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EBÜ’l-FEREC el-İSFAHÂNÎ Skip to content Ebü’l-Ferec Alî b. el-Hüseyn b. Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Kureşî el-İsfahânî (ö. 356/967)
el-Eġānî adlı eseriyle tanınan Arap tarihçisi ve edibi.
284 (897) yılında doğdu. Çağdaş araştırmacıların çoğu İsfahânî nisbesinden hareketle İsfahan’da doğduğunu ileri sürmektedir; bazıları ise el-Eġānî ’de ailesi hakkında verdiği bilgileri dikkate alarak Bağdat’ta doğmuş olmasını daha kuvvetli bir ihtimal olarak görmektedirler. Dedesi Muhammed b. Ahmed’in Sâmerrâ’nın tanınmış şahsiyetleri arasında yer alması, babasının Bağdat’ta ikamet etmesi, amcası Hasan b. Muhammed’in Abbâsî Halifesi Mütevekkil-Alellah zamanında önde gelen kâtiplerden sayılması ikinci görüşü desteklemektedir (Muhammed Hayr, XV/1, s. 260-261). Meşhur olduğu İsfahânî nisbesi, Emevî ailesine mensup dedelerinin Abbâsîler’in zulmünden kurtulmak için bir süre İsfahan’da ikamet etmeleri dolayısıyla ailenin bu nisbe ile anılmasından kaynaklanmış olmalıdır (a.g.e ., s. 261). Esasen Ebü’l-Ferec’in aldığı mûsiki ve şiir kültürü de onun Bağdat’ın aristokrat ailelerinden birine mensup olduğunu göstermektedir.
İlk öğreniminin ardından şiir ve mûsiki kültürünü aile muhitinde edindikten sonra Kûfe’ye gitti. Burada Mutayye b. Eyyûb, Muhammed b. Ca‘fer el-Kattât, Hüseyin b. Tayyib eş-Şücâî, Muhammed b. Hüseyin el-Kindî, Ahmed b. Îsâ el-İclî gibi âlimlerden hadis ve tarih okudu, ayrıca lugat ilmini öğrendi. Daha sonra döndüğü Bağdat’ta İbn Düreyd, Ebû Bekir el-Enbârî, Ebû Bekir es-Sûlî, Ebû Abdullah Muhammed b. Abbas el-Yezîdî, Ahfeş el-Asgar, Niftaveyh, Ca‘fer b. Kudâme, İbn Cerîr et-Taberî gibi âlimlerden gramer, lugat, edebiyat, şiir, ensâb, ahbâr, tarih, megāzî, tefsir, hadis, mûsiki, eyyâmü’l-Arab, tıp, baytarlık ve nücûm dersleri aldı. Eserinde yer alan bazı bilgilerden İsfahânî’nin Basra, Kûfe, Rakka, Antakya gibi yerlere de seyahatlerde bulunduğu anlaşılmaktadır.
Öğrenimini tamamladıktan sonra ders vermeye başlayan Ebü’l-Ferec kısa zamanda meşhur olunca her taraftan talebeler ve ilim meraklıları derslerine katılmak için Bağdat’a akın etmeye başladılar. Muhaddislerden Dârekutnî, Ebû İshak et-Taberî, Ali b. Ahmed er-Rezzâz, Ebû Zekeriyyâ Yahyâ b. Mâlik b. Âiz el-Endelüsî, şair ve edip Ali b. Dînâr ve Ebû Ali Muhassin et-Tenûhî onun meşhur talebeleri arasında yer alır. Bunlardan son ikisi aynı zamanda kendisinden eserlerini rivayet izni almıştır. Ali b. Dînâr, el-Eġānî ’nin tamamını Ebü’l-Ferec’den okuduğunu övünerek nakletmektedir.
Ebü’l-Ferec’in edebiyat ve dil konusundaki bilgisinin derinliği, tarih ve ahbarla ilgili mâlûmatının zenginliği, ayrıca hoşsohbet ve nüktedan olması sebebiyle devrinin tanınmış âlim ve edipleri onun sohbetlerine devam ederlerdi. Bunlar arasında Ebû İshak es-Sâbî, Kādî et-Tenûhî, Vezîr el-Mühellebî, Ali b. Hârûn el-Müneccim ve Ebû Saîd es-Sîrâfî gibi kişileri saymak mümkündür. Bağdat’ta tahsil arkadaşı olan Hasan b. Muhammed el-Mühellebî, Büveyhî Emîri Muizzüddevle’ye vezir olunca Ebü’l-Ferec onun nedimi oldu. Mühellebî, on üç yıl devam eden vezirliği süresince Ebü’l-Ferec’i yanından ayırmadı; kendisine maddî ve mânevî her türlü yardımda bulundu. Ebü’l-Ferec’in, Halep Emîri Seyfüddevle el-Hamdânî ve Büveyhî Veziri Sâhib b. Abbâd ile de gıyabî alâkası vardı. Nitekim el-Eġānî ’yi yazıp bitirince Seyfüddevle’ye göndermiş, Seyfüddevle de kendisine 1000 dinar vermiştir. Sâhib b. Abbâd durumu öğrenince Seyfüddevle’nin Ebü’l-Ferec’in hakkını yediğini, eserin verilen paranın birkaç katına lâyık olduğunu söylemiştir.
Son Emevî halifesi Mervân’ın soyundan geldiği için Endülüs Emevîleri ile gizli irtibat halinde olan Ebü’l-Ferec’in yazdığı eserleri onlara da gönderdiği ve kendilerinden yardım gördüğü, hatta bazı eserlerinin Doğu’da tanınmadan önce Endülüs’te tanındığı rivayet edilmektedir. Makkarî, Endülüs Emevî Halifesi II. Hakem el-Müstansır-Billâh’ın Ebü’l-Ferec’e 1000 dinar gönderdiğini kaydeder (Nefḥu’ṭ-ṭîb , I, 386; III, 72).
Aynı zamanda şair olan Ebü’l-Ferec’in el-Eġānî ’ye aldığı şiirlerle ilgili edebî tenkitlerin değeri bu vasfından dolayıdır. Ancak onun şöhreti tarihçiliğinden ve özellikle el-Eġānî adlı eserinden kaynaklanmaktadır. Ebü’l-Ferec’in hayvanlara karşı da özel bir ilgisi olduğu, beslediği kedi, horoz ve koyunun ölmesi münasebetiyle yazdığı mersiyelerden anlaşılmaktadır.
Ebü’l-Ferec’in Şiî olduğu rivayet edilmekteyse de çağdaşları İbnü’n-Nedîm ile Ebû Nuaym el-İsfahânî, ayrıca kendisinden hadis rivayet eden Dârekutnî, Ali er-Rezzâz ve İbn Dûmâ gibi âlimler bu hususta herhangi bir şey söylemedikleri gibi bugüne ulaşan eserlerinde Şiîliğini gösterecek bir bilgiye de rastlanmamaktadır. Bu rivayet, Hatîb el-Bağdâdî’nin Ebü’l-Ferec hakkında kullandığı “rivayeti çok olan” mânasındaki “müttesiîn” (المتسعين ) kelimesinin (Târîḫu Baġdâd , XI, 398-399) daha sonra yanlışlıkla “Şiî taraftarı” anlamındaki “müteşeyyiîn” (المتشيعين ) şeklinde okunmasından (İbn Hallikân, III, 307) kaynaklanmış olmalıdır (Muhammed Hayr, XV/1, s. 279).
Ebü’l-Ferec’in içki içtiği, mûsiki ile meşguliyetinden dolayı şarkıcı câriye ve kölelerle arkadaşlık ettiği nakledilir. Ömrünün sonlarında aklî dengesi bozulan ve felç geçiren Ebü’l-Ferec 14 Zilhicce 356 (20 Kasım 967) tarihinde Bağdat’ta öldü.
Eserleri. Ebü’l-Ferec’in ensâb, ahbâr, şiir ve şairler, meyhâneler, mûsiki, şarkıcılar vb. konularda otuz civarında eser yazdığı kaydedilmekte, bunlardan yalnız dördünün günümüze ulaştığı bilinmektedir.
1. el-Eġānî . Müellifinden daha çok meşhur olan bu eser, Emevî devrinde ve Abbâsîler’in ilk dönemlerinde yaşayan şarkıcı ve bestekârlarla bunların şarkı ve bestelerini konu edinmiştir. Ebü’l-Ferec şarkının güftesi, bestesi ve bestekârı hakkında bilgi verirken şiirin vezni, garîb kelimeleri, şairin ve bestekârın hayatı, şarkının kimin için bestelendiği, hangi şarkıcılar tarafından okunduğu gibi hususlara da temas eder. Bu bilgileri verirken zamanına kadar gelen yazılı belgelerle döneminde yaşamakta olan kişilerin ve bizzat kendisinin şahit olduğu olaylardan istifade eder. Ebü’l-Ferec’in bazı kitaplardan söz etmesi, devrinde gördüğü birçok olayı anlatması, döneminin âdet ve görenekleri hakkında bilgi vermesi bakımından el-Eġānî büyük bir önem taşımaktadır. Nitekim yazıldığı günden zamanımıza kadar başta İbn Haldûn olmak üzere birçok âlim tarafından takdir edilmiştir. Ancak Ebü’l-Ferec’in rivayet metodunu (isnad zinciri) kullanmakla birlikte râvilerinin çoğunun metrûk ve yalancılıkla itham edilen kişiler (kezzâb) olması, naklettiği haberleri değerlendirmemesi, hakkında bilgi verdiği dönemleri ve özellikle tarihî şahsiyetleri, çok defa mevkileriyle bağdaşmayacak şekilde olumsuz yönleriyle ve mübalağalı bir üslûpla anlatması, aynı olayı değişik yerlerde, değişik ifadelerle ve başka başka kişilere nisbet etmesi, aynı şiiri değişik şairlere mal etmesi gibi hususlar onun titiz bir araştırmacı olmadığını, eserini tarihe ve tarihî olaylara ışık tutmak için yazmadığını, giriş kısmında kendisinin de belirttiği gibi maksadının okuyucuyu eğlendirmek olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu sebeple eser tarihî bir kaynak olarak ihtiyatla kullanılmalıdır. Bununla birlikte el-Eġānî şiir, edebî tenkit, Arap mûsikisinin tarihî gelişimi ve ihtiva ettiği diğer edebî malzeme bakımından İbn Haldûn’un da belirttiği gibi “hiçbir edebiyatçının vazgeçemeyeceği bir şaheserdir.” Nitekim büyük bir edip olan Vezir Sâhib b. Abbâd, bir yere giderken develerle taşıttığı kütüphanesini el-Eġānî ’yi temin ettikten sonra beraberinde götürmekten vazgeçmiş ve el-Eġānî ’nin kendisini bunlardan müstağni kıldığını ifade etmiştir. Dünyanın belli başlı kütüphanelerinde yazma nüshaları bulunan el-Eġānî ilk defa Bulak’ta yirmi cilt halinde basılmıştır (1285). Daha sonra Rudolf E. Brünnow, Bulak baskısına esas olan nüshada bulunmayıp diğer bazı yazmalardan istifade ile topladığı malzemeyi bir cilt halinde neşretmiş (Leiden 1306/1888); I. Guidi de aynı baskıyı esas alarak Cedâvilü Kitâbi’l-Eġānî adıyla eserin bir fihristini hazırlamıştır (Paris 1318/1900). Üç cilt olarak Arapça’ya tercüme edilen bu fihristlerin ilâvesiyle Bulak baskısı yirmi dört ciltte tamamlanmıştır. Tunuslu el-Hâc Mahmûd es-Sâsî el-Eġānî ’yi yirmi bir cilt halinde yeniden yayımlamış (Kahire 1323/1905), Guidi’nin hazırladığı fihrist kısmını da üç cilt olarak bu yeni baskıya göre düzenleyip ilâve etmiştir. Daha sonra Dârü’l-kütübi’l-Mısriyye bir komisyon kurarak el-Eġānî ’nin yeni bir neşrine başlamış, ancak on altı cilt çıkarabilmiştir (Kahire 1927-1970). Diğer ciltleri ise el-Hey’etü’l-Mısriyyetü’l-âmme tarafından yayımlanarak eser yine yirmi dört cilt halinde tamamlanmıştır (1970-1974). Dâru ihyâi’t-türâsi’l-Arabî bu baskıyı ofset olarak tekrarlamıştır (Beyrut). Bunlardan başka eserin Abdullah Alâylî – Ahmed Ebû Sa‘d – Mûsâ Süleyman (I-XXV, Beyrut 1955-1964); Abdüssettâr Ahmed Ferrâc (I-XXV, Beyrut 1955-1964); İbrâhim el-Ebyârî (I-XXXI, Kahire 1389-1399/1969-1979); Memduh Hakkī (I-XXV, Beyrut 1983); Abdülemîr Alî Mühennâ – Semîr Yûsuf Câbir (I-XXV, Beyrut 1407/1986) tarafından yapılan baskıları da vardır. el-Eġānî ’nin günümüze kadar ondan fazla muhtasarı yapılmıştır, bunların başlıcaları şunlardır: Vezîr el-Mağribî (ö. 418/1027); Müsebbihî; İbn Nâkıyâ; İbn Vâsıl el-Hamevî, Tecrîdü’l-Eġānî min ẕikri’l-mes̱âlis̱ ve’l-mes̱ânî (nşr. Tâhâ Hüseyin – İbrâhim el-Ebyârî, I-VII, Kahire 1955-1959); İbn Manzûr, Muḫtârü’l-Eġānî fi’l-aḫbâr ve’t-tehânî (nşr. M. Züheyr Şâvîş, I-XII, Beyrut 1383/1964; İbrâhim el-Ebyârî v.dğr., Kahire 1965); Hüseyin b. Candar, Muḫtaṣarü’l-Eġānî ; Abdülkādir b. Abdurrahman el-Fâsî, İdrâkü’l-emânî min Kitâbi’l-Eġānî ; Anton es-Sâlihânî (ö. 1941), Rennâtü’l-mes̱âlis̱ ve’l-mes̱ânî fî rivâyâti’l-Eġānî (Beyrut 1888, 2. bs. 1923); Şeyh Muhammed el-Hudarî (ö. 1345/1927), Müheẕẕebü’l-Eġānî (I-IX, Kahire 1925-1926); Ahmed Kemal Zeki, Muḫtârât min Kitâbi’l-Eġānî (Kahire 1961); Halil Hindevî, Muḫtârâtü’l-Eġānî (I-V, Beyrut 1967); İhsan en-Nassî, İḫtiyârât min Kitâbi’l-Eġānî (I-VI, Beyrut 1979-1985). Abdülemîr Ali Mühennâ, el-Eġānî ’de kadınlarla ilgili olarak verilen bilgileri Aḫbârü’n-nisâʾ fî Kitâbi’l-Eġānî (Beyrut 1409/1988); Dâvûd Sellûm ile Nûrî Hammûdî el-Kaysî eserdeki kişileri Şaḫṣiyyâtü Kitâbi’l-Eġānî (Bağdad 1402/1982); Kemal en-Necmî el-Eġānî ’de şarkıcı ve câriyelere dair anlatılanları Yevmiyyâtü’l-muġannîn ve’l-cevârî (Kahire 1986) adıyla yayımlamıştır. el-Eġānî ile ilgili olarak yapılan diğer bazı çalışmalar da şunlardır: M. Abdülcevâd el-Asmaî, Ebü’l-Ferec el-İṣfahânî ve Kitâbühü’l-Eġānî (Kahire 1951); Ahmed el-Hazîrî, Ricâlü’s-siyâse ve’ş-şiʿr min hilâli Kitâbi’l-Eġānî (Tunus 1982); Abdülmuîn el-Mülevvahî, Fihrisü mevâd ve terâcim ve aʿlâmi Kitâbi’l-Eġānî (Dımaşk 1984); Habeşî Seyyid Nasr, Naḳdü’l-ḫaberi’l-edebî fî Kitâbi’l-Eġānî (Kahire 1985); Hasan Muhsin, Muʿcemü’l-elfâẓi’l-müfessere fî Kitâbi’l-Eġānî (Küveyt 1987); Reşîde Abdülhamîd el-Lekānî, Elfâẓü’l-eṭʿime ve’l-eşribe fî Kitâbi’l-Eġānî (İskenderiye 1991).
2. Meḳātilü’ṭ-Ṭâlibiyyîn . Ca‘fer b. Ebû Tâlib’in şehâdetinden (629) Muktedir-Billâh devrine (908-932) kadar Ehl-i beyt’ten şehid edilenlerin hal tercümelerini, öldürülme sebeplerini, kimler tarafından nerede ve nasıl katledildiklerini anlatan bir eserdir. İlk defa Tahran’da (1307), daha sonra Bombay (1311, Fahreddin en-Necefî’nin el-Müntaḫab fi’l-Merâs̱î ve’l-ḫutab ’ının kenarında) ve Necef’te (1353) basılmıştır. Teknik hatalarla dolu olan birbirinin tekrarı mahiyetindeki bu baskılardan sonra Seyyid Ahmed Sakr eserin tenkitli neşrini gerçekleştirmiştir (Kahire 1949; 2. bs., Beyrut, ts.).
3. el-İmâʾü’ş-şevâʿir . Şair câriyeleri konu alan bu eser Nûrî Hammûdî el-Kaysî ve Yûnus Ahmed es-Sâmerrâî’nin tahkikiyle neşredilmiştir (Beyrut 1404/1984). Ancak nâşirler eserden bazı müstehcen ibareleri çıkardıklarını ifade etmektedirler. Kitap ayrıca Celîl el-Atıyye tarafından da yayımlanmıştır (Beyrut 1405/1985).
4. Kitâbü Edebi’l-ġurebâʾ . Gurbette gurbetle ilgili olarak şiir söyleyenlerin şiirlerini ihtiva eden bu eseri Selâhaddin el-Müneccid yayımlamıştır (Beyrut 1972) (diğer eserlerinin bir listesi için bk. Meḳātilü’ṭ-Ṭâlibiyyîn [nşr. Seyyid Ahmed Sakr], neşredenin girişi, s. t-h). Ebü’l-Ferec’in Ebû Temmâm, Ebû Nüvâs ve Buhtürî’nin divanlarını tertip ettiği söyleniyorsa da bu divanları tertip eden Ebü’l-Ferec değil Ali b. Hamza el-İsfahânî’dir (ö. 375/985-86). Aynı nisbeyi taşımaları sebebiyle iki İsfahânî karıştırılmış olmalıdır (bk. Yâkūt, XIX, 251).
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K. Abu Deeb, “Abu’l-Faraj Eṣfahānī”, a.e. , I, 282-283.
a.mlf., “al-Ağānī”, EIr. , I, 606-607.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1994 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 10. cildinde, 316-318 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.