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EBÛ HÂTİM er-RÂZÎ, Ahmed b. Hamdân Skip to content Ebû Hâtim Ahmed b. Hamdân b. Ahmed er-Râzî el-Versinânî (ö. 322/933-34)
İsmâiliyye’nin itikadî ve fikrî görüşlerini sistemleştiren ünlü dâîsi.
Doğum yeri ve tarihi hakkında yeterli bilgi yoktur. Taşıdığı Râzî nisbesi yanında Farsça’yı iyi bildiği için Rey civarındaki Paşâpûye (Paşâvûy) bölgesinde doğduğunu ve dolayısıyla Fars asıllı olduğunu söyleyenler vardır. Leysî ve Kilâî diye de anılmasını dikkate alarak Arap asıllı olabileceği ileri sürülmüşse de bu zayıf bir ihtimaldir. Muhtemelen III. (IX.) yüzyılın ikinci yarısında doğmuştur. 297 (909) yılından önce Bağdat’ta bulunduğu bilinmektedir. Öğrenimini de orada yapmış olmalıdır. Arap dili, hadis ve ahlâk ilimlerinde önemli bir şahsiyet haline geldikten sonra Kuzey Afrika’ya giderek orada mehdîliğini ilân eden Ubeydullah el-Mehdî ile görüştü ve onun tesiriyle İsmâilî fikirleri benimsedi. Kuzey Afrika’dan doğuya geçip başta Rey olmak üzere Taberistan, Cürcân, İsfahan, Deylem ve Azerbaycan bölgelerinde önemli siyasî ve dinî faaliyetlerde bulundu. Ebû Hâtim’in, Nizâmülmülk tarafından Bâtınîler’in Rey bölgesi lideri olarak tanıtılan (Siyâsetnâme , s. 288), Kitâbü’l-Beyân ’ın müellifi Gıyâs’ın yeğenlerinden Ebû Ca‘fer’in oğlu olması muhtemeldir. Nizâmülmülk’ün belirttiğine göre Gıyâs’ın halefi olan Ebû Ca‘fer’in hastalanmasından sonra Ebû Hâtim İsmâiliyye’nin Rey liderliğine yükseldi. Bir taraftan Rey idarecilerinin İsmâiliyye saflarına katılmasını sağlamak için gayret sarfederken diğer taraftan İsfahan, Taberistan, Cürcân, Deylem ve Azerbaycan gibi civar beldelere dâîler göndererek mezhebin geniş bir çevreye yayılması doğrultusunda çalışmalar yaptı. İrtibat kurduğu ve birlikte çalıştığı dâîler arasında Ebü’l-Kāsım Îsâ b. Mûsâ, Ebû Müslim b. Hammâd el-Mevsılî, Nahşebî nisbesiyle de bilinen ve Horasan’da faaliyet gösteren Muhammed b. Ahmed en-Nesefî el-Pezdevî gibi kişiler sayılabilir. Ebû Bekir Muhammed b. Zekeriyyâ er-Râzî ile nübüvvet konusunda yaptığı başarılı münazaralarının yanı sıra etkileyici hitabeti ve herkese cazip gelen ilginç iddiaları sayesinde Rey Emîri Ahmed b. Ali ile Herat Emîri Hüseyin b. Ali el-Mervezî’nin İsmâiliyye’ye intisap etmelerini sağladı. Bunların da verdiği destekle İsmâiliyye’yi o yörede kısa sürede yaymayı başardı. Deylem’de Esfâr b. Şîreveyh ve Merdâvic b. Ziyâr’la görüşerek başlangıçta desteklerini kazandıysa da yakın gelecekte ilâhî kuvvetle teyit edilmiş bir imamın ortaya çıkacağını söyledikten sonra sözünü ettiği tarihte böyle bir kişinin zuhur etmemesi üzerine öldürülmesine karar verildi. Bu gelişmelerden sonra Azerbaycan Valisi Müflih’e sığınmak için Deylem’den gizlice kaçtı; ancak Azerbaycan’a giderken yolda öldü.
Ebû Hâtim er-Râzî, Muhammed b. Ahmed en-Nesefî en-Nahşebî ile birlikte siyasî faaliyetler yanında İsmâiliyye doktrinini sistemleştirip yayan önemli şahsiyetlerdendir. Abdülkāhir el-Bağdâdî, İbn Rizâm, İbn Hacer gibi âlimler tarafından bâtınî, zındık, dehrî ve mülhid; çağdaş bazı yazarlarca devrin idarecilerinden korktuğu için gerçek inancını gizleyen ve Ehl-i sünnet’e yakın bir çizgi takip eden mutedil Şiî olarak görülürse de (Ebû Hâtim er-Râzî, Kitâbü’z-Zîne [nşr. Abdullah Sellûm es-Sâmerrâî], nâşirin girişi, s. 233-234; Bağdâdî, s. 170; Ali Sâmî en-Neşşâr, II, 380) onun mezhebi temellendirip yayan önemli bir İsmâilî dâîsi olduğunu söylemek daha isabetlidir. Nitekim Ebû Ya‘kūb es-Sicistânî, Hamîdüddin el-Kirmânî, Hüseyin el-Hemedânî, Mustafa Gālib gibi eski ve yeni yazarlar da bu görüştedir (Ebû Hâtim er-Râzî, Kitâbü’z-Zîne [nşr. Abdullah Sellûm es-Sâmerrâî], nâşirin girişi, s. 235). Ehl-i sünnet’e yakın kabul edilmesi, bazı filozofların inkârcı tavrına karşı nübüvvet müessesesini başarılı bir şekilde savunmasıyla açıklanabileceği gibi, “Ehlü’s-sünne ve’l-cemâa” tabirine, ashabın Hz. Peygamber’e gösterdiği bağlılık gibi “bir imama bağlanıp çevresinde toplananlar” anlamını yüklemek suretiyle de olsa (a.g.e. , s. 252-254) sahip çıkışıyla da ilgili olabilir. Ayrıca, İbn Hacer’in de belirttiği gibi (Lisânü’l-Mîzân , I, 164), gençlik yıllarında çok sayıda hadis dinleyip bunlara önem veren ve bu sayede mutedil çizgide görünen bir kişi oluşunun Ehl-i sünnet’e yakın sayılmasında etkisi olduğu düşünülebilir.
Arap dil âlimi, mezhep tarihçisi ve zeki bir İsmâiliyye kelâmcısı olmakla şöhret bulan Ebû Hâtim’in, Kitâbü’z-Zîne adlı eserinde bazı terimleri açıklarken eski Arap şiirlerini delil olarak göstermesi önemli kabul edilir. Aynı eserinde, mezhepler hakkında diğer ilgili kaynaklarda bulunmayan farklı bilgilere ve yorumlara yer verir ki yaptığı bu yorumların imâmet fikrine hizmet gayesi taşıdığı ancak dikkatli bir tahlil sonucunda anlaşılabilir. Ehl-i sünnet’e “ilâhî güçle teyit edilmiş bir imamın etrafında toplananlar” anlamını vermesi, Mürcie’yi “Hz. Ali’nin hilâfetini ilk üç halifeden sonraya tehir edenler” diye açıklaması (Kitâbü’z-Zîne , s. 235, 263) bu gayretine ilişkin örneklerden bazılarıdır. Peygamberliği reddeden felsefî tenkitler karşısında nübüvvet müessesesini savunmasında da aynı gaye sezilebilmektedir. Bununla birlikte nübüvveti savunup aklî temellere dayandırmaya çalışması dikkat çekicidir.
Ebû Hâtim er-Râzî’nin bazı kelâmî görüşleri şöyledir: Bilgi kaynaklarından olan akıl eksik ve yetersizdir. Bundan dolayı insanların doğru bilgilerle donatılmış mürşidlere ihtiyacı vardır ki bunlar da peygamberlerle onların yerini tutan ve ilâhî güçle desteklenen imamlardır (Aʿlâmü’n-nübüvve , s. 6-9). Mahlûkata “ol!” emriyle vücut veren Allah ilk defa bütün varlıkların kaynağını oluşturan aklı yaratmış, onun vasıtasıyla nefsi, ondan da latîf ve kesîf (ruhî ve maddî) âlemleri meydana getirmiştir. Madde, zaman ve mekân hâdistir. Zaman maddenin hareketleriyle oluştuğundan, mekân da uzay tarafından kuşatıldığından kadîm olamaz (a.g.e. , s. 14-19). Küllî nefis ilk akıldan meydana geldiği için tam ve mükemmeldir. İnsan ruhu küllî nefsin parçaları değil eserleridir (bk. Abdurrahman Bedevî, II, 252, 261).
Aklî yetenekler bakımından farklı seviyelerde yaratılan insanlar birbirlerinin görüşlerini tenkit etmekte ve gerçeği anlama konusunda ihtilâfa düşmektedirler. Bundan dolayı gerçeği kendilerine öğretecek bir mürşide muhtaçtırlar. Bu mürşid Allah’tan vahiy alan peygamberdir (Aʿlâmü’n-nübüvve , s. 4-5). Bütün peygamberler insanlara aynı gerçekleri öğretmişlerdir. Tevrat, İncil ve Kur’an’da yer alan bazı bilgilerin çelişir gibi görünmesi, nasların herkes tarafından anlaşılamayacak açıklıkta olmamasından kaynaklanmaktadır. Zira ilâhî kitaplar ancak âlimlerin anlayacağı sembolik bir üslûp taşır (a.g.e. , s. 69-76). Hz. Âdem, Nûh, İbrâhim, Mûsâ, Îsâ ve Muhammed’e “nâtık” denir. Her nâtıkın bir “esas”ı vardır. Nâtıkların yedincisi İsmâil b. Ca‘fer es-Sâdık’tır. İlk nâtık olan Hz. Âdem’in de getirdiği bir şeriat vardır (bk. Abdurrahman Bedevî, II, 296).
İnsanların her zaman kendilerini şüpheden kurtaracak, kalplerini ve gönüllerini birleştirecek, ayrılığa düşmelerine engel olacak bir imama ihtiyaçları vardır. Bu sebeple Hz. Peygamber Ali’yi nasla imam tayin etmiştir. Nitekim Ca‘fer es-Sâdık’tan gelen bir rivayete göre Resûl-i Ekrem İnşirâh sûresinin 7. âyetini, “Dini tamamlayıp işini bitirince Ali’yi onlara imam tayin et” şeklinde açıklamıştır. Yine Ca‘fer es-Sâdık’tan nakledildiğine göre Hz. Peygamber, “Amcasının oğlunu kendi yerine getirdi” şeklindeki sözlerle dedikodu yapılmasından çekindiği için, “Ey Peygamber! Rabbin tarafından sana indirilenleri tebliğ et, eğer bunu yapmazsan peygamberlik görevini yerine getirmemiş olursun” (el-Mâide 5/67) meâlindeki âyet nâzil olmuş ve Resûlullah da Gadîr gününde Ali’yi imam tayin etmiştir. İmam “zâhir” veya “mestûr” olabilir. Resûl-i Ekrem’in yolundan giden gerçek Ehl-i sünnet, ashabın Hz. Peygamber için yaptığı gibi bir imamın etrafında toplanıp onu önder tanıyanlardır (Ebû Hâtim, Kitâbü’z-Zîne , s. 253-258).
Görüşleri Ebû Ya‘kūb es-Sicistânî ve Hamîdüddin el-Kirmânî tarafından tenkit edilen Ebû Hâtim er-Râzî âlem telakkisinde Yeni Eflâtuncu felsefeden etkilenmiş, ana konularda Muhammed b. Ahmed en-Nahşebî ile aynı görüşleri paylaşmıştır. Hz. Ali’nin nasla imam tayin edildiğini Ca‘fer es-Sâdık’a atfedilen uydurma rivayetlere dayanarak iddia etmesi dikkat çekicidir. Ehl-i sünnet terimine “bir imama bağlı olanlar” mânasını vermesi isabetli değildir. Zira bu terimin, “akaid meselelerinde akılcılığı benimseyen Mu‘tezile ve Cehmiyye karşısında itikadî esasları Kur’an ve Sünnet’e bağlı kalarak benimseyenler” anlamına geldiği tartışmasız kabul edilen bir husustur. Onun Mürcie’yi, “Ali’nin imâmetini tehir edip Ebû Bekir, Ömer ve Osman’dan sonraya bırakanlar” şeklinde açıklaması da mezheplere Hz. Ali’nin imâmeti açısından bakan tarafgir bir tutuma sahip olduğunu göstermektedir.
Eserleri. Ebû Hâtim’in kaynaklarda zikredilen beş eseri mevcut olup bunlardan üçü günümüze kadar ulaşmıştır.
1. Aʿlâmü’n-nübüvve . Tabip filozof Muhammed b. Zekeriyyâ er-Râzî’nin nübüvvete yönelttiği tenkitleri cevaplandırarak peygamberlik müessesesini aklî delillerle ispat eden bir eserdir (Tahran 1397/1977).
2. Kitâbü’z-Zîne . İsmâiliyye Dâîsi Gıyâs’a ait olan ve dâîler arasında el kitabı olarak kullanılan Kitâbü’l-Beyân adlı eserin planına göre yazıldığı kabul edilir. 400 civarında terimin açıklandığı kitabın bir kısmında, Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de yer alan bazı isim ve kelimelerin Câhiliye ve İslâmî devirdeki anlamları eski Arap şiirine dayanılarak açıklanmıştır. Eserin bir kısmı da mezhepler konusuna ayrılmış olup özellikle mezheplerin teşekkülü ve Gāliyye hakkında önemli bilgiler ihtiva eder. Eserin tamamı Hüseyin el-Hemedânî tarafından tahkik edilerek yayımlanmış (Kahire 1957-1958), daha sonra sadece mezheplere dair kısmını Abdullah Sellûm es-Sâmerrâî tahkik ederek el-Ġulüv ve’l-firaḳu’l-Ġāliyye adlı eserin ekinde neşretmiştir (Bağdat 1982).
3. el-Iṣlâḥ . Daha çok tabiat felsefesi konularını ihtiva eden eser İsmâiliyye’nin en eski kaynağı kabul edilir. Nahşebî’ye ait bazı görüşlerin tenkit edildiği eser Hasan Menûçihr tarafından Tahran’da yayımlanmıştır (İsmâil b. Abdürresûl el-Üceynî, s. 294). Ebû Ya‘kūb es-Sicistânî, Ebû Hâtim’in yönelttiği tenkitler karşısında Nahşebî’yi müdafaa etmek için buna en-Nuṣra adıyla bir reddiye yazmış, Hamîdüddin el-Kirmânî er-Riyâż fi’l-ḥükm beyne’ş-şeyḫayn (Beyrut 1960 [er-Riyâż fi’l-ḥükm beyne’s-saʿdeyn ]) adlı eserde ikisinin arasını bulmaya çalışmıştır (a.g.e. , s. 254).
4. el-Câmiʿ . Fıkha dair olup günümüze ulaşıp ulaşmadığı bilinmemektedir (İbnü’n-Nedîm, s. 240).
5. er-Recʿa . Keysâniyye’nin ortaya attığı rec‘at fikrini reddetmek gayesiyle yazıldığı müellifi tarafından belirtilmektedir (Kitâbü’z-Zîne , s. 312).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Ebû Hâtim er-Râzî, Aʿlâmü’n-nübüvve (nşr. Salâh es-Sâvî – Gulâm Rızâ A‘vânî), Tahran 1397/1977, s. 4-5, 6-9, 14-19, 69-76.
a.mlf., Kitâbü’z-Zîne (nşr. Abdullah Sellûm es-Sâmerrâî, el-Ġulüv ve’l-fıraḳu’l-Ġāliyye fi’l-ḥaḍâreti’l-İslâmiyye içinde), Bağdad 1982, s. 251-265, 312, ayrıca bk. nâşirin girişi, s. 230-240.
İbnü’n-Nedîm, el-Fihrist (Teceddüd) , s. 240.
Hamîdüddin el-Kirmânî, el-Aḳvâlü’ẕ-ẕehebiyye (nşr. Salâh es-Sâvî), Tahran 1397/1977, s. 23, 9, 14.
Kādî Abdülcebbâr, Tes̱bîtü delâʾili’n-nübüvve (nşr. Abdülkerîm Osman), Beyrut 1966, II, 392, 398, 599.
Bağdâdî, el-Farḳ (Kevserî) , s. 170.
Nizâmülmülk, Siyâsetnâme (Bayburtlugil) , s. 288, 289, 290.
İbn Hacer, Lisânü’l-Mîzân , I, 164.
İdrîs İmâdüddin, ʿUyûnü’l-aḫbâr ve fünûnü’l-âs̱âr (nşr. Mustafa Gālib), Beyrut, ts. (Dârü’l-Endelüs), s. 168, 169.
İsmâil b. Abdürresûl el-Üceynî, Fehresetü’l-kütüb ve’r-resâʾil (nşr. Ali Nakī Münzevî), Tahran 1344 hş./1966, s. 254, 293-294.
Sezgin, GAS , I, 573.
Abdurrahman Bedevî, Meẕâhibü’l-İslâmiyyîn , Beyrut 1973, II, 188-190, 244, 252-253, 255, 261, 263, 296.
Mehdî Muhakkık, Bist Guftâr , Tahran 1976, s. 35.
Ali Sâmî en-Neşşâr, Neşʾetü’l-fikri’l-felsefî fi’l-İslâm , Kahire 1977, II, 279-280, 299, 380.
G. C. Anawati, “Textes arabes anciens édités en Egypte au cours de l’année 1957”, MIDEO , IV (1957), s. 220-221.
S. M. Stern, “Abū Ḥātim al-Rāzī”, EI2 (İng.) , I, 125.
H. Halm, “Abū Ḥātem Rāzī”, EIr. , I, 315.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1994 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 10. cildinde, 148-150 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.