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EFTASÎLER Skip to content EFTASÎLER Batı Endülüs’te 1022-1095 yılları arasında hüküm süren Berberî hânedanı.
Müellif: Mehmet Özdemir
Eftasîler Devleti’nin kurulduğu es-Sağrü’l-ednâ, Endülüs’ün batı kesiminde Vâdiiâne’yi (Guadiana) ve bugünkü Portekiz’in büyük bir kısmını içine alıyordu ve merkezî idare adına Endülüs Emevî Hükümdarı II. Hakem’in âzatlılarından Sâbûr es-Saklebî tarafından idare ediliyordu. Ancak V. (XI.) yüzyıl başlarında Endülüs Emevî Devleti’nin zayıflamasına paralel olarak muhtelif şehir ve bölgelerdeki mahallî hânedanlar bağımsızlıklarını ilân ettiler. Sâbûr da Batalyevs (Badajoz) merkez olmak üzere es-Sağrü’l-ednâ’da bağımsız olarak hüküm sürmeye başladı (403/1012-13). İyi bir asker olmakla beraber idarî işlerden pek anlamayan Sâbûr bu işleri, kendisine vezir tayin ettiği zeki, bilgili ve uzak görüşlü bir kişi olan Abdullah b. Muhammed’e (İbnü’l-Eftas) bıraktı. Vezir Abdullah, Kurtuba’ya (Córdoba) yakın Fahsülbellût’ta oturan Berberî asıllı mütevazi bir aileye mensuptu. Ancak toplum içinde itibarlı bir mevki edinebilmek maksadıyla Abdullah ve ailesinin öteki fertleri, Tücîb adlı Arap kabilesine mensup olduklarını söylüyorlardı.
Sâbûr es-Saklebî 413 (1022) yılında ölünce İbnü’l-Eftas kendisini hükümdar ilân etti ve Mansûr lakabını aldı. Böylece Endülüs’ün batısında merkezi Batalyevs olan Eftasîler hânedanı kurulmuş oldu (413/1022).
Abdullah el-Mansûr’un ilk yılları huzur içinde geçmiş olmakla beraber, mülûkü’t-tavâif in en güçlülerinden olan Abbâdîler’in öteki komşuları aleyhine genişleme gayreti içine girmeleri ve Eftasî topraklarına da göz dikmeleri çok geçmeden Eftasîler’i Abbâdîler’le karşı karşıya getirdi. 421’de (1030) Abbâdîler Bâce’de (Beja) Eftasîler’i ağır bir yenilgiye uğrattılar. Dört yıl sonra Eftasîler, hıristiyanların da desteğini sağlayarak Abbâdî ordusunu mağlûp ettiler. Abbâdî askerlerinin bir kısmı Eftasîler, geri kalanı da hıristiyan kuvvetlerince imha edildi. Bu savaş sonrasında Abbâdîler’in Gırnata ve Mâleka’daki (Malaga) Berberî hânedanlarıyla mücadeleye girmeleri Eftasîler’e rahat bir nefes aldırdı. Fakat çok geçmeden Sâbûr’un Üşbûne’de (Lizbon) yaşayan iki oğlu Abdülmelik ve Abdülazîz, tahtın aslında kendilerine ait olduğunu ileri sürerek Abdullah el-Mansûr’a karşı ayaklandılar ve istiklâllerini ilân ettiler. Bununla beraber özellikle Abdülmelik iyi bir idareci olmadığından şehirde huzur kalmadı. Halkın Abdülmelik’in kötü idaresinden kurtulmak için Abdullah el-Mansûr’a başvurması üzerine gönderilen Eftasî kuvvetleri halkın da desteğiyle kolayca şehre girdiler. Kendisi ve ailesi için eman alan Abdülmelik, o sırada Endülüs’ün en huzurlu şehri olan Cehverîler’in merkezi Kurtuba’ya gidip yerleşti.
Abdullah el-Mansûr 437’de (1045) ölünce yerine oğlu Muhammed geçti. Muzaffer lakabını alan Muhammed iyi bir asker ve aynı zamanda âlimdi. İdare ve savunma hususlarında babasının siyasetini devam ettirdi. Bu çerçevede Abbâdîler’e karşı çok dikkatli hareket ediyordu. Nitekim Abbâdîler’in hâkimiyet sahalarını genişletmek gayesiyle yeniden Eftasî topraklarına saldırmaları üzerine 439 (1047) yılında Eftasî ve Abbâdî kuvvetleri bir defa daha karşı karşıya geldiler; savaş Eftasîler’in galibiyetiyle sonuçlandı. Ancak Abbâdîler daha sonraki yıllarda bazı önemli Eftasî kale ve şehirlerini ele geçirerek Muhammed el-Muzaffer’i Batalyevs’e sıkıştırdılar. Eftasî-Abbâdî mücadelesinin yalnız bu iki devlete değil, her geçen gün bu tür mücadelelerle biraz daha zayıflayan bütün Endülüs müslümanlarına zarar verdiğini ve bu durumdan asıl faydalanacak olanların hıristiyan krallıkları olduğunu gayet iyi bilen Kurtuba’daki Cehverîler, taraflar arasında barış sağlanması için yeniden harekete geçtiler ve bu defa başarılı oldular.
Tuleytula’daki (Toledo) Zünnûnîler’in Eftasî topraklarına doğru genişleme arzuları, bu defa Eftasî-Zünnûnî mücadelesine sebep oldu. Kaynaklarda hakkında fazla bilgi bulunmayan bu mücadele sürerken durumu yakından takip eden Kastilya Kralı Ferdinand (Fernando), kuzeyden Eftasî topraklarına saldırarak bazı şehirleri işgal etti; ayrıca Muhammed el-Muzaffer’den yıllık vergi ödemesini istedi. Muhammed bunu reddedince Kastilya kralı daha güçlü bir ordu ile Eftasîler için stratejik öneme sahip Şenterîn (Santarem) şehrini kuşattı. Hıristiyan ordusu karşısında yeterli güce sahip olmayan Muhammed el-Muzaffer barış isteyip yıllık 5000 dinar ödemeyi kabul etmek zorunda kaldı. Ancak Endülüs’ü müslümanlardan kurtarmak isteyen Kastilya Krallığı, çok geçmeden yapılan antlaşmayı bozarak 456’da (1064) oldukça büyük ve mâmur bir şehir olan Kulumriye’yi (Coimbra) kuşatıp ele geçirdi.
Muhammed el-Muzaffer 460 (1068) yılında öldü. Yerine Mansûr lakabıyla oğlu Yahyâ geçti. Fakat Yahyâ daha işin başında kardeşi Ömer’in muhalefetiyle karşılaştı. Yahyâ’nın âniden ölümü üzerine taht Mütevekkil lakabını alan Ömer’e kaldı. 472’de (1079) Tuleytulalılar, kötü bir idareci olan emîrleri Kādir-Billâh’ı şehri terketmek zorunda bıraktılar. Ayrıca muhtemel bir karışıklığın önüne geçmek için Ömer el-Mütevekkil’i Tuleytula’ya davet ettiler. Ancak Kādir-Billâh’ın şehre dönmesi üzerine Ömer on ay sonra Batalyevs’ten ayrıldı.
Daha önce Lamigo, Bizeu ve Kulumriye’nin düşmesi, Eftasîler dışındaki mülûkü’t-tavâifçe pek umursanmamıştı; aslında onların kendi aralarında giriştikleri nüfuz ve çıkar mücadeleleri sebebiyle adı geçen şehirlerin hıristiyanlarca istilâ edilmesinin önemini anlamalarına da imkân yoktu. Bundan cesaret alan Kastilya Kralı VI. Alfonso, Endülüs müslümanlarının geleceği bakımından hayatî öneme sahip Tuleytula şehrini işgal için harekete geçti. Kādir-Billâh’ın yardım çağrılarına sadece Eftasî emîri katıldı. Ancak Eftasî yardımı sonucu değiştirmedi ve şehir Kastilyalılar’ın eline geçti. Tuleytula’nın istilâsı, hıristiyanlara Endülüs’ün öteki şehirlerini de ele geçirme ümit ve cesaretini verdi. Nitekim VI. Alfonso, Tuleytula’nın ardından mal ve toprak istemek suretiyle Eftasîler’i yeniden sıkıştırmaya başladı. Hıristiyanların asıl gayesinin bütün Endülüs’ü ele geçirmek olduğunu ancak bu merhalede idrak edebilen Ömer el-Mütevekkil, Alfonso’ya son derece sert ifadelerle dolu bir mektup göndererek bütün isteklerini reddetti. Muhtemel bir hıristiyan hücumuna karşı Endülüs müslümanlarının birleşerek ortak bir güç oluşturmalarını sağlamak için de meşhur fakih Ebü’l-Velîd el-Bâcî’yi Endülüs’ün belli başlı merkezlerine gönderdi. Ancak herhangi bir sonuç alamadı. Alfonso bu sırada Abbâdîler’i de sıkıştırmaya başladı. Bu durumda gerek Eftasîler gerekse Abbâdîler diğer mülûkü’t-tavâif ile anlaşarak hıristiyan tehdidine karşı Murâbıtlar’dan yardım istediler.
Murâbıtlar önce sırf yardım ve cihad gayesiyle gelerek Eftasî topraklarında Zellâka’da kazandıkları büyük zaferle hıristiyan tehlikesini bertaraf ettilerse de daha sonra mülûkü’t-tavâife son vererek Endülüs’ü kendi hâkimiyetleri altına alma yoluna gittiler. Sırasıyla Gırnata, Meriye (Almeria), Belensiye ve İşbîliye’yi (Sevilla) ilhak ettikten sonra Eftasî topraklarına girdiler. Ömer el-Mütevekkil Murâbıtlar’a karşı Alfonso’dan yardım istedi; karşılığında da Üşbûne ve Şentemeriye el-Garb (Santa Maria de Algarve) şehirlerini vermeyi teklif etti. Ömer el-Mütevekkil’in bu davranışına kızan Batalyevs halkı Murâbıtlar’a haber göndererek şehre hâkim olmalarını istediler. Murâbıt kuvvetleri Ömer el-Mütevekkil’in mukavemetine rağmen şehre girmeyi başardı. Ömer el-Mütevekkil ve iki oğlu yakalanarak idam edildi. Diğer oğlu, ailesi ve adamlarıyla birlikte Kastilya Krallığı’na sığındı ve bir süre sonra da Hıristiyanlığı kabul etti. Böylece Eftasîler hânedanı yıkılmış oldu (487/1094 veya 488/1095).
EFTASÎ EMÎRLERİ Abdullah b. Mansûr (İbnü’l-Eftas) 413 (1022) Muhammed el-Muzaffer 437 (1045) Yahyâ el-Mansûr 460 (1068) Ömer el-Mütevekkil 460-488 (1068-1095)
Eftasî emîrleri, karşılaştıkları birçok iç ve dış probleme rağmen ilmî ve edebî faaliyetleri ihmal etmediler. Özellikle Muhammed el-Muzaffer ve Ömer el-Mütevekkil dönemlerinde Batalyevs en meşhur şair ve ediplerin durağı oldu. Bunların başında ünlü şair İbn Abdûn ile Ebû Bekir, Ebû Muhammed ve Ebü’l-Hasan adlı üç kardeş gelir. Bizzat Muhammed el-Muzaffer de asrının önde gelen edip ve şairlerinden olup çeşitli konuları ihtiva eden el-Muẓafferî adlı elli ciltlik bir eseri olduğu rivayet edilir (EI2 [İng.], I, 242). Ayrıca Endülüs’ün en meşhur fakihlerinden olan Ebü’l-Velîd el-Bâcî de Eftasîler döneminde yetişmiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1994 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 10. cildinde, 479-481 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.