 1986, s. 47.
Necîb el-Akīkī, el-Müsteşrikūn , Kahire 1985, II, 513-529.
Data on Denmark: 1990 , København 1990, s. 122.
J. Pedersen, “ed-Dürûsü’ş-şarḳıyye fi’d-Dânmerk” (trc. M. Kürd Ali), MMİADm. , IV/4 (1924), s. 170-175.
V. B. Metta, “Carsten Niebuhr – 1733-1815”, IC , VII (1933), s. 502-505.
“Türk Kültürüne Hizmet Etmiş Danimarkalılar”, TK , sy. 8 (1963), s. 40-43; sy. 9 (1963), s. 48-53.
“Muslim in Denmark”, MW , XIII/51 (1976), s. 2, 7.
S. J. Nielsen, “Muslimūn”, EI2 (İng.) , VII, 702.
Mecdüddin Keyvânî, “Adler, J. G. C.”, DMBİ , I, 171-172.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1993 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 8. cildinde, 462-464 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.