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DANİŞMEND, İsmail Hami Skip to content (1889-1967)
Türk tarihi ve Türk dili sahasındaki araştırmalarıyla tanınan tarihçi, fikir adamı.
Dânişmendoğulları Beyliği’nin kurucusu Dânişmend Gazi soyundan gelmektedir. Merzifon’da doğdu. Babası Cebeligarbî mutasarrıfı Emîr Mehmed Kâmil Bey, annesi Melek Hanım’dır. Özel bir eğitim görüp Şam İdâdîsi’nden mezun olduktan sonra İstanbul’a giderek Mekteb-i Mülkiyye’ye girdi; Temmuz 1912’de buradaki öğrenimini tamamladı. Aynı yılın eylül ayında Hariciye Nezâreti’nde kâtip olarak göreve başladı. Fakat mizacı memuriyetle bağdaşmadığı için bu görevden ayrıldı. Aralık 1912’de Maliye Mekteb-i Âlîsi’nde Yakınçağ tarihi hocalığına tayin edildi. 14 Aralık 1913 tarihinde Dârülfünun Edebiyat Şubesi dinler tarihi müderris muavinliğine, üç ay sonra da Mekteb-i Mülkiyye siyasî ve medenî tarih muallim muavinliğine getirildi. 30 Kasım 1914’te Bağdat Mekteb-i Hukuk müdürlüğüne nakledildi ve I. Dünya Savaşı’nda Bağdat’ın elden çıkmasına kadar burada kaldı.
Savaştan sonra İstanbul’a dönen İsmail Hami’ye Damad Ferid Paşa hükümeti herhangi bir görev vermedi. Bu sırada Mustafa Kemal tarafından çıkarılan Minber gazetesinde yazılar yazmaktaydı. Minber ’in kapanmasından sonra kendi imkânlarıyla Memleket gazetesini çıkarmaya başladı. 10 Şubat-14 Ağustos 1335 (1919) tarihleri arasında günlük olarak yayımlanan gazetenin başyazarlığını ve mesul müdürlüğünü yaptı. Tam bağımsızlığı savunan ve milliyetçiliği teşvik eden ateşli yazılarıyla Mütareke’nin karanlık günlerinde İstanbul’da bir ümit ışığı oldu. Mütareke aleyhindeki yazılarından dolayı İtilâf devletlerinin baskısıyla gazete hükümet tarafından Temmuz 1919’da kapatılınca yayımını gizli olarak Ağustos’a kadar sürdürdü. Bilhassa milliyetçi gençler eliyle gizli olarak dağıtılan gazetenin son baskısı âdeta bir millî beyannâme niteliğindeydi. Bu sebeple hükümet yine İtilâf devletlerinin baskısıyla İsmail Hami’yi tutuklamak üzere harekete geçti. Bunun üzerine İsmail Hami Anadolu’ya geçerek 4 Eylül 1919’da toplanan Sivas Kongresi’ne İstanbul delegesi olarak katıldı. Kongrenin divan kâtipliğine seçildi; kongre süresince genel sekreterlik ve istihbarat şubesi şefliği görevlerini de yürüttü. Aynı zamanda Sivas’ta çıkarılmaya başlanan İrâde-i Milliye gazetesinin ilk başyazarlığını üstlendi.
İsmail Hami Bey Sivas Kongresi’nde daha önceki düşüncelerinin aksine Amerikan mandacılığını savunuyor, bu gerçekleşmediği takdirde yine de sonuna kadar Millî Mücadele hareketini destekleyeceğini belirtiyordu. İstanbul delegelerinden İsmâil Fâzıl Paşa, Bekir Sâmi ve Karakol Cemiyeti’nin kurucusu Kara Vâsıf Bey ile birlikte hazırladıkları bir önergeyi 8 Eylül’de kongreye sundular. İsmail Hami Bey söz alarak devlet gelirlerinin ancak borçların faizini karşılayabildiğini, bu sebeple mutlaka dışarıdan yardım alınması gerektiğini söyledi. Bu arada manda sözünü değişik bir şekilde yorumladığı için bunu bağımsızlığa engel görmüyor, mandanın kendisinden çok adına itiraz edenlerin boşuna telâşlandıklarını ileri sürüyordu. İsmail Hami Bey’in bu görüşleri kongrede büyük tepki gördü.
Millî Mücadele’nin kazanılmasından sonra resmî görev almayan İsmail Hami Bey tarih araştırmalarına yöneldi. Aynı zamanda çeşitli dergi ve gazetelerde yazılar yazdı. Türk ve İslâm tarihini Türkçü bir ana fikre bağlı olarak inceledi. Özellikle 1 Nisan 1939’da yayına başlayan aylık Türklük mecmuasının başmuharriri olarak yazdığı çeşitli makaleler, tarih ve edebiyat açısından büyük önem taşımaktadır. Kendisine her bakımdan yardımcı olan eşi Nazan Hanım, “Eğinli” veya “İngiliz” lakaplarıyla anılan Said Paşa’nın torunu idi. Şair ve kültürlü bir kadın olan Nazan Hanım’ın genç yaşta ölmesi İsmail Hami’yi oldukça sarstı. Son eşi İclâl Hanım da tarihçi idi. Arapça, Farsça ve Fransızca’yı çok iyi bilen, ayrıca Almanca, Latince ve Sumerce’yi de okuyup anlayabilen İsmail Hami Danişmend 12 Nisan 1967’de vefat etti ve Zincirlikuyu Mezarlığı’na defnedildi.
Eserleri. İsmail Hami Danişmend’in başta tarih olmak üzere çeşitli türlerde otuzdan fazla eseri bulunmaktadır.
1. İzahlı Osmanlı Tarihi Kronolojisi (I-IV, İstanbul 1947-1955; 2. bs., 1971-1972). En önemli eseridir. Osmanlı Devleti’nin kuruluşundan Cumhuriyet’e kadar cereyan eden önemli olayların ele alındığı eserin I. cildi Osman Gazi’nin doğumundan (1258) II. Bayezid’in saltanattan feragatine (1512) kadar gelir. II. ciltte I. Selim’in cülûsundan (1512) II. Selim’in vefatına (1574), III. ciltte III. Murad’ın cülûsundan (1574) II. Mustafa’nın hal‘ine (1703), IV. ciltte III. Ahmed’in cülûsundan (1703) son halife Abdülmecid’in sınır dışı edilmesine (1924) kadar meydana gelen olaylar anlatılmıştır. Her cildin sonuna, o cildin ihtiva ettiği döneme ait vezîriâzamlar, şeyhülislâmlar, kaptan-ı deryâlar, defterdarlar ve nişancılar-reîsülküttâblar için birer izahlı cetvel eklenmiştir. Bu cetvellerde ilgili kişinin tayin, azil ve ölüm tarihleriyle görev süresi, milliyeti ve şahsiyeti açıklanmıştır. Ayrıca her cildin sonuna şahıs isimleri; müellif, eser, kütüphane ve ilmî müessese isimleri; devlet, millet, kabile, din ve mezheple aile isimleri ve yer isimleri olmak üzere açıklamalı dört indeks ve kronolojik sıraya göre tahlilî bir fihrist konulmuştur. Kaynaklar IV. cildin sonunda “Bibliyografya” başlığı altında topluca gösterilmiştir. Beş cilt olarak düzenlenen ikinci baskıda, her ciltte bulunan sadrazamlar, şeyhülislâmlar, kaptan-ı deryâlar, defterdarlar ve nişancılar-reîsülküttâblar “Osmanlı Devlet Erkânı” adıyla V. ciltte toplanmıştır. Danişmend bu eserini 14 Ağustos 1943’ten 20 Nisan 1952’ye kadar sekiz yıl, sekiz ay, sekiz günde yazdığını belirtmektedir (Kronoloji , IV, 470). Eserin ilk baskısı 1955 yılında tamamlandıktan sonra basında bir ay süreyle bir tartışma başlatıldı. Kronoloji 1924’e kadar geldiği halde 1919-1924 yılları arasında Ankara hükümetinin yaptıklarından ve Mustafa Kemal Paşa’dan tek kelimeyle bile bahsedilmemesi dedikodulara sebep oldu. Eserin bu eksikliği yazarın Atatürk’e karşı olduğunun bir işareti olarak yorumlandı; öğrenciler tahrik edilerek kitabın kapağı merasimle yakıldı. Aslında yazarın bu konudaki düşüncesi kitabın sonunda bir çerçeve içinde açıklanmıştı. Burada, Osmanlı Devleti’nin sona eriş yılları içinde kuruluş hareketleri başlayan yeni devletin ayrı bir kronolojide ele alınacağı, hazin bir kapanışla aydınlık bir başlangıcın birbirine karıştırılmaması için Atatürk ve kurduğu yeni devletle ilgili olayların ayrı bir kitapta toplanmasının daha uygun olacağı ifade ediliyordu. Danişmend ayrıca Osmanlı tarihinin son dört yıllık dönemini (1920-1924) anlatırken bu son safhanın inkılâp devrinin ilk olaylarıyla karıştığını, yeni devrin Osmanlı tarihine dahil olmadığı gibi metot bakımından da tarihe intikal etmediğini, bundan dolayı geniş izahtan kaçınıldığını, bunun da tarafsızlık gereği olduğunu belirtiyordu (Kronoloji , IV, 463).
İzahlı Osmanlı Tarihi Kronolojisi ’nde tarihin genel gidişini ilgilendiren önemli olaylar ele alınmıştır. İlk ciltlerde daha fazla olay üzerinde durulduğu halde son ciltte pek çok önemli olaya yer verilmemiştir. Müellif bazı devşirme vezirlerin şahsiyetlerini anlatırken objektif hareket etmeye çalıştığını önsözünde belirtmektedir. Ancak Türkçülük görüşü burada da kendini göstermekte, devşirme vezirlerin milliyeti her vesile ile vurgulanmaktadır. Yerli ve yabancı Osmanlı tarih araştırmacıları tarafından vazgeçilmez bir müracaat eseri olarak kullanılan kronoloji, devlet adamları içinde devşirmelerin samimiyet ve hizmetleri konusundaki sert ve aşırı ifadelerinden dolayı tenkide uğramışsa da kendisinden asıl beklenen kronoloji ve tarihler konusundaki doğruluk ve güvenilirliği herkesçe kabul edilmektedir.
2. Türkler ve Müslümanlık (Türk Irkı Niçin Müslüman Olmuştur ?) (İstanbul 1959). Müellifin İzahlı İslâm Tarihi Kronolojisi ’ne bir giriş mahiyetindedir. Danişmend’e göre Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in bazı âyetlerinde Arap kavminin yerine başka bir kavmin geçeceği haber verilmiştir. Bu ilâhî müjde, Abbâsî hilâfetinin İslâm âlemi üzerindeki cismanî saltanatını muhteşem bir merasimle Türk ırkına resmen devretmesiyle (1058) gerçekleşmiş ve o tarihten itibaren Türk hakanı bütün İslâm âleminin hükümdarı olmuştur. Danişmend, Türkler’in tam dokuz asır boyunca İslâm’ın bayraktarlığını yapmalarını, ilk müslüman oluş sebepleriyle açıklamaya çalışmaktadır. Bu arada İslâmiyet’i millî ve mahallî bir Arap dini gibi gösteren Batılı yazarların tezlerini âyetlerden deliller getirerek çürütmektedir.
3. İzahlı İslâm Tarihi Kronolojisi (İstanbul 1960). Müellifin hazırlamaya başladığı Türk, İslâm ve dünya tarihi kronolojisinin bir bölümünü teşkil eden eserin sadece I. cildi yayımlanabilmiştir. İsmail Hami Danişmend, yukarıda belirtilen görüşleri doğrultusunda İslâm tarihini iki devrede ele alarak incelemektedir. Birinci devreyi 11 (632) yılında Hulefâ-yi Râşidîn ile başlatıp Abbâsî hilâfetinin cismanî hâkimiyeti Türkler’e devrettiği 449 (1058) yılına kadar getirmekte, ikinci devreyi de 1058-1517 dönemi ve 1517-1924 dönemi olmak üzere iki kısma ayırmaktadır. Birinci devreye Arap, ikinci devreye Türk devri adını vermektedir. Eserin yayımlanan ilk cildi giriş mahiyetinde olup burada Arap yarımadasının İslâmiyet öncesi durumu ele alınmakta, eski Arabistan medeniyetleri, Arap krallıkları ve Câhiliye devri edebiyatı incelenmektedir.
4. Garb Menba‘larına Göre Garb Medeniyetinin Menba‘ı Olan İslâm Medeniyeti (İstanbul 1961). Danişmend’in, müslüman Türk halkını içine düşürüldüğü Batı hayranlığı, Batı taklitçiliği ve aşağılık duygusundan kurtarmak amacıyla kaleme aldığı çalışmalarından biridir. Eserde Türkler’in ilme ve Batı medeniyetine katkıları anlatılmaktadır.
5. Garb Menba‘larına Göre Eski Türk Seciyye ve Ahlâkı (İstanbul 1961).
6. Garb Menba‘larına Göre Eski Türk Demokrasisi (İstanbul 1964). Bu iki eserde de Türkler’in üstün meziyetleri ve insanlık âlemine yaptıkları hizmetler anlatılmaktadır.
7. Garb Menba‘larına Göre Garb İlminin Kur’an-ı Kerîm Hayranlığı (İstanbul 1967). Eserde İslâmiyet ve Kur’an’la ilgili Batılılar’ın öne sürdüğü haksız isnat ve iftiralara cevap verilmekte, İslâm dini ve Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in yüceliği Batı kaynaklarından hareketle ortaya konulmaktadır. Son üç eser müslüman Türk okuyucusu tarafından çok tutulmuş ve defalarca basılmıştır.
8. İstanbul Fethinin İnsani ve Medeni Kıymeti (İstanbul 1953). Bu kitapta Türkler’in insan haklarına verdikleri önem üzerinde durulmakta, Rönesans’ın Bizans’tan kaçan ilim adamlarınca gerçekleştirildiği tezi reddedilmekte, İstanbul’un fethiyle birlikte gayri müslimlere Türkler’in tanıdığı vicdan hürriyeti ve Türkler’in adalet sistemi anlatılmaktadır.
9. Fâtih’in Hayatı ve Fetih Takvimi (Ankara 1953). Eserde Fâtih Sultan Mehmed’in hayatı ile birlikte İstanbul’un fethi tarihi kronolojik olarak verilmektedir.
10. Türklük Meseleleri (İstanbul 1976, 2. bs.). Müslüman Türkçülüğü savunan yazar bu eserinde Türkiye’deki milliyetçilik anlayışlarını eleştirmekte, Türk milliyetinin tek ve ortak tarifini yapmaya çalışmaktadır.
11. Ali Suavi’nin Türkçülüğü (İstanbul 1942). Eserde Ali Suâvi büyük bir Türkçü olarak tanıtılmakta, onun teokrasi devrinde laiklik, mutlakiyet devrinde cumhuriyet, Osmanlılık devrinde Türklük rüyaları görmüş ve mâzide yaşamış bir istikbal adamı olduğu belirtilmektedir.
12. Türk Tarih Kurumuna Açık Mektup (Türk Kahramanlarına Ermenilik İsnadı Münasebetiyle) (İstanbul 1945). Türklüğe ve Türk kahramanlarına her vesile ile sahip çıkan Danişmend, bu araştırmasında Mükrimin Halil Yinanç’ın Türkiye Tarihi Selçuklular Devri adlı eserini eleştirmekte, kaynakları yanlış değerlendirerek Dânişmendoğulları’nın kurucusu Ahmed Dânişmend’i Ermeni gibi gösteren görüşlerini aynı kaynaklara dayanarak çürütmektedir.
13. Türklerle Hind Avrupalıların Menşe’ Birliği (I-II, İstanbul 1935-1936). Danişmend bu kitabında Türkler’in Hint-Avrupa ırkına mensup olup olmadığını tartışmaktadır. I. ciltte, muhtelif dinlerin kutsal kitaplarında, hadislerde, tarihlerde ve edebî metinlerde geçen Türk tiplerini diğer milletlerle karşılaştırarak Türkler’in de Ârî ırktan olduğunu ileri sürmekte, II. ciltte Güneş-Dil Teorisi’nden hareketle Türk diliyle Hint-Avrupa dillerini mukayese edip Türkçe’nin bu dil grubundan olduğunu ispat etmeye çalışmaktadır. Aynı dönemde daha ziyade Ulus gazetesinde çıkan yazılarla yüceltilen Güneş-Dil Teorisi ilim çevrelerinden birçok taraftar bulmuş, Danişmend de bu gazetede yazdığı makalelerinde bu görüşü “tamamıyla orijinal” ve “sağlam temellere dayanmış” olarak nitelendirmiştir. Ancak Güneş-Dil Teorisi doğrultusunda kaleme alınan eserdeki görüşlerin ilmî bir değeri yoktur.
14. Sadrazam Tevfik Paşa’nın Dosyasındaki Resmî ve Hususi Vesikalara Göre 31 Mart Vak‘ası (İstanbul 1961). 31 Mart Vak‘ası konusunda bir belge niteliğinde olan bu eserdeki belgelerin çoğu orijinalleriyle birlikte yayımlanmıştır.
İsmail Hami Danişmend sözlük çalışmalarıyla da önemli hizmetler yapmıştır. Özellikle 1930’lu yıllarda tek başına veya başkalarıyla birlikte bu konuda hazırladığı eserler şunlardır: Türkçe-Osmanlıca-Fransızca Sözlük (İstanbul 1935); Fransızca-Türkçe Resimli Büyük Dil Kılavuzu (Reşat Nuri, Ali Süha ve Nurullah Ataç ile birlikte; I-III, İstanbul 1935); Osmanlıca-Türkçe-Fransızca Sözlük (İstanbul 1936); Fransızca Kıyasî ve Gayr-ı Kıyâsî Fiiller (Ali Süha ile birlikte; İstanbul 1936); Tarih ve Coğrafyaya Ait Değişik İsimler Lügatı (İstanbul 1937).
İsmail Hami Danişmend’in güçlü bir yönü de şairliğidir. Şiirlerini bazan gerçek adıyla, bazan da Muhtî veya Râbia Hatun mahlaslarıyla yazmıştır. Bu şiirlerde derin romantik bir aşk duygusu hâkimdir. Âzerî ağzına yakın bir söyleyişle kaleme alınan bu şiirler yıllarca elden ele dolaşarak değişik kesimlerden okuyucuların hayranlığını kazanmıştır. Râbia Hatun mahlasıyla yazdığı şiirlerinden bir kısmı 1947 yılı ilkbaharından itibaren Aile mecmuasında yayımlanınca İstanbul basınında bir tartışma başlatılmış, Râbia Hatun’un tarihî ve edebî şahsiyeti, devri ve şiir dilinin eskilik derecesi üzerinde çeşitli görüşler ileri sürülmüştür. Özellikle Haziran 1948’den itibaren Hürriyet gazetesindeki yazılarıyla konunun üzerine giden Nihad Sâmi Banarlı, Râbia Hatun adlı bir şaire aitmiş gibi gösterilen bu şiirlerin dil ve üslûp bakımından eski olmadığını ve Türk edebiyatı tarihinde bu isimde bir kadın şairin bulunmadığını açıklar. Banarlı’ya Şevket Rado cevap verir. Bu şekilde başlayan tartışmaya daha sonra İsmail Habip, Semih Mümtaz, Bedii Faik, Abdülkadir Karahan, Halit Fahri Ozansoy başta olmak üzere devrin tanınmış başka yazarları da katılır. Tartışmanın sonunda Râbia Hatun mahlasının önce Nazan Danişmend’e ait olduğu söylenirse de elli bir kıtadan meydana gelen bu şiirler bir süre sonra İsmail Hami Danişmend’in bir açıklaması ile birlikte Rabia Hatun Şiirleri adıyla bir kitapçıkta toplanır (İstanbul 1961), böylece şiirlerin ona ait olduğu ortaya çıkar.
Danişmend’in Batı dillerinden yaptığı tercümelerin bir kısmı yayımlanmıştır. Cornille’den çevirdiği Seyyid ile (İstanbul 1938) Nikomed (İstanbul 1938), Molière’den tercüme ettiği Cimri (Ankara 1943) ve Hastalık Hastası (Ankara 1943) bunlardandır.
İsmail Hami Danişmend, ilmî ve medenî cesaretiyle her konunun üzerine giden bir karaktere sahipti. Kitap ve makalelerinde sade ve akıcı bir üslûp kullanmış, bundan dolayı Türkiye’de en çok okunan yazarlardan biri olmuştur. Her cumartesi tanınmış şair, edip ve muharrirler Danişmend’in evinde toplanarak çeşitli konularda tartışmalar yaparlardı.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Danişmend, Kronoloji , IV, 463, 470.
Rahmi Apak v.dğr., Batı Cephesi , Ankara 1965, s. 23.
Uluğ İğdemir, Sivas Kongresi Tutanakları , Ankara 1969, s. 59, 65.
Tahsin Demiray, “İzahlı Osmanlı Tarihi Kronolojisi ve Müellifi Hakkında” (Danişmend, Kronoloji içinde), İstanbul 1971, I, s. VI-XI.
Mehmet Kaplan, Şiir Tahlilleri II: Cumhuriyet Devri Türk Şiiri , İstanbul 1984, s. 402-404.
Sina Akşin, İstanbul Hükümetleri ve Millî Mücadele , İstanbul 1983, I, 123, 526-531, 560.
Salâhi R. Sonyel, Türk Kurtuluş Savaşı ve Dış Politika , Ankara 1987, I, 124-134.
Mazhar Müfit Kansu, Erzurum’dan Ölümüne Kadar Atatürk’le Beraber , Ankara 1988, I, 237-252.
Minber , sy. 36, İstanbul 7 Kânunuevvel 1334 (İstanbul Belediyesi Atatürk Kitaplığı, nr. 60).
Memleket , İstanbul 10 Şubat – 14 Ağustos 1335 (İstanbul Belediyesi Atatürk Kitaplığı, nr. 68).
İrâde-i Milliye , Sivas Eylül 1919 (Hakkı Tarık Us Ktp., nr. 36).
İsa Kocakaplan, “Edebiyatımızda Râbia Hatun Skandalı”, Türk Edebiyatı , sy. 216, İstanbul 1991, s. 41-47.
Rekin Ertem, “Güneş-Dil Nazariyesi”, TDEA , III, 409-413.
“Danişmend, İsmail Hâmi”, a.e. , II, 192.
Türk ve Dünya Ünlüleri Ansiklopedisi , İstanbul 1983, III, 1639.
ABr. , VI, 596.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1993 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 8. cildinde, 465-467 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.