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el-MİLEL ve’n-NİHAL Skip to content Şehristânî’nin (ö. 548/1153) dinler, mezhepler ve felsefe tarihine dair eseri.
Kitabın ne zaman tamamlandığı belli olmamakla birlikte I. cildin sonuna doğru verilen tarihe göre 1127-1128 yıllarında kaleme alınmış, müellifin Muṣâraʿatü’l-felâsife isimli eserindeki ifadeye göre Ebü’l-Kāsım Mecdüddin Ali b. Ca‘fer b. Ali el-Mûsevî’ye, el-Milel ve’n-niḥal ’in bazı yazma nüshalarına göre ise Vezir Ebü’l-Kāsım Nasîrüddin Mahmûd b. Muzaffer el-Mervezî’ye ithaf edilmiştir.
el-Milel ve’n-niḥal beş alt başlıktan (mukaddime) oluşan bir giriş ile iki ana bölümden meydana gelmekte, birinci bölümde vahiy kaynaklı dinlerle bu dinlerin mezhepleri, ikinci bölümde akıl kaynaklı inanç ve görüşler ele alınmaktadır. Girişte yer alan beş mukaddimenin ilkinde eserin yazılış amacının inanç ve doktrin açısından insanların durumunu ele almak olduğu belirtilerek insanlar kitâbî din mensupları (ehlü’d-diyânât ve’l-milel, er-bâbü’d-diyânât ve’l-milel) ve şahsî görüşlerine tâbi olanlar (ehlü’l-ehvâi ve’n-nihal) olmak üzere ikiye ayrılmaktadır. Bunların ayrıca fırkalara bölündüğü, Hz. Peygamber’in hadisine göre müellifin birinci gruptakilerden saydığı Mecûsîler’in yetmiş, yahudilerin yetmiş bir, hıristiyanların yetmiş iki ve müslümanların yetmiş üç fırkaya ayrıldığı nakledilmekte, ikinci gruptaki fırkaların sayısının ise bilinmediği kaydedilmektedir. İkinci mukaddimede İslâm fırkalarının tasnifinde söz konusu olan asıl kriterler ortaya konmakta, üçüncüsünde fırkalaşmanın temel sebebi olarak ileri sürülen ilk şüphe ve itirazların kaynağı ve bunların nasıl bir bölünmeye yol açtığı anlatılmakta, dördüncüsünde İslâm toplumundaki ilk ayrılıkların ortaya çıkışı ve gelişmesi nakledilmekte, beşinci mukaddimede ise kitabın tertibinde takip edilen yöntem açıklanmaktadır.
Şehristânî “erbâbü’d-diyânât ve’l-milel”i müslümanlar, Ehl-i kitap ve kitap benzeri metinlere sahip olanlar olmak üzere üç gruba ayırdıktan sonra din, millet, şir‘at, minhâc, İslâm, Hanîflik, sünnet ve cemaat gibi konuyla ilgili kavramları açıklayıp bu üç gruptan her birini mezhepleriyle birlikte ele almaktadır. Müslümanlara ait birinci kısımda İslâm, iman, ihsan, usul ve fürû, ayrıca usul ehlinin tartışma alanını teşkil eden tevhid, adl, va‘d, vaîd, sem‘ ve akıl kavramları açıklanmakta; bu kavramlardan kaynaklanan İslâm mezhepleri, şer‘î hükümler ve ictihad konularıyla meşgul olan fürû ehli hakkında bilgi verilip ictihad, müctehid ve taklide dair meseleler incelenmekte; İslâm mezhepleri olarak Mu‘tezile, Cebriyye, Sıfâtiyye, Havâric ve Mürcie ile bunların alt grupları, ayrıca Şîa adı altında Keysâniyye, Zeydiyye, İmâmiyye, Gāliyye ve İsmâiliyye ele alınmaktadır.
Müellif, Ehl-i kitabı önce Tevrat ve İncil gibi bir kitaba sahip olanlarla kitap benzeri metinlere sahip olanlar diye ikiye ayırmakta, Ehl-i kitap ile ümmîlerin arasındaki farkları belirttikten sonra önce yahudileri ve Yahudiliğin Anâniyye, Îseviyye, Yudganiyye, Sâmire mezheplerini; ardından hıristiyanları ve Melkâiyye (Melkâniyye), Nestûriyye, Ya‘kūbiyye adlı hıristiyan mezheplerini, “Men lehû şübhetü kitâb” kısmında ise Mecûsîler başlığı altında Keyûmersiyye (Kayûmertiyye), Zurvâniyye (Zervâniyye) ve Zerdüştiyye’yi, Seneviyye başlığı altında da Mâneviyye, Mezdekiyye, Deysâniyye, Merkūniyye ve diğer mezhepleri incelemektedir.
Eserin “Ehlü’l-ehvâi ve’n-nihal” kısmında bu gruba girenler hakkında önce genel bilgi verildikten sonra Sâbiîler, felâsife ve Câhiliye dönemi Arap inançları ile Hint dinleri ele alınmakta, Sâbiîler başlığı altında ashâbü’r-rûhâniyyât, ashâbü’l-heyâkil ve’l-eşhâs ve ashâbü’l-Harnâniyye; felâsife başlığı altında da Yunan ve İslâm filozoflarıyla Câhiliye Arapları’nın inançları ve Hint dinleriyle filozofları anlatılmaktadır.
Şehristânî konuların sistemli ve düzenli biçimde ele alınmasına dikkat etmekte, meseleleri mantıkî bir düzen içerisinde işlemekte, konuyla ilgili temel kavramları açıkladıktan sonra ayrıntılara girmektedir. Müellif her fırkanın görüşünü kendi kaynaklarından naklettiğini ve bu işi yaparken tamamen objektif kaldığını belirtmektedir (I, 16).
el-Milel ve’n-niḥal , kısa zamanda bu sahanın bir klasiği haline gelmiş olup bazı müelliflerce kendi alanının en iyi kitabı olarak kabul edilmektedir. Sübkî eserin bu konuda yazılanların en iyisi olduğunu söylemekte (Ṭabaḳāt , VI, 128), İbn Teymiyye de mezheplere dair telif edilen kitaplar arasında muhtevası en zengin ve nakli en sağlam olanı sayıldığını belirtmektedir (Minhâcü’s-sünne , V, 269). Sem‘ânî Ensâb ’da ve Seyfeddin el-Âmidî Ebkârü’l-efkâr ’da İslâm mezhepleri konusunda el-Milel ve’n-niḥal ’den alıntılar yapmış, İbn Haldûn Muḳaddime ’nin Şiîler’le ilgili bölümünde ondan istifade etmiştir (Gimaret, tercüme edenlerin girişi, I, 23). Eserin meşhur olmasının sebeplerinden biri âdeta bir dinler ve mezhepler ansiklopedisi olarak görülmesi, ikincisi de müellifin konuları işlerken oldukça tarafsız kalmaya çalışmasıdır. Nitekim Şehristânî’de gerek Bağdâdî gerekse İbn Hazm’daki sert ve katı tutum görülmemektedir. Müellifin, önceki yazarlardan farklı olarak fikir ve görüşleri olduğu gibi verip günümüz dinler tarihi araştırmalarında uygulanan nitelendirici metodu erken sayılabilecek bir dönemde kullanmış olması eserinin önemini daha da arttırmaktadır.
el-Milel ve’n-niḥal ’e eleştiriler de yöneltilmiştir. Fahreddin er-Râzî Münâẓarât ’ında, eserin İslâm mezheplerine dair bölümünün Bağdâdî’nin el-Farḳ beyne’l-fıraḳ ’ından alınma olup kitabın yegâne orijinal yönünün Hasan Sabbâh’a ait dört bölümün tercümesi olduğunu ileri sürmüşse de bu eleştiri Fahreddin er-Râzî’nin, dört bölümün tercümesiyle ilgili tesbiti dışında doğru kabul edilmemektedir (a.g.e. , I, 38-39). Bir başka tenkit de mezheplerin sayısıyla alâkalıdır. Şehristânî, yetmiş üç fırka hadisindeki sayıları gerçek mânasında aldığı için mezheplerin sayısını hadisteki rakamlara ulaştırmaya çalışmış, İslâm’dan doğan mezheplerin sayısı yetmiş üç rakamını aştığı halde diğer dinlerin mezhepleri bu rakama erişememiştir.
Şehristânî hangi eserlerden faydalandığını belirtmemekte, ancak daha önceki çalışmaların usullerini beğenmediğini ve bunların mezheplerin teşekkülü hususunda belli bir esasa riayet etmediğini söylemektedir. Bununla birlikte Mu‘tezile mezhebine dair bilgi verirken Kâ‘bî, İbnü’r-Râvendî, Eş‘arî ve Ca‘fer b. Harb’in, Havâric konusunda Kerâbîsî’nin, İslâm dışı mezheplerde Ebû Îsâ el-Verrâk’ın isimlerini zikretmektedir (Yörükân, Ebü’l-Feth Şehristânî , s. 124-125; DİFM , II/5-6 [1926], s. 222-223). Müellif, mezheplerle ilgili bölümde Abdülkāhir el-Bağdâdî’den faydalanmakla birlikte Râzî’nin iddia ettiği gibi bilgileri tamamen ondan almış değildir. Diğer taraftan Müberred’in el-Kâmil ’inden, Ebü’l-Kāsım el-Ensârî’nin Ġunye ’sinden alıntılar yapmış, muhtemelen İbnü’n-Nedîm’in el-Fihrist ’inden istifade etmiştir (Gimaret, tercüme edenlerin girişi, I, 36-43). Câhiliye dönemi Araplar’ının inançları ile Hint dinleri hususunda İbn Hişâm, Ya‘kūbî, Mes‘ûdî, Kādî Abdülcebbâr, Hasan b. Mûsâ en-Nevbahtî ve Ebû Îsâ el-Verrâk’tan, Mecûsîlik konusunda da Ceyhânî’den faydalanmıştır. Felâsife bölümünde Yunan hakîmleri ve İbn Sînâ hakkında bilgi vermekte, kadim hikmetle nebevî hikmet, Yunan filozoflarından birçoğu ile bazı peygamberler arasında ilişki kurmaktadır. Bu bölümde ayrıca İbn Sînâ’nın görüşlerini değerlendirmektedir.
el-Milel ve’n-niḥal ’in çeşitli kütüphanelerde çok sayıda yazma nüshası mevcuttur. En eski yazma olduğu ileri sürülen ve müellif nüshası olduğuna dair not taşıyan, Escurial Kütüphanesi’ndeki 1525 numarada kayıtlı nüshanın müellif hattıyla olmadığı belirtilmektedir (Muhammed b. Tâvît et-Tancî, V/1-4 [1956], s. 3). Eserin Türkiye’deki kütüphanelerde de birçok yazması bulunmakta olup bunların en azından yedi tanesi 600 (1204) yılından öncesine aittir (bunlar, İÜ Ktp., Halis Efendi, nr. 2747 [547/1152]; Millet Ktp., Feyzullah Efendi, nr. 1175 [589/1193]; Süleymaniye Ktp., Lâleli, nr. 2443 [590/1194], Fâtih, nr. 3151 [593/1197], Şehid Ali Paşa, nr. 1731 [596/1200]; İÜ Ktp., nr. 2747 [597/1201]; Tire Ktp., Necip Paşa, nr. 143 [597/1201] nüshalarıdır; ayrıca Süleymaniye Ktp., Lâleli, nr. 2444 [619/1222]; Millet Ktp., Feyzullah Efendi, nr. 1176 [629/1232] gibi 600 [1204] yılı sonrasına ait yazmalar da mevcuttur). Leiden (613/1216’dan önce), Bologne (622/1225) ve Leningrad (631/1234) kütüphanelerinde de 600-650 (1204-1252) yıllarına ait yazmalar vardır. Eserin nüshaları asıl iki noktada farklılık göstermektedir ki bunlardan biri Sultan Sencer’in veziri Ebü’l-Kāsım Mahmûd b. Muzaffer el-Mervezî’ye ithafın da yer aldığı önsöz, diğeri Ceyhânî’den nakledilen Zerdüştîliğe dair bölüm olup bu kısımlar pek çok nüshada bulunmamaktadır (a.g.e. , V/1-4 [1956], s. 3; Gimaret, tercüme edenlerin girişi, I, 26).
I. cildi 1842’de, II. cildi 1846’da William Cureton tarafından Londra’da yayımlanan el-Milel ve’n-niḥal 1923’te Leipzig’de yeniden neşredilmiştir. Cureton, eserin metni için altı nüshayı esas almış, ayrıca Farsça tercümesinden de yararlanmıştır. Bu çalışma tenkitli neşir olmamakla birlikte Cureton kendi ifadesine göre metne sadık kalmış, yanlış olsa bile metne müdahale etmemiştir. Nâşirin en büyük eksikliği eserle ilgili bütün dokümanlardan istifade edememiş olmasıdır. Cureton’dan sonra kitabın Mısır’da ilk baskısı 1847, ikinci baskısı 1871’de yapılmış, eser aynı tarihte Tahran’da da yayımlanmıştır. 1317-1321 (1899-1903) yıllarında Mısır’da İbn Hazm’ın Kitâbü’l-Faṣl fi’l-milel ve’l-ehvâʾi ve’n-niḥal ’inin kenarında yeniden neşredilmiş (Hancî neşri), bunu 1347-1348’deki (1929-1930) başka bir neşir (Subeyh neşri) takip etmiştir. Eser Muhammed Fethullah Bedrân tarafından edisyon kritiği yapılarak yayımlanmıştır (1947-1955). Bedrân, yukarıda zikredilen neşirlerin yanında kitabın Mısır’da bulunan on yazma nüshasından faydalanmıştır. Bedrân’ın neşri önemli olmakla beraber bazı eksiklikleri vardır. O dönemde mikrofilm kullanımı yaygın olmadığından nâşir sadece Mısır’daki yazmalarla yetinmek durumunda kalmıştır. Halbuki bunların hiçbiri 650 (1252) yılından öncesine ait değildir. Diğer taraftan nüshalar kullanılırken belli bir metot takip edilmemiştir. Ayrıca eserin orijinalinde bulunmayan tâli bölümlemeler konusunda bazı problemler söz konusudur.
el-Milel ve’n-niḥal , Turka-i İsfahânî tarafından 1440’ta Tenḳīḥu’l-edille ve’l-ʿilel fî tercemeti Kitâbi’l-Milel ve’n-niḥal adıyla Farsça’ya çevrilmiş ve Sultan Şâhruh’a ithaf edilmiştir. Diğer bir Farsça tercümeyi de 1611’de Mustafa b. Hâlikdâd el-Hâşimî el-Abbâsî Tavżîḥu’l-Milel adıyla gerçekleştirmiştir. Eserin Türkçe yegâne tercümesini Nûh b. Mustafa el-Mısrî (1070/1659) yapmış ve bu tercüme 1847’de Mısır’da, 1862’de İstanbul’da basılmıştır. Eserin girişindeki mukaddimelerden ikisi Lütfi Doğan (İslam, I/8 [1956], s. 23-24; I/9 [1957], s. 24), tamamı Abdurrahman Küçük, Mustafa Erdem ve Adem Akın (AÜİFD , XXX [1988], s. 1-33), dinler tarihiyle ilgili önemli bölümleri Şaban Kuzgun (EÜ İlâhiyat Fakültesi Dergisi , sy. 2 [1985], s. 179-208) tarafından Türkçe’ye çevrilmiştir. el-Milel ve’n-niḥal ’i Theodor Haarbrücker Almanca’ya tercüme etmiştir (Halle 1850-1851). Eserin sadece İslâm’a dair bölümü A. K. Kazi ve J. G. Flynn tarafından İngilizce’ye çevrilmiş ve önce Abr-Nahrain mecmuasında (VIII [1968-1969], s. 36-68; IX [1969-1970], s. 81-107; X [1970-1971], s. 49-75; XV [1974-1975], s. 50-98), ardından Muslim Sects and Divisions adıyla kitap olarak (London 1984) neşredilmiş, aynı bölümün Fransızca’sını Jean Claude Vadet Les dissidences de l’Islam adıyla yayımlamıştır (Paris 1984). Eserin en son ve tam tercümesi İbrâhim Medkûr’un teşvikiyle I. cildi Daniel Gimaret ve Guy Monnot, II. cildi Jean Jolivet ve Guy Monnot tarafından Livre des religions et des sectes adıyla Fransızca yapılmıştır (Paris 1986, 1993). el-Milel ve’n-niḥal ’in “Ârâü’l-Hind” kısmını Bruce B. Lawrence Shahrastânî on the Indian Religions (The Hague 1976), dinler tarihiyle ilgili bölümlerini Ömer Faruk Harman Dinler Tarihi Açısından el-Milel ve’n-Nihal (1983, MÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü) adıyla doktora tezi olarak hazırlamış, Mustafa Aydın da el-Milel ve’n-nihal’de Aristoteles Felsefesi ve Kaynakları adlı yüksek lisans tezi olarak bir çalışma yapmıştır (1994, Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Şehristânî, el-Milel ve’n-niḥal (nşr. M. Seyyid Kîlânî), Beyrut 1975, I-II.
a.mlf., “el-Milel ve’n-nihal (Mukaddimeler)” (trc. Abdurrahman Küçük – Mustafa Erdem – Adem Akın), AÜİFD , XXX (1988), s. 1-33.
Takıyyüddin İbn Teymiyye, Minhâcü’s-sünne (nşr. M. Reşâd Sâlim), Riyad 1406/1986, V, 269.
Sübkî, Ṭabaḳāt (Tanâhî) , VI, 128.
Livre des religions et des sectes (trc. D. Gimaret – G. Monnot), Paris 1986, tercüme edenlerin girişi, I, 11-84.
D. Steigerwald, La pensée philosophique et théologique de Shahrastānī , Canada 1997, s. 56-63, 77-81.
Yusuf Ziya Yörükân, Ebû’l-Feth Şehristânî: “Milel ve Nihal” Üzerine Karşılaştırmalı Bir İnceleme ve Mezheplerin Tetkikinde Usûl (haz. Murat Memiş), Ankara 2002, s. 34,124-125.
a.mlf., “Şehristânî”, DİFM , I/3 (1926), s. 263-314; II/5-6 (1926), s. 187-277.
Muhammed b. Tâvît et-Tancî, “Şehristanî’nin Kitab’ul-Milel ve’n-Nihal’i”, AÜİFD , V/1-4 (1956), s. 1-16.
Lütfi Doğan, “el-Milel ve’n-nihal, Beş Önsöz Tercümesi”, İslam , I/8, Ankara 1956, s. 23-24; I/9 (1957), s. 24.
Şaban Kuzgun, “Şehristani’nin Hayatı, Şahsiyeti, Eserleri ve el-Milel ve’n-Nihal İsimli Eserinin Dinler Tarihi ile ilgili Önemli Bölümlerinin Tercümesi”, EÜ İlâhiyat Fakültesi Dergisi , sy. 2, Kayseri 1985, s. 179-208.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2005 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 30. cildinde, 58-60 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.