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el-MUHTASAR Skip to content el-MUHTASAR (المختصر) Kudûrî’nin (ö. 428/1037) Hanefî fıkhına dair eseri.
Müellif: Ferhat Koca
Hanefî mezhebinde en çok güvenilen temel metinlerden biridir. Mâlikî literatüründe Halîl b. İshak el-Cündî’nin el-Muḫtaṣar ’ı için olduğu gibi Hanefî literatüründe de “el-kitâb” dendiği zaman Kudûrî’nin bu eseri kastedilir (Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , II, 1633).
Yaklaşık 12.000 meseleyi içerdiği söylenen el-Muḫtaṣar (a.g.e. , II, 1631), diğer klasik fıkıh eserlerinde olduğu gibi kitap ve bab sistemine göre düzenlenmiştir. Birinci kitap tahâret, son kitap ferâiz olup genellikle tahâret, namaz, oruç, zekât, hac, alışveriş, boşama, cinayetler ve dava gibi geniş muhtevalı konular çeşitli alt başlıklara (bab) ayrılmış, diğer bölümler ise “kitab” başlığı altında işlenmiştir. Müellif küçük bir risâle yazmak amacıyla başladığı eserin büyû‘ bölümünü biraz uzatmış, rehin bölümünden itibaren orta bir seviye tutturmuştur; bu sebeple bazı konuların kısa, bazılarının genişçe işlendiği görülür.
Özlü muhtevası dolayısıyla eserde Kur’an ve Sünnet’ten delillere çok az yer verilmiş, Hanefî mezhebi dışındaki mezheplerin görüşlerine temas edilmemiştir. Mezhep imamları arasındaki hiyerarşi gözetilerek Ebû Hanîfe’nin veya onun bulunduğu tarafın görüşleri birinci sırada ele alınmış, daha sonra Ebû Yûsuf ve Muhammed b. Hasan’ın ittifak ettiği hususlar, Ebû Yûsuf’un tek başına kaldığı ve Muhammed b. Hasan’ın tek başına savunduğu görüşler zikredilmiştir.
Kudûrî, el-Muḫtaṣar ’ı yazarken yararlandığı kaynaklar hakkında bilgi vermemekle birlikte yapılan karşılaştırmalardan eserde hem muhteva hem sistem bakımından Ebû Ca‘fer et-Tahâvî’nin el-Muḫtaṣar ’ından büyük ölçüde istifade edildiği anlaşılmaktadır; hatta Kudûrî’nin bu eserinin Tahâvî’nin el-Muḫtaṣar ’ının bir özeti olduğu söylenebilir (her iki eserin sistematikleri için bk. Kudûrî, s. 251-255; Tahâvî, s. 445-476).
el-Muḫtaṣar düzenli sistematiği, zengin muhtevası ve sade üslûbuyla Hanefî fıkıh tarihinde hem ders kitabı hem temel başvuru kaynağı olarak şöhret kazanmıştır. Alâeddin es-Semerkandî, Tuḥfetü’l-fuḳahâʾ adlı eserini yazarken Kudûrî’nin kitabını esas aldığı, hatta onu şerhe giriştiği gibi (Tuḥfetü’l-fuḳahâʾ , I, 5) Burhâneddin el-Mergīnânî, Hanefî mezhebinin temel kitaplarından olan el-Hidâye ’sini büyük ölçüde Muhammed b. Hasan eş-Şeybânî’nin el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaġīr ’i ile el-Muḫtaṣar ’dan, Muzafferrüddin İbnü’s-Sââtî de Mecmaʿu’l-baḥreyn ’i el-Muḫtaṣar ile Ebû Hafs en-Nesefî’nin el-Manẓûmetü’n-Nesefiyye ’sinden yararlanarak yazmıştır. Osmanlı medreselerinde ders kitabı olarak okutulan İbrâhim el-Halebî’nin Mülteḳa’l-ebḥur ’unun ana kaynaklarından biri de Kudûrî’nin bu eseridir. el-Muḫtaṣar ’ın birçok şerh ve ta‘lik ile günümüze ulaşması da Hanefî mezhebi kaynakları arasındaki yerini göstermektedir. Eser birçok defa basılmıştır (İstanbul 1271, 1281, 1282, 1291, 1293, 1300, 1303, 1304, 1309, 1310, 1317, 1318, 1319, 1323, 1966, 1967; Delhi 1847, 1292; Lahor 1287/1870; Leknev 1876; Bombay 1303; Kazan 1890, 1909; Kahire 1324, 1948, 1957; nşr. Kâmil Muhammed Muhammed Uveyza, Beyrut 1418/1997).
Şerhleri. 1. Ebû Bekir el-Haddâd, es-Sirâcü’l-vehhâc (yazma nüshaları için bk. Sezgin, I, 454). Birgivî’nin muteber sayılmayan zayıf kitaplardan biri olduğunu söylediği eseri (Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , II, 1631) bizzat Haddâd el-Cevheretü’n-neyyire adıyla kısaltmış (İstanbul 1301, 1306, 1314; I-II, kenarında Meydânî’nin el-Lübâb ’ı ile birlikte, 1316-1321; I-II, kenarında el-Lübâb ile birlikte, Kahire 1322; Delhi 1327; Lahor 1328), Ahmed b. Muhammed b. İkbal de el-Baḥrü’ẓ-ẓâhir ismiyle tecrîd ve ihtisar etmiştir. 2. Abdülganî b. Tâlib el-Meydânî, el-Lübâb fî şerḥi’l-Kitâb . En tanınmış şerhidir (İstanbul 1275, 1315, 1316, 1323; Kahire 1330, 1331, 1346, 1354; nşr. Muhammed Muhyiddin Abdülhamîd, I-IV, Kahire 1381/1961, 1383/1963; nşr. Abdülmecîd Tu‘me el-Halebî, I-II, Beyrut 1418/1998; nşr. Abdürrezzâk el-Mehdî, I-III, Beyrut 1415/1994). 3. Muhammed Âşık İlâhî el-Berenî, et-Teshîlü’ż-żarûrî li-mesâʾili’l-Ḳudûrî (I-II, İstanbul, ts.). Kitap soru-cevap şeklinde düzenlenirken el-Muḫtaṣar ’ın sistematiğinde küçük değişiklikler yapılmış ve eserde bulunmayan bazı başlıklar ilâve edilmiştir. 4. Cârullah ez-Zemahşerî, Şerḥu Muḫtaṣari’l-Ḳudûrî (Adana İl Halk Ktp., nr. 35). 5. Habbâzî, Şerḥu Muḫtaṣari’l-Ḳudûrî (Âtıf Efendi Ktp., nr. 906). 6. Ebû Nasr Ahmed b. Muhammed el-Akta‘ el-Bağdâdî, Şerḥu Muḫtaṣari’l-Ḳudûrî (Süleymaniye Ktp., Molla Çelebi, nr. 54; Mahmud Paşa, nr. 185; Karaçelebizâde Hüsâmeddin, nr. 128, 129). İbn Kutluboğa, eserdeki garîb hadisleri Şerḥu ġarîbi’l-eḥâdîs̱i’l-meẕkûre fî Şerḥi Muḫtaṣari’l-Ḳudûrî li’l-Aḳtaʿ adıyla şerhetmiştir (Süleymaniye Ktp., Lâleli, nr. 839, 1768). 7. Hâherzâde, Şerḥu Muḫtaṣari’l-Ḳudûrî (Süleymaniye Ktp., Süleymaniye, nr. 499; Yenicami, 404). Eser Fevâʾidü’l-Ḳudûrî (Süleymaniye Ktp., Hasan Hüsnü Paşa, nr. 421), Şerḥu müşkilâti’l-Ḳudûrî (Süleymaniye Ktp., Şehid Ali Paşa, nr. 847) ve Ḥallü müşkilâti’l-Ḳudûrî (Süleymaniye Ktp., Hüsrev Paşa, nr. 92) adıyla da anılır. Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’ndeki (Bağdatlı Vehbi Efendi, nr. 501) Müşkilâtü Ḳudûrî isimli eser de bu şerhin muhtasarı niteliğindedir. 8. Muhammed b. Ahmed el-İsbîcâbî, Zâdü’l-fuḳahâʾ (Millet Ktp., Murad Molla, nr. 904; Süleymaniye Ktp., Lâleli, nr. 1001, Yenicami, nr. 466; Beyazıt Devlet Ktp., Veliyyüddin Efendi, nr. 1176). 9. Muhtâr b. Mahmûd ez-Zâhidî, el-Müctebâ / Şerḥu Muḫtaṣari’l-Ḳudûrî (Süleymaniye Ktp., Ayasofya, nr. 1262, Esad Efendi, nr. 741, Beşir Ağa, nr. 264; Beyazıt Devlet Ktp., Veliyyüddin Efendi, nr. 1177; Millet Ktp., Feyzullah Efendi, nr. 807, 808). 10. Hüsâmeddin Ali b. Ahmed el-Mekkî er-Râzî, Ḫulâṣatü’d-delâʾil fî tenḳīḥi’l-mesâʾil (Süleymaniye Ktp., Hafîd Efendi, nr. 74, Erzincan, nr. 45; Beyazıt Devlet Ktp., Bayezid, nr. 8816, Veliyyüddin Efendi, nr. 1175; Tire İlçe Halk Ktp., Diğer Vakıflar, nr. 696). Tâceddin İbnü’t-Türkmânî, bu şerh için anlaşılması zor olan konularla ihmal edilen bazı meseleler ve hadislerinin tahrîci hakkında üç ta‘lîkāt yazmıştır. Bu şerhin hadislerini eṭ-Ṭuruḳ ve’l-vesâʾil ilâ maʿrifeti eḥâdîs̱i Ḫulâṣati’d-delâʾil adlı eserinde tahriç eden Abdülkādir el-Kureşî, Ḫulâṣatü’d-delâʾil ’i ayrıca şerhettiği gibi burada ve el-Hidâye ’de adları geçen âlimleri kısaca tanıttığı bir eser de kaleme almıştır. Hüsâmeddin Ali b. Ahmed er-Râzî, Muhammed b. Hasan eş-Şeybânî’nin el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaġīr ve Tahâvî’nin el-Muḫtaṣar ’ı gibi bazı temel metinlerde bulunup da Kudûrî’nin muhtasarındaki hükümlere uymayan meseleleri Tekmiletü’l-Ḳudûrî adlı eserinde toplamış, bunu Ḫulâṣatü’d-delâʾil ’in sistematiğine uygun şekilde düzenlemiş ve daha sonra bu tekmileyi de şerhetmiştir. 11. Yûsuf b. Ömer es-Sûfî el-Bezzâr (Nebîre-i Şeyh Ömer), Câmiʿu’l-mużmerât ve’l-müşkilât (Süleymaniye Ktp., Yenicami, nr. 467). Bu şerhin başında fıkıh ilminin fazileti, fıkıh âlimleri, fetva vermenin şartları, fetvanın âdâbı, ictihad ve taklid gibi konulara dair bir bölüm bulunmaktadır. 12. Muhammed b. Yûsuf es-Semerkandî, el-Fıḳhü’n-nâfiʿ (Amasya Beyazıt İl Halk Ktp., nr. 488, 540; Adıyaman İl Halk Ktp., nr. 6, 49; Diyarbakır İl Halk Ktp., nr. 3922). 13. Ebü’l-Meâlî Abdürrab b. Mansûr el-Gaznevî, Mültemesü’l-iḫvân (Süleymaniye Ktp., Fâtih, nr. 1775; Yenicami, nr. 466). 14. Ebû Abdullah Reşîdüddin Mahmûd b. Ramazan er-Rûmî, el-Yenâbiʿ fî maʿrifeti’l-uṣûl ve’t-tefâriʿ (yazma nüshaları için bk. Sezgin, I, 453). 15. İbn Kutluboğa, Taṣḥîḥu’l-Ḳudûrî . 16 Şâban 868 (24 Nisan 1464) tarihli müellif hattı nüshası Chester Beatty Library’de (nr. 5040) bulunan eser, kütüphane kayıtlarında et-Tercîḥ ve’t-tenḳīḥ ʿale’l-Ḳudûrî (Süleymaniye Ktp., Cârullah Efendi, nr. 601; Şehid Ali Paşa, nr. 915/1), et-Tercîḥ ve’t-taṣḥîḥ ʿale’l-Ḳudûrî (Süleymaniye Ktp., Süleymaniye, nr. 500), Taṣḥîḥu Muḫtaṣari’l-Ḳudûrî (Süleymaniye Ktp., Serez, nr. 1074), Şerḥu müşkilâti’l-Ḳudûrî (İÜ Ktp., AY, nr. 2642) ve Ḥâşiye ʿalâ Muḫtaṣari’l-Ḳudûrî (Millet Ktp., Murad Molla, nr. 796) adıyla da geçmektedir. Şevket Kerâsnîş’in Medine el-Câmiatü’l-İslâmiyye’de yüksek lisans tezi olarak neşre hazırladığı eser (1417/1996, Külliyyetü’ş-şerîa) Ebû Muhammed Şerîf Mağribîzâde tarafından Türkçe’ye çevrilmiştir (Sezgin, I, 455). 16. Abdürrahim b. Ali el-Âmidî, el-Mühimmü’ż-żarûrî (Süleymaniye Ktp., Cârullah Efendi, nr. 728-730; Lâleli, nr. 1016). 17. Ebû Ya‘kūb Yûsuf b. Fazl el-Erzincânî, Şerḥu’l-Ḳudûrî (Süleymaniye Ktp., Cârullah Efendi, nr. 731). 18. Abdullah b. Hüseyin b. Hasan b. Hâmid, Ḥadâʾiḳu’l-ʿuyûn fî Şerḥi Muḫtaṣari’l-Ḳudûrî (Beyazıt Devlet Ktp., Bayezid, nr. 2376, 2378; Kayseri Râşid Efendi Ktp., Râşid Efendi, nr. 1355). 19. Bedreddin Ahmed b. Muhammed er-Râzî (İbnü’l-Muzaffer), Şerḥu Muḫtaṣari’l-(Müşkilâti’)Ḳudûrî (Süleymaniye Ktp., Çorlulu Ali Paşa, nr. 211; Lâleli, nr. 1160, 1161). 20. İlyâs b. Ali, Şerḥu Muḫtaṣari’l-Ḳudûrî (Hacı Selim Ağa Ktp., Hüdâî Efendi, nr. 773). 21. Ömer b. Dânişmend, Şerḥu Muḫtaṣari’l-Ḳudûrî (Süleymaniye Ktp., Hafîd Efendi, nr. 76). 22. Bostanzâde, Şerḥu Muḫtaṣari’l-Ḳudûrî (İzmir Millî Ktp., Yazmalar Katalogu, nr. 1577). 23. Cemâleddin Mutahhar b. Hüseyin el-Yezdî, el-Lübâb Şerḥu Muḫtaṣari’l-Ḳudûrî (Çorum İl Halk Ktp., nr. 1528).
Kaynaklarda ayrıca el-Muḫtaṣar ’a İbnü’l-Muhaddis er-Res‘anî, İsmâil b. Hüseyin el-Beyhakī, Muhammed b. Resûl el-Mûkānî, Muhammed b. Abdullah eş-Şiblî, Ebû İshak İbrâhim b. Abdülkerîm el-Mevsılî, Muhammed Şah b. Muhammed (İbnü’l-Hâc), Ebü’l-Abbas Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Mahbûbî, Nâsır b. Hüseyin el-Alevî el-Bestî, Nasr b. Muhammed el-Huttelî, İbn Vehbân gibi müelliflerin şerh ve hâşiye yazdıkları belirtilmektedir.
Şâfiî fakihi Abdürrahîm b. Muhammed el-Mevsılî, Zahîrüddin Muhammed b. Ömer en-Nevcâbâzî, müfessir ve edip Münşî el-Muḫtaṣar ’ı ihtisar etmiş, Ebü’l-Muzaffer Muhammed b. Es‘ad el-Hakîmî ile Ebû Bekir b. Ali el-Âmilî de eseri nazma çekmiştir (Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , II, 1632, 1634; Sezgin, I, 455).
Tercümeleri. el-Muḫtaṣar ’ı Ch. Solvet Fransızca’ya (Paris 1829), Rosenmüller cihadla ilgili kısmını Latince’ye (Analecta Arabica , Leipzig 1825-1826), G. H. Bousquet ve L. Bercher muâmelâta dair bir bölümünü Fransızca’ya (Le statut personnel en droit musulman hanéfite , Tunus 1952), Georg Helmsdörfer, nikâhla ilgili kısmını Des Abul Hasan Ahmed ben Mohammed el Koduri aus Bagdad moslemitisches Eherecht nach hanefitischen Grundschriften herausgegeben adıyla Almanca’ya (Frankfurt 1822, 1832) tercüme etmiştir.
Eserin Türkçe’ye ilk çevirisinin ne zaman yapıldığı tesbit edilememiştir. Londra’da School of Oriental and African Studies’in öğretim üyelerinden Mr. Mundy’nin özel kitaplığında kayıtlı (nr. 89) Türkçe Kudûrî çevirisinin baş tarafı eksik olup 888 (1483) yılında istinsah edilmiştir. Eser, Türkler’in edebî yazı dilinden İslâm sonrası Oğuz yazı diline geçiş aşamasında yazılmış bir kitap olarak nitelenmektedir (Korkmaz, s. 231). Ayrıca Bursa Eski Yazma ve Basma Eserler Kütüphanesi’nde (Haraççıoğlu, nr. 558) müellifi belli olmayan, 949’da (1542) istinsah edilmiş Tercüme-i Kudûrî adlı bir eser bulunmaktadır.
el-Muḫtaṣar ’ın bilinen diğer Türkçe çevirileri şunlardır: 1. Muhammed Emin Fehim Paşa, Tercüme-i Kudûrî (Kitâbü’l-Azîzî fi’l-Muhtasari’l-Kudûrî ; İstanbul 1281, 1304, 1309, 1314, 1315, 1316, 1320, 1323). Azîziyye adıyla meşhur olan tercümede eserin metni kelime veya cümleler halinde parantez içerisinde yazılmış, arkasından Türkçe’si verilmiştir. 2. Hüseyin Hüsnü, Sual ve Cevaplı Kudûrî Şerîf Tercümesi (İstanbul 1329). Eserin tahâretten hacca kadar olan bölümleri maddeler haline getirilerek tercüme edilmiştir. 3. İsmâil Müfîd Efendi, Tercüme-i Muhtasar-i Kudûrî (İstanbul, ts.). 4. Muzaffer Ozak, Kudûrî-i Şerif Tercümesi: Sualli-Cevaplı (İstanbul 1958). 5. Süleyman Fahri, Kudûrî Metin ve Tercümesi (İstanbul 1967, 1979). 6. Ali Arslan, Kudûrî Metni Tercemesi (İstanbul, ts., Arslan Yayınları). 7. Seyyid Fahreddin, Kudûrî Tercümesi (Isparta Uluborlu Alâeddin İlçe Halk Ktp., nr. 2194).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Kudûrî, el-Muḫtaṣar (nşr. Kâmil Muhammed Muhammed Uveyza), Beyrut 1418/1997.
Tahâvî, el-Muḫtaṣar (nşr. Ebü’l-Vefâ el-Efgānî), Kahire 1370/1950, s. 445-476.
Alâeddin es-Semerkandî, Tuḥfetü’l-fuḳahâʾ , Beyrut 1405/1984, I, 5.
Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , II, 1631-1634.
M. Âşık İlâhî el-Berenî, et-Teshîlü’ż-żarûrî li-mesâʾili’l-Ḳudûrî (nşr. Abdülhafîz el-Mezâhirî el-Mekkî), İstanbul, ts., neşredenin girişi, I, 3-7.
Brockelmann, GAL , I, 183-184; Suppl. , I, 295.
Îżâḥu’l-meknûn , II, 450.
A. J. Arberry, The Chester Beatty Library: A Handlist of the Arabic Manuscripts , Dublin 1964, VII, 14, 181.
Sezgin, GAS , I, 452-455.
Zeynep Korkmaz, “Eski Bir Kudûrî Çevirisi”, XI. Türk Dil Kurultayında Okunan Bilimsel Bildiriler (1966) , Ankara 1968, s. 225-231.
Abdülvehhâb İbrâhim Ebû Süleyman, Kitâbetü’l-baḥs̱i’l-ʿilmî , Cidde 1403/1983, s. 334-335.
Ahmet Özel, Hanefi Fıkıh Âlimleri , Ankara 1990, s. 37, 49, 57, 67, 70, 89, 93, 115.
Abdullah Muhlis, “Şerḥu Muḫtaṣari’l-Ḳudûrî el-müsemmâ Ḫulâṣatü’d-delâʾil fî tenḳīḥi’l-mesâʾil”, MMİADm. , XVI/11-12 (1941), s. 506-511.
M. Ben Cheneb, “al-Ḳudūrī”, EI2 (İng.), V, 345.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2020 yılında Ankara’da basılan 31. cildinde, 64-66 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.