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DEYLEM Skip to content İran’ın kuzeyinde Gîlân eyaletinin bir bölümünü teşkil eden, Hazar deniziyle Kazvin arasındaki dağlık bölgenin ve bu bölgede yaşayan kavmin adı.
Deylem’in sınırlarını tam olarak tesbit etmek oldukça güçtür. Zira bu sınırlar, Deylem halkının bu bölgeye sonradan ilhak ettikleri topraklar sebebiyle zaman zaman değişmiştir. Meselâ Büveyhîler’in zirvede olduğu IV. (X.) yüzyılda Deylem ismi Hazar denizinin güneyindeki bütün eyaletleri içine almaktaydı. İslâm coğrafyacılarından İstahrî, Deylem’in güneyde Kazvin, Azerbaycan ve Rey’in bir bölümü ile doğuda Taberistan ve Rey’in diğer bölümü, kuzeyde Hazar denizi, batıda Azerbaycan’ın bir bölümü ve Arrân bölgeleriyle sınırlandığını ifade eder ve asıl Deylem’in dağlık bölgeden ibaret olduğunu söyler. Ḥudûdü’l-ʿâlem ’de Taberistan, Cibâl, Gîlân ve Cürcân da Deylem’in sınırları içinde gösterildikten sonra Deylem-i Hâssa adı verilen asıl Deylem’in doğuda Taberistan, güneyde Cibâl, kuzeybatıda Gîlân ve kuzeydoğuda Hazar deniziyle çevrili olduğu kaydedilmektedir. Makdisî ise Hazar denizinin çevresindeki alanın tamamını, Kūmis’i, Cürcân ve Taberistan’ı, hatta Volga sınırlarında Hazarlar’ın hüküm sürdüğü bölgeyi de Deylem’e dahil eder. Deylem hükümdarları Alamut Kalesi yakınlarındaki Rûdbâr şehrinde otururlardı. Gerçek anlamda Deylem, Elburz dağlarının Hazar denizine bakan yamaçları üzerindeki sarp bölgededir. Deylem’de kışlar soğuk, yazlar ise ılık geçer. Bölge tahıl ve meyve yetiştirmeye elverişlidir.
Etnik menşeleri kesin olarak tesbit edilemeyen Deylemliler’in adlarına yazılı kaynaklarda ilk defa milâttan önce II. yüzyılda rastlanır. Muhtemelen çok eski tarihlerden beri İran’da yaşayan, fakat İranlı (Fârisî) olmayan bir kavme mensupturlar. Deylemliler’in Dabbe b. Üd adlı Arap kabilesinden olduklarına dair rivayetler de vardır. Buna göre Dabbe’nin oğlu Bâsil İran’a gitmiş, orada İranlı bir kadınla evlenmiş ve doğan çocuklarına Deylem adını vermişlerdir. Ancak bu rivayet fazla kabul görmemiştir. İran kaynaklarında Deylem adı ilk defa, Sâsânî hânedanının kurucusu I. Erdeşîr’in (225-240) hayatından bahsedilirken geçer. Sâsânîler döneminde başlangıçta Deylemliler’den ihtiyatla faydalanıldı. Ancak girişken olan bu kavim çok geçmeden kendini göstererek Sâsânîler’e nüfuz etti ve içlerinde ordu kumandanlığına kadar yükselenler oldu. Sâsânîler dönemindeki bu faaliyetlerini ücretli asker olarak da sürdürdüler. Nitekim Enûşirvân (I. Hüsrev) döneminde (531-579) bir Deylem birliği Gürcistan’a düzenlenen bir sefere katıldığı gibi diğer bir birlik de Habeşliler’e karşı Yemen’i savunmak amacıyla oraya gönderildi ve birlik Habeşliler’i kovduktan sonra Yemen’de kaldı. Sâsânîler, savaşçı bir kavim olan Deylemliler’i hiçbir zaman tam olarak hâkimiyet altına alamadılar; onlara karşı güneyde Kazvin, kuzeydoğuda Kelâr ve Şâlûs kalelerini yapmak zorunda kaldılar.
Hz. Ömer, Nu‘mân b. Mukarrin kumandasındaki bir orduyu İran üzerine gönderdiği zaman Kazvin halkı Deylemliler’i yardıma çağırdı. Deylem ordusu, Rey ile Hemedan arasındaki ovanın kenarında yer alan Destebey’de yenildi. Ancak bu yenilgi Deylem’in tamamıyla Araplar’ın hâkimiyeti altına girmesine yetmedi. Nitekim Hz. Ömer’den Me’mûn dönemine kadar (813-833) buraya on yedi sefer yapılmasından Deylem’in uzun süre bağımsızlığını koruduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Deylemliler her fırsatta civar şehirlere akınlar yapıyorlardı. Aynı şekilde müslüman gaziler de onların ülkesine baskınlar düzenliyorlardı. Irak Valisi Haccâc b. Yûsuf Deylem üzerine muhtelif seferler tertip ettiyse de kesin bir sonuç alamadı ve Sâsânîler dönemindeki Kazvin ve diğer kaleleri tahkim etmekle yetindi. Deylem’de vuku bulacak olayları Vâsıt’a zamanında bildirmek için Kazvin’le Vâsıt arasında haberleşme kuleleri yaptırdı.
Deylemliler, ancak Abbâsîler’in baskılarından kaçarak Deylem’e sığınan Ali evlâdı sayesinde müslüman olmaya başladılar. Bu sırada Deylem’de Cüstânîler (Cestânîler) hânedanı hüküm sürüyordu (yaklaşık 805-1042). Abbâsî Halifesi Hârûnürreşîd’in 189’da (805) Rey’deki bir toplantısına katılan hükümdarlar arasında Deylem Hükümdarı Merzübân b. Cüstân da bulunuyordu. Diğer hükümdarlardan farklı olarak kendisinden cizye istenmeden hediye ile uğurlanmış olması Merzübân’ın önemini göstermektedir. Kitâbü Tafżîli’l-Etrâk müellifi İbn Hassûl (ö. 450/1058), İstâniye adını verdiği dağlarda yaşayanların hükümdar ailesine Vehsûdâniyye, Lanciye adını verdiği düzlüklerde yaşayanların hükümdar ailesine de Cüstâniyye denildiğini kaydeder.
Deylem’in karanlık olan tarihi, seyyidlerin ülkenin sınırlarına gelmesiyle aydınlanmaya başlamıştır. Nitekim Abbâsîler’in baskıları sonucu buraya sığınan Ali evlâdı ile olan ilişkiler, Deylem ve halkı hakkında daha fazla bilgi edinme imkânını sağlamıştır. Ali evlâdından Deylem’e sığınan ilk tanınmış kişi Yahyâ b. Abdullah oldu (ö. 175/791-92). Yahyâ, Deylem hükümdarları ile ilişki kurarak halifeye karşı ayaklandıysa da muhtemelen halifenin Deylem hükümdarı üzerindeki baskısı sonucunda Bermekîler’den Fazl b. Yahyâ’nın yanına gitti. Yaklaşık yetmiş beş yıl sonra Ali evlâdından ed-Dâî el-Kebîr Hasan b. Zeyd el-Alevî, Şâlûs (Câlûs) ve Kelâr’da ayaklanıp bağımsızlığını ilân etti. Yakacak ve otlak temini maksadıyla buralardan toprak elde etmek isteyen Tâhirîler’e karşı halkı korudu. Vehsûdân’ın oğlu II. Cüstân dâî lerin yardımı ile Rey’i Tâhirîler’den aldı. Kazvin ve Zencan’ı da işgal ettiyse de Halife Mu‘tez-Billâh’ın (866-869) Mûsâ b. Boğa kumandasında gönderdiği ordu başarılarına son verdi. Hasan b. Zeyd’in ölümü üzerine yerine ed-Dâî es-Sagīr unvanı ile Muhammed b. Zeyd geçti ve II. Cüstân onu metbû tanıdı. Ancak 276’da (889) Sâmânîler adına harekete geçen Horasanlı Râfi‘ b. Herseme ile yaptığı savaşı kaybedip Gîlân’a çekildi. Râfi‘ üç ay boyunca etrafı yağmaladı; fakat 279’da (892) her taraftan tehditlere mâruz kalınca Muhammed b. Zeyd’e bağlılığını bildirdi. Ardından Saffârîler’den Amr b. Leys’in tehdidi karşısında Hârizm’e kaçtı ve orada öldürüldü (283/896). Muhammed b. Zeyd de dört yıl sonra Sâmânîler’le yaptığı savaşta hayatını kaybetti.
Kısa bir aradan sonra bölgeye hâkim olan Hasan el-Utrûş’un çabaları ile müslüman olan ve Şiîliği benimseyen Deylemliler, Abbâsî halifeliği dahil müslüman devletlerin ordularında büyük ölçüde yer aldılar. İslâm dünyasının en âdil hükümdarlarından biri olarak tanınan Hasan el-Utrûş 304’te (917) ölünce yerine damadı Hasan b. Kāsım ed-Dâî geçti. 307’de (919) kardeşi Ali b. Vehsûdân’ın teşvikiyle II. Cüstân katledildi. Ali b. Vehsûdân Rey, Kazvin ve Zencan valiliklerine getirildiyse de bir süre sonra Muhammed b. Müsâfir tarafından öldürüldü. Bu şekilde Târum’da Müsâfirîler (Kengrîler, Sellârîler) adıyla Deylem asıllı ikinci bir hânedan kurulmuş oldu (916-1090).
Asıl Deylem’i bütünüyle elinde bulunduran Muhammed b. Müsâfir dışında kalan emîrler İran yaylasına dağılmışlardı. Dağlık bölgeler Vehsûdânî, düzlük bölgeler ise Cüstânî hükümdarlarının elindeydi. Deylemliler’in kurduğu en güçlü hânedan Büveyhîler’dir. Büveyhîler 932-1062 yılları arasında İran ve Irak’ta hüküm sürdüler ve 334’te (945) Bağdat’ı zaptederek halifelerin dünyevî hâkimiyetine son verdiler. Ancak bir türlü yağmacılıktan kurtulamadıkları gibi Abbâsî halifeliğini de tamamıyla ortadan kaldıramadılar. Deylemliler ordularında çok sayıda Türk askeri bulundurdukları halde onları çok defa düşman saymışlardır. Nitekim 376 (986) ve 379’da (990) meydana gelen çatışmalar bu düşmanlığın sonucudur. Bu mücadelelerde Şiîliğin ve Sünnîliğin etkisi olduğu gibi siyasî hırsların da rolü vardır. Şiî Deylemliler’in Sünnî halka zulmetmeleri ve İslâm esaslarıyla bağdaşmayan gayri ahlâkî hareketleri sebebiyle Gazneli Mahmud Hindistan yerine Deylemliler üzerine sefer düzenledi ve 420’de (1029) bunların Rey’deki kollarını ortadan kaldırdı. Ancak Deylemliler’e en büyük darbeyi Selçuklular vurdu. Tuğrul Bey Deylemliler’in Irak, Fars ve Hûzistan’daki kollarına son verdi (447/1055). Büveyhîler’in yıkılışından sonra Deylemliler paralı asker olarak çalıştırıldılar. Nizâmülmülk, Deylemliler’i Şiî oldukları için tutmadığı halde seferde ve hazarda hükümdarın yanında bulunacak olan 200 kişilik saray muhafızlarından 100’ünün Horasanlılar’dan, 100’ünün de Deylemliler’den teşkil edilmesini önermiştir. Bununla birlikte Nizâmülmülk yine de Deylemliler’in fırsat buldukları takdirde kendi mezheplerinde olmayanları sağ bırakmayacaklarını söyleyerek tedbir alınmasını istemiştir.
Hasan Sabbâh Alamut Kalesi’ni alarak bazı devlet adamları ve kumandanlarını öldürtmüşse de Deylemliler’i Selçuklular aleyhine topluca harekete geçirememiştir. Hülâgû’nun Alamut’u zaptetmesi (654/1256) üzerine Deylemliler Giller’e (Gîlânlılar) karıştılar. Olcaytu Han 1307’de Gîlân’ı işgal etti ve Lâhîcân’a kadar geldi. Deylem daha sonra Kârkiyâ hânedanının (1358-1590) eline geçti. 1416’da Seyyid Radî-i Lâhîcânî, Sefîdrûd kıyısında Deylemliler’den yaklaşık 3000 kişiyi öldürttü. 1592’de Şah I. Abbas Gîlân’ı Safevî topraklarına kattı. Yakın tarihte Deylem’de meydana gelen en önemli olay, Seyyid Muhammed liderliğindeki Ehl-i Hak hareketinin 1891’de Kelârdeşt’teki isyanıdır. Sonraları Deylem coğrafî adının yerini Gîlân aldı. Bugün pek azı varlığını koruyabilen Deylemliler kışın Kelârdih ve Çevsâl’de, yazın Kelâçhânî’de yaşamaktadırlar.
Bahreyn’deki Delmûn adası, Sâsânîler’in Güney Kafkasya’daki askerî yerleşim bölgelerinden Leyzan (Laizan) ve Şirvan ile Diyarbakır’ın kuzeyinden Palu ve Dersim’e kadar uzanan alandaki birçok yer adı Deylemliler’den kalmadır.
Deylemliler’in konuştuğu dil Farsça’dan farklı bir dil olmakla beraber çok erken tarihlerde yazılmış kitaplarda geçen yer ve şahıs isimlerine bakıldığında bunların büyük ölçüde İranlılaşmış olduğu kanaati uyanmaktadır. III-IV. (IX-X.) yüzyıldan itibaren tanınmaya başlayan Deylem hükümdar veya ileri gelenlerinin isimleri Gûrândîz ve Şîr-zîl (Şîr-dil) gibi putperestlik dönemindeki İran adlarıdır.
Deylem’de İslâm öncesinde Mecûsîlik, putperestlik, Zerdüştlük ve Hıristiyanlığın varlığı bilinmekteyse de bunların gerçek inançları hakkında yeterli bilgi yoktur. Mes‘ûdî, Deylemliler’in bir bölümünün Zerdüştî, bir bölümünün dinsiz olduğuna ve müslüman olanların bir bölümünün de sonradan irtidad ettiğine işaret eder (Mürûcü’ẕ-ẕeheb , III, 279). Bîrûnî ise Deylemliler’in İfrîdûn adlı bir tanrı tarafından vazedilen ve ailede erkeklerin reisliğini benimseyen birtakım kanunları uyguladıklarını söyler (el-Âs̱ârü’l-bâḳıye , s. 224). Onların müslüman olduktan sonra da uyguladıkları bu kanunlar Ali evlâdından Hasan el-Utrûş tarafından ortadan kaldırılmıştır.
Arap coğrafyacıları Deylemliler’i çelimsiz, zayıf, karışık uzun saçlı, kıskanç, aç gözlü, pis kokulu, güçlüklere göğüs geren, çok cesur ve aceleci insanlar olarak tarif ederler. Savaşlarda en güçlü silâhları çatallı kısa harbe (jupin-zûbin) idi.
Deylemliler’de pederşâhî bir aile sistemi vardı. Başka kavimlere kız vermezler, bu âdete uymayanları da öldürürlerdi. Rivayete göre âşûrâ gününde yapılan matem âyinleri ilk defa Deylemliler arasında görülmüştür ki bu da Şiîliği tamamen benimsediklerini ve onların örf ve âdetlerini kabullendiklerini gösterir.
Deylem’e nisbet edilen âlimlerin en önemlileri arasında, muhaddislerden Şîrûye b. Şehredâr ed-Deylemî el-Hemedânî ile (ö. 509/1115) Şehredâr b. Şîrûye ed-Deylemî (ö. 558/1163), Zeydî fakihlerinden Muhammed b. Hasan ed-Deylemî (ö. 711/1311) ve şairlerden Mihyâr ed-Deylemî (ö. 428/1037) zikredilebilir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1994 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 9. cildinde, 263-265 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.