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EBÛ ŞÂME el-MAKDİSÎ Skip to content EBÛ ŞÂME el-MAKDİSÎ Ebü’l-Kāsım (Ebû Muhammed) Şihâbüddîn Abdurrahmân b. İsmâîl b. İbrâhîm el-Makdisî (ö. 665/1267) Kıraat âlimi, Şâfiî fakihi ve tarihçi.
Müellif: Tayyar Altıkulaç
23 Rebîülâhir 599’da (9 Ocak 1203) Dımaşk’ta doğdu. Büyük dedeleri Kudüs’ten Şam’a göç etmiş olan bir ailenin ikinci oğludur. Sol kaşının üzerindeki büyükçe bir ben sebebiyle “benli” anlamına gelen Ebû Şâme lakabıyla meşhur oldu. Henüz küçük bir çocukken ilim öğrenmeye büyük hevesi olan Ebû Şâme on yaşını tamamlamadan Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’i ezberledi. Daha sonra kıraat tahsiline başlayarak bulûğ çağına girmeden (Ebû Şâme, İbrâzü’l-meʿânî, s. 8) Kāsım b. Fîrruh eş-Şâtıbî’nin meşhur yedi kıraatle ilgili Ḥırzü’l-emânî adlı kasidesini ezberledi; 616’da (1219) hocası Ebü’l-Hasan es-Sehâvî’den çeşitli rivayetleriyle kıraat öğrenimini tamamladı. Bu hocasından ayrıca tefsir, Arapça ve diğer pek çok konuda faydalandı. Ebü’l-Kāsım Ahmed b. Abdullah el-Attâr ve Ebü’l-Berekât Dâvûd b. Ahmed b. Mülâib’den Ṣaḥîḥ-i Buḫârî’yi, Hanbelî şeyhi Muvaffakuddin Abdullah b. Ahmed’den İmam Şâfiî’nin el-Müsned’ini, Ebû Mansûr Fahreddin İbn Asâkir’den Ebû Bekir el-Beyhakī’nin Delâʾilü’n-nübüvve’sinin büyük bir kısmını ve diğer bazı kitapları dinledi. Otuz yaşından sonra hadis ilmine duyduğu özel ilgi sebebiyle Kerîme bint Abdülvehhâb ve Ebû İshak İbrâhim b. Ebû Tâhir el-Huşûî’den aldığı derslerle bu ilimde ilerlemeye çalıştı. Ebû Amr Osman b. Salâh, İbn Asâkir ve İzzeddin b. Abdüsselâm’dan fıkıh dersleri aldı, bu alanda ictihad derecesine ulaştı.
621 (1224) ve 622 (1225) yıllarında hac maksadıyla Mekke’ye, iki yıl sonra da ziyaret için Kudüs’e seyahat eden Ebû Şâme, 628 yılı Rebîülâhir ayı sonlarında (Mart 1231 başları) ilmî gaye ile Mısır’a gitti. Kahire, Dimyat, İskenderiye şehirlerini dolaşarak Ebü’l-Kāsım İsâ b. Abdülaziz el-İskenderânî, Bahâeddin İbn Şeddâd Yûsuf b. Râfi‘ gibi âlimlerden faydalandı; 7 Rebîülevvel 629’da (2 Ocak 1232) Şam’a döndü. Kendi ifadesine göre ömrünün büyük bir kısmını ve mesaisinin çoğunu şer‘î ve edebî ilimleri öğrenmeye verdikten sonra tarihle meşgul olmaya başladı; “ilmin farz ve sünnetini” bu şekilde tahsil etmiş olacağını düşünüyordu (Kitâbü’r-Ravżateyn, I, 2).
Mısır seyahatinden sonra hayatının sonuna kadar Dımaşk’ta yaşayan Ebû Şâme, olgunluk çağını öğretimle ve çeşitli dallarda eser yazmakla geçirdi; bu arada şiirle de meşgul oldu. Âdiliyye Medresesi’nde uzun yıllar çeşitli dersler okuttu. Onun bu medrese ile asgari 634 (1236-37) yılında başlayan hocalık ilişkisi 654’e (1256) kadar devam etmiş olup bu ilişkinin Rükniyye Medresesi’nde ders vermeye başladığı 12 Muharrem 660 (7 Aralık 1261) tarihine kadar sürmüş olması da muhtemeldir (Ebû Şâme, el-Mürşidü’l-vecîz , nâşirin girişi, s. 19-21). Rükniyye Medresesi’ndeki derslerine ziraat işleriyle meşgul olmak üzere bir süre ara verdiği için kınanan Ebû Şâme, ziraatın en güzel rızık kapısı olduğunu belirten 108 beyitlik bir kaside yazdı (eẕ-Ẕeyl ʿale’r-Ravżateyn, s. 222-226). Cemâziyelâhir 662’de (Nisan 1264) Dârü’l-hadîsi’l-Eşrefiyye şeyhliğine tayin edildi. Zamanın kādılkudâtı ile seçkin bir topluluğun dinleyici olarak hazır bulunduğu bu medresedeki ilk dersi ona büyük itibar sağladı. Hayatının muhtemelen son yıllarında Eşrefiyye Türbesi şeyhliğinde de bulunan Ebû Şâme’nin bizzat kendi ifadelerinden, Emîniyye ve Hüsâmiyye medreseleriyle de ilişkisi bulunduğu anlaşılmaktaysa da (a.g.e., s. 231) bu ilişkinin zamanı ve mahiyeti hakkında bir şey söylemek mümkün değildir.
Bizzat kendisinin belirttiğine göre bir köşeye çekilip tek başına yaşamaktan hoşlanan, “zenginlerin kapısında ayağının izi bulunmayan” ve makam elde etmek için yarışanlar arasında yer almayan (a.g.e., s. 43) Ebû Şâme’nin ölümüne şu olay sebep oldu: Muhtemelen bir mesele hakkında ileri sürdüğü görüş üzerine 27 Cemâziyelâhir 665’te (25 Mart 1267) iki kişi fetva istemek bahanesiyle evine geldiler ve kendisini feci şekilde dövdüler. Ebû Şâme, ilgili mercilere başvurarak saldırganlar hakkında şikâyetçi olmasını ve hakkını aramasını tavsiye edenlere manzum olarak verdiği cevapta işini Allah’a havale ettiğini, O’nun her hususta herkese yeteceğini ifade etti. Bu olayın üzerinden henüz üç ay geçmeden 19 Ramazan 665’te (13 Haziran 1267) vefat etti ve ertesi gün Bâbülferâdis Mezarlığı’na defnedildi. Brockelmann, Ebû Şâme’nin bir cinayetten dolayı şüpheyi celbetmesi üzerine galeyana gelen halk tarafından öldürüldüğünü söylemekteyse de (İA , IV, 51) bu bilginin herhangi bir dayanağına rastlanmamıştır. Ansiklopedinin ikinci baskısında bu iddiaya yer verilmemesi de temelsiz olduğunu göstermektedir.
Çeşitli ilimler üzerindeki ihtisası sebebiyle “zülfünûn” olarak nitelendirilen ve hadis alanında hâfız unvanını kazanmış olan Ebû Şâme ihtilâflı konularda görüş belirtmekten hoşlanır, daha sağlam delillere dayandığında mezhebinin görüşüne aykırı da olsa kendi ictihadına göre fetva vermeyi tercih ederdi. Onun ilmî ve ahlâkî şahsiyeti hakkında bütün kaynaklar ittifak halinde iken Mûsâ b. Muhammed el-Yûnînî (ö. 726/1326) ilmî otoritesini kabul etmekle birlikte onu âlimlerin değerini takdir etmemek ve onlara dil uzatmakla suçlamış, bu yüzden kınandığını ileri sürmüştür (Ẕeylü Mirʾâti’z-zamân, II, 367). Yûnînî’nin bu değerlendirmesinde, Hanbelî şeyhlerinden olan babası Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Yûnînî’nin mi‘racla ilgili bir risâlesine Ebû Şâme’nin reddiye olarak yazdığı el-Vâżıḥu’l-celî fi’r-red ʿale’l-Ḥanbelî adlı eserinin etkisi olmalıdır. Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Yûnînî’nin biyografisini yazarken, “Birçok melik ve emîre yaklaşmış, bu sayede müreffeh bir hayat sürmüştür” (eẕ-Ẕeyl ʿale’r-Ravżateyn, s. 207) gibi ifadeler kullanmasının da Yûnînî ailesinin onun hakkında hissî değerlendirmelerde bulunmasına sebep olduğu anlaşılmaktadır.
Eserleri. Kıraat, tefsir, hadis, fıkıh, dil ve tarih gibi değişik konularda elliye yakın eseri bulunan Ebû Şâme’nin başlıca eserleri şunlardır:
1. İbrâzü’l-meʿânî min Ḥırzi’l-emânî fi’l-ḳırâʾâti’s-sebʿ. Kāsım b. Fîrruh eş-Şâtıbî’nin (ö. 590/1194) Ḥırzü’l-emânî fi’l-ḳırâʾâti’s-sebʿ adlı “lâmî” kasidesinin şerhidir. Müellif şerhi önce çok geniş tutmuş, daha sonra “ömrün kısa olduğu ve yapılacak başka işlerin de bulunduğu” gerekçesiyle ihtisar yolunu seçmiştir. Ebû Şâme, henüz bulûğ çağına girmeden ezberlediğini söylediği bu kasideyi hocası Ebü’l-Hasan es-Sehâvî’den birkaç defa, o da bizzat Şâtıbî’den birçok kere okumuş, şerhin hacim olarak küçüklüğüne bakıp ihmal edilmemesi gerektiğini söylemiştir (İbrâzü’l-meʿânî, s. 8). Çeşitli kütüphanelerde yazma nüshaları bulunan ve ayrıca basılmış olan (Kahire 1349) eser İbrâhim Atve İvaz’ın tahkikiyle yeniden neşredilmiştir (Kahire 1402/1981). Eserin müellifi tarafından yapılan muhtasarının bir nüshası, Musul’da Molla Zeker Kütüphanesi’nde Muḫtaṣaru İbrâzi’l-meʿânî min Ḥırzi’l-emânî ve vechi’t-tehânî adıyla kayıtlıdır (nr. 18/2, 233 varak).
2. el-Mürşidü’l-vecîz ilâ ʿulûm teteʿalleḳu bi’l-Kitâbi’l-ʿAzîz. Esas olarak Kur’an’ın yedi harf üzere nâzil olduğunu bildiren hadisin açıklamalarını ihtiva eden, bu vesile ile Kur’an ilimlerine dair bazı konuların da incelendiği eser Tayyar Altıkulaç’ın (Beyrut 1395/1975; Ankara 1406/1986) ve Velîd Müsâid et-Tabâtabâî’nin (Küveyt 1414/1993) tahkikleriyle neşredilmiştir.
3. Kitâbü’l-Besmele. 27 Ramazan 645’te (25 Ocak 1248) tamamlanan ve Dımaşk’ta el-Mektebetü’l-Umûmiyye ile (nr. 52/415) Dârü’l-kütübi’z-Zâhiriyye’de (nr. 2352, 121 varak) birer yazma nüshası bulunan eserin müellifi tarafından yapılmış muhtasarının yazma nüshaları Nuruosmaniye (nr. 738, vr. 492-504), Vatikan (nr. 1384/5). Dublin Chester Beatty (nr. 3307/10, vr. 387-408; 3502/2, vr. 67-91) ve Mekke Ümmülkurâ Üniversitesi Merkezü’l-bahsi’l-ilmî (nr. 579/5) kütüphanelerinde mevcuttur.
4. Tetimmetü’l-beyân limâ eşkele min müteşâbihi’l-Ḳurʾân. Manzum olan bu eserin, müellifin eẕ-Ẕeyl ʿale’r-Ravżateyn’de (s. 40) kendi biyografisinden söz ederken henüz tamamlayamadığını belirttiği çalışmaları arasında saydığı Müşkilâtü’l-âyât adlı eserle aynı risâle olması muhtemeldir. Yazma bir nüshası Dârü’l-kütübi’z-Zâhiriyye’de bulunmaktadır (nr. 344, vr. 1-70).
5. Nûrü’l-mesrâ fî tefsîri âyeti’l-İsrâʾ. Dublin Chester Beatty (nr. 3307, 408 varak) ve Mekke Ümmülkurâ Üniversitesi Merkezü’l-bahsi’l-ilmî (nr. 579/5) kütüphanelerinde birer yazma nüshası bulunan eser, Ali Hüseyin el-Bevvâb’ın tahkikiyle neşredilmiştir (Riyad 1406/1986).
6. Kitâbü’r-Ravżateyn fî aḫbâri’d-devleteyn. Haçlı seferleriyle ilgili en önemli kaynaklardan biri olup esas itibariyle Nûreddin Mahmûd Zengî (1146-1174) ve Selâhaddîn-i Eyyûbî (1169-1193) dönemlerine ayrılmış olmakla beraber Zengî ve Eyyûbî hânedanlarının diğer bazı hükümdarlarıyla Selçuklular hakkında da bilgi veren eser iki cilt halinde neşredilmiş (Kahire 1287-1288, 1292) ayrıca ilk cildi Muhammed Hilmî Muhammed’in tahkikiyle iki cüz olarak yeniden basılmıştır (Kahire 1956-1962). Kitabın bizzat müellif tarafından yapılan ve bazı kaynaklarda Muḫtaṣarü’r-Ravżateyn adıyla zikredilen muhtasarını ise Ahmed el-Beysûmî tahkik ederek ʿUyûnü’r-Ravżateyn fî aḫbâri’d-devleteyn adıyla iki cilt halinde yayımlamıştır (Dımaşk 1991-1992).
7. eẕ-Ẕeyl ʿale’r-Ravżateyn. Terâcimü ricâli’l-ḳarneyni’s-sâdis ve’s-sâbiʿ adıyla da bilinen ve bir önceki kitabın zeyli olan eser, 590-665 (1194-1267) yılları olaylarını ihtiva etmekte olup Muhammed Zâhid Kevserî’nin tahkikiyle neşredilmiştir (Kahire 1947; Beyrut 1974).
8. el-Kevâkibü’d-dürriyye fi’s-sîreti’n-nebeviyye. Yazma bir nüshası Mektebetü’l-Haremi’l-Mekkî’dedir (nr. 126).
9. el-Muḥaḳḳaḳ min ʿilmi’l-uṣûl fîmâ yeteʿalleḳu bi-efʿâli’r-Resûl. Ahmed el-Küveytî tarafından tahkik edilerek yayımlanmıştır (Amman 1989).
10. el-Bâʿis̱ ʿalâ inkâri’l-bidaʿ ve’l-ḥavâdis̱. Eserde önce sünnete bağlı olmanın lüzumuna dair âyet ve hadisler zikredilmiş, daha sonra bid‘atla sünnet arasındaki fark belirtilerek bilhassa ibadet hayatında yaygın hale gelmiş olan bid‘atlardan sakınılması gerektiği üzerinde durulmuştur. Muhtelif baskıları bulunan eser (Kahire 1310, 1374, 1398; Hindistan 1314; Mekke 1401) son olarak Meşhûr Hasan Selmân’ın tahkikiyle neşredilmiştir (Riyad 1410/1990).
11. Davʾü’l-ḳameri’s-sârî ilâ maʿrifeti rüʾyeti’l-bârî. Ahmed Abdurrahman eş-Şerîf’in tahkikiyle neşredilmiştir (Kahire 1985).
12. el-Vâżıḥu’l-celî fi’r-red ʿale’l-Ḥanbelî. Hanbelî âlimlerinden Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Yûnînî’nin (ö. 658/1260) mi‘racla ilgili risâlesine reddiye olarak yazılmıştır. Eserin bir nüshası Dublin Chester Beatty Kütüphanesi’nde mevcuttur (nr. 3307).
13. Muḫtaṣaru Târîḫi Dımaşḳ. Ebû Şâme, Ebü’l-Kāsım İbn Asâkir’in (ö. 571/1176) Târîḫu medîneti Dımaşḳ adlı eserini biri beş cilt, diğeri on beş cilt olmak üzere iki defa ihtisar etmiştir. On beş ciltlik muhtasarın bazı cüzleri Princeton Üniversitesi’nde (Mecmûatü Yehûda, nr. 430), Berlin Staatsbibliothek’te (nr. 9782) ve Paris Bibliothèque Nationale’de (nr. 2317) bulunmaktadır.
14. Müfredâtü’l-ḳurrâʾ. Bir nüshası Taşkent’te Ma‘hedü’d-dirâsâti’ş-şarkıyye Kütüphanesi’ndedir (nr. 5798).
15. Şerḥu’r-Râʾiyye. Kāsım b. Fîrruh eş-Şâtıbî’nin (ö. 590/1194) ʿAḳīletü etrâbi’l-ḳaṣâʾid fî esne’l-maḳāṣıd adlı “râî” kasidesinin şerhi olup yazma bir nüshası Dârü’l-kütübi’l-Mısriyye’de mevcuttur (nr. 493).
16. el-Maḳāṣıdü’s-seniyye fî şerḥi’l-Ḳaṣâʾidi’n-nebeviyye. Ebû Muhammed Abdullah b. Yahyâ eş-Şakrâtîsî’nin (ö. 466/1073) el-Ḳaṣîdetü’ş-Şaḳrâṭîsiyye adlı kasidesiyle Ali b. Muhammed es-Sehâvî’nin (ö. 643/1245) el-Ḳaṣâʾidü’n-nebeviyye (el-Ḳaṣâʾidü’s-sebʿu’s-Seḫâviyye) adıyla bilinen yedi kasidesinin şerhidir. Bunlardan Sehâvî’ye ait kasidelerle ilgili bölüm, müellifin ilk telifi olduğunu söylediği (eẕ-Ẕeyl ʿale’r-Ravżateyn, s. 39) eseri olmalıdır. el-Maḳāṣıdü’s-seniyye’nin bir nüshası Dârü’l-kütübi’l-Mısriyye’de (Şi‘rü’t-Teymûr, nr. 412, 199 varak), Şerḥu’l-Ḳaṣâʾidi’n-nebeviyye’nin bir nüshası da Şerḥu Sebʿi ḳaṣâʾidi’s-Seḫâvî fî medḥi’n-nebî adıyla Paris Bibliothèque Nationale’de (nr. 3142) bulunmaktadır (Ebû Şâme’nin diğer eserleri için bk. Brockelmann, GAL , I, 386-387; Suppl., I, 550-551; Ebû Şâme, el-Bâʿis̱ ʿalâ inkâri’l-bidaʿ ve’l-ḥavâdis̱, nâşirin girişi, s. 16-25; a.mlf., el-Mürşidü’l-vecîz, nâşirin girişi, s. 29-33; Selâhaddin el-Müneccid, s. 100-103).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Ebû Şâme, Kitâbü’r-Ravżateyn (nşr. M. Hilmî Muhammed), nâşirin girişi, I, 3-57, ayrıca bk. I, 2. a.mlf., eẕ-Ẕeyl ʿale’r-Ravżateyn, s. 37-45, 90, 91, 121, 137, 139, 142-145, 149, 151, 152, 160, 161, 163, 164, 167, 170, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 179, 186, 189, 195, 199, 204, 207, 209, 216, 222-226, 230, 231, 240. a.mlf., İbrâzü’l-meʿânî min Ḥırzi’l-emânî fi’l-ḳırâʾâti’s-sebʿ (nşr. İbrâhim Atve İvaz), Kahire 1402/1981, s. 8. a.mlf., el-Bâʿis̱ ʿalâ inkâri’l-bidaʿ ve’l-ḥavâdis̱ (nşr. Meşhûr Hasan Selmân), Riyad 1410/1990, nâşirin girişi, s. 7-26. a.mlf., el-Mürşidü’l-vecîz (nşr. Tayyar Altıkulaç), nâşirin girişi, s. 15-33; a.e. (nşr. Velîd Müsâid et-Tabâtabâî), Küveyt 1414/1993, nâşirin girişi, s. 19-92. a.mlf., el-Muḥaḳḳaḳ min ʿilmi’l-uṣûl fîmâ yeteʿalleḳu bi-efʿali’r-Resûl (nşr. Ahmed el-Küveytî), Amman 1409/1989, Ahmed b. Muhammed b. Hüseyin b. Abdüllatîf’in girişi, s. 11-28. Birzâlî, Meşyeḫatü ḳāḍi’l-ḳuḍât İbn Cemâʿa (nşr. Muvaffak b. Abdullah), Beyrut 1408/1988, I, 300-305. Zehebî, Maʿrifetü’l-ḳurrâʾ , II, 673-674. a.mlf., Teẕkiretü’l-ḥuffâẓ, IV, 1460-1461. Kütübî, Fevâtü’l-Vefeyât , II, 269-271. Sübkî, Ṭabaḳāt , VIII, 165-168. İsnevî, Ṭabaḳātü’ş-Şâfiʿiyye , II, 118-119. Yûnînî, Ẕeylü Mirʾâti’z-zamân, Haydarâbâd 1375/1955, II, 367. İbnü’l-Cezerî, Ġāyetü’n-Nihâye , I, 365-366. Abdülkādir b. Muhammed en-Nuaymî, ed-Dâris fî târîḫi’l-medâris (nşr. Ca‘fer el-Hasenî), Kahire 1988, I, 23-24. Brockelmann, GAL , I, 386-387; Suppl., I, 550-551. a.mlf., “Ebû Şâme”, İA , IV, 51. Sâlim Abdürrezzâk, Fihrisü maḫṭûṭâti Mektebeti’l-ʿâmme fi’l-Muṣul, Bağdad 1978, s. 201. Selâhaddin el-Müneccid, Muʿcemü’l-müʾerriḫine’d-Dımaşḳıyyîn, Beyrut 1398/1978, s. 100-103. Salâh M. el-Hıyemî, Fihrisü maḫṭûṭâti Dâri’l-Kütübi’ẓ-Ẓâhiriyye: ʿUlûmü’l-Ḳurʾâni’l-Kerîm, Dımaşk 1403-1404/1983-84, I, 288-290; II, 244-246. el-Fihrisü’ş-Şâmil: Resmü’l-meṣâḥif (nşr. el-Mecmûu’l-melikî li-buhûsi’l-hadâreti’l-İslâmiyye), Amman 1406/1986, s. 38; a.e.: Maḫṭûṭâtü’t-tecvîd, I, 102; a.e.: Maḫṭûṭâtü’l-ḳırâʾât, I, 222-233; a.e.: Maḫṭûṭâtü’t-tefsîr, III, 720; a.e.: Maḫṭûṭâtü’t-tefsîr ve ʿulûmüh, I, 257. Louis Pouzet, “Abû Sâma (599-665/1203-1268) et la société damascaine de son temps”, BEO , XXXVII-XXXVIII (1988), s. 115-126. Hilmy Ahmad, “Abū Shāma”, EI2 (İng.) I, 150.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1994 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 10. cildinde, 233-235 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.