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ENDİCAN Skip to content Özbekistan’da şehir ve aynı adı taşıyan eyaletin merkezi.
Fergana vadisinin güneydoğusunda ve Siriderya nehrine 10 km. mesafededir. 40° 43′ kuzey enlemi ve 72° 25′ doğu boylamı üzerinde yer alır. Fergana vadisinin güneydoğusunda verimli topraklar üzerinde kurulmuş olup Taşkent, Ûş, Celâlâbâd, Nemengân ve Hokand şehirlerine giden demiryolu ile havayollarının kavşak noktasında bulunmaktadır. Özbekistan Cumhuriyeti’nin bir bölümünü oluşturan ve Fergana vadisinin doğu kısmını içine alan 4300 km2 genişliğindeki Endican eyaletinin (Andijon Oblasti) merkezidir. Endican eyaleti, Özbekistan Cumhuriyeti’nin toplam yüzölçümünün % 1’ni oluşturmakla beraber şehirde 300.000’e, eyalette 1,5 milyona yaklaşan nüfusu (1990 tah.) cumhuriyet dahilinde yaşayan toplam nüfusun % 9’unu teşkil eder; 240/km2 yoğunluğa sahiptir. Etnik bakımdan nüfusun % 77’si Özbek, gerisi Rus, Tatar, Tacik, Uygur ve Korelidir. Bölgede şehirleşme % 35’lerde seyretmektedir.
Endican çevresinde yazları sıcak ve kurak, kışları soğuk geçen kara iklimi hüküm sürer. Yaz aylarında ortalama sıcaklık 27 dereceye çıkarken kışın -3 dereceye kadar düşer. Yağmurlar bakımından fakir olan topraklar yılda ortalama 200 mm. yağış alır. Bölgenin en önemli akarsuyu, Siriderya’nın bir kolu olan ve tarım alanlarının sulanmasında istifade edilen Karaderya’dır. Ekonomi tarıma dayalı olup bölgede pamuk ve üzüm başta gelmek üzere çeşitli meyveler yetiştirilmektedir. Tarım yapılabilen toprakların çoğunun sulanabilmesi verimi arttıran bir unsurdur. Şehrin yakınlarında petrol ve doğal gaz yatakları bulunmakta, 14 km. güneyde çıkarılan petrol boru hattıyla Fergana’daki rafineriye akıtılırken Handiâbâd’daki doğal gaz Endican yoluyla Leninski şehrine götürülmektedir. Endüstri alanında da bölgenin merkezi durumunda olan Endican’da özellikle ziraî sulama aletleri imal eden makine fabrikaları ile elektronik eşya, pamuk, bitkisel yağ, ayakkabı, konfeksiyon, örme ve konserve imalâthaneleri bulunmaktadır. Ekonomi ve ticaretin yanı sıra bölgenin eğitim ve kültür merkezi de olan Endican’da pedagoji, dil, sağlık ve ziraat enstitüleriyle tiyatro-bale okulu, çeşitli kütüphaneler, bölge müzesi ve bir tıp merkezi bulunmaktadır.
Tarihi IX. yüzyıla kadar giden bölgenin ismini İbn Havkal Endigân, Yâkūt el-Hamevî Endügân, Ebü’l-Fidâ Andugân şeklinde yazmış ve hakkında, burada kıymetli madenler bulunduğu, halkının göçebe hayat sürdüğü gibi ilk bilgileri vermişlerdir. Ebü’l-Fidâ’nın naklettiğine göre İbn Havkal bu topraklarda demir, neft, kalay ve fîrûze madenlerinin mevcut olduğunu, halkın kömür gibi yanan siyah bir taştan çıkan külü elbiselerini ağartmakta kullandığını bildirmektedir.
Mâverâünnehir’in bu bölgesinin bilinen en eski sakinleri, Uygur konfederasyonunun en önemli kanatlarından birini teşkil eden Karluklar’dır. X. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru Endican’a Karahanlılar sahip oldular ve burasını Özkent’e bağladılar. 1090 yılında Melikşah tarafından Selçuklu hâkimiyeti altına alınan şehir XII. yüzyılda Fergana’nın merkezi oldu. 1141’de Mâverâünnehir’in diğer bölgeleriyle birlikte Karahıtaylar’ın eline geçti. 1210 yılında Hârizmşahlar İlâmış sahrasında Karahıtaylar’ı yenilgiye uğratarak Endican ve çevresine hâkim oldular, ancak kısa süre sonra Endican Moğollar’ın işgaline uğradı ve çok kötü bir dönem yaşadı. XIII. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru Kubilay Han tarafından buraya vali olarak gönderilen Kaydu Han (ö. 1301) ve Tuva Han (ö. 1306) şehri yeniden inşa ettiler. Endican’ın bulunduğu coğrafî mevki, bölgeler arası ticaretin gelişmesinde önemli rol oynadı. Tuva Han, dışarıdan getirdiği çeşitli Türk kabilelerini Endican’ın çevresine yerleştirdi ve buranın bir Türk şehri olarak gelişmesine hizmet etti.
XIV. yüzyılda Endican Timur ile Çağatay Hanı Kamerüddin arasında çatışma konusu oldu ve 777 (1375-76) yılında meydana gelen savaşta yağmalanarak tahrip edildi; savaştan sonra da Timur’un eline geçen şehir onun tarafından oğlu Ömer Şeyh’e verildi. XV. yüzyılın ortalarında Timurlu Sultanı Ebû Saîd b. Muhammed’in oğlu ve Bâbürlü İmparatorluğu’nun kurucusu ünlü Bâbür’ün babası olan Ömer Şeyh Mirza tarafından yönetilmiştir. Bu çağda Ahsîkes’in Fergana’nın merkezi olması üzerine Endican bir taşra şehri haline geldi. Çin kaynakları, XV. yüzyılın başlarında doğuya haraç gönderen yerler arasında Herat ile birlikte Endican’ın da bulunduğunu belirtir. Bâbürnâme ’de XVI. yüzyılın başlarındaki Endican hakkında bilgi veren Bâbür, Semerkant ve Keş’ten sonra üçüncü büyük şehir olduğunu ve etrafını çeviren surların üç kapısı bulunduğunu bildirmektedir. Ayrıca Bâbür, Endican’ın mükemmel bir sulama sistemine, taş döşeli yollara ve bol miktarda av kuşlarına sahip olduğunu zikretmekte ve ahalisinin Türk olduğuna, şehir ve pazarda Türkçe konuşulduğuna, konuşma dili ile yazı dilinin aynı olduğuna, Ali Şîr Nevâî’nin eserlerinin mahallî dille yazıldığına, ahalisi arasında güzellerin çokluğuna, mûsikide meşhur olan Yûsuf Hoca’nın burada doğduğuna, şehrin havasının sağlığa iyi gelmediğine ve sonbaharda sıtmanın çok görüldüğüne dikkat çekmektedir. Bâbür’ün Özbek Hükümdarı Şeybânî Han’a yenilerek Taşkent’e çekilmesinden sonra şehri Özbekler ele geçirdiler (1503). XVII. yüzyılda Kırgız hanlarının hâkimiyetine giren Endican, asrın sonlarına doğru Hokand Hanlığı’na bağlandı ve Fergana yöresinin başlıca merkezlerinden biri haline geldi. Bu dönemde sulama sistemiyle yapılan ziraat ve buna dayalı olarak üretim artmış ve özellikle elma bahçeleri şöhret kazanmıştır. Ömer Han Nârbûta (ö. 1822), Karaderya nehrinden şehre kanallar açtırarak tarımın gelişmesine hizmet etmiştir. Ayrıca şehir özellikle Çin ve diğer yerlerle ticarette de önemli rol oynamış, çay ve güherçile gibi ticari mallar Endicanlılar’ın tekelinde Batı’ya nakledilmiştir.
1876 yılında Rusya Endican’ı ele geçirdiğinde nüfusu 30.000 civarında idi. Çarlık Rusyası’nın XIX. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında İç Asya’yı sömürgeleştirmek ve buradaki müslüman-Türk hanlıklarını hâkimiyeti altına almak amacıyla başlattığı yayılma ve genişleme politikası çerçevesinde şehir Fergana vilâyetine bağlı bir kaza merkezi haline getirildi. Çarlık yönetiminin Endican ve çevresinde izlediği sömürge politikasına ve Ruslar’ın buraya getirilerek yerleştirilmesine karşı halkın bir tepkisi olarak 1898 yılında büyük bir ayaklanma çıktı. Dükçi İşan İsyanı denilen bu ayaklanma, Çar II. Nikola’nın emriyle kanlı bir şekilde bastırıldı. İsyana katılan çok sayıda kişi çeşitli cezalara çarptırılırken aralarında isyanın önderi ve bir köy imamı olan Dükçi İşan’ın da bulunduğu otuz sekiz kişi idam edildi. Bu ayaklanmadan sonra bütün köyler tahrip edilmiş ve halk ağır vergi ödemeye mecbur bırakılmıştır. Daha sonra Ruslar Endican’ı yeni teşkil ettikleri Türkistan genel valiliğine bağladılar.
1902 yılında bölgede meydana gelen büyük bir deprem şehirde önemli maddî hasara ve insan kaybına sebep oldu. 1916’da Ruslar’a karşı artan hoşnutsuzluk Endican’a da sirayet etti ve yılın sonlarına doğru Başbakan Kerensky buraya gelerek ahali ile görüşmeler yaptı. Rusya’da Büyük Ekim İhtilâli’nin gerçekleşmesinden sonra bölgede Bolşevik-milliyetçi mücadelesi hızlandı ve 1920 yılında had safhaya ulaştı. Çatışmalarda yerli halk liderleri öldürüldü, bazıları da idam edildi. 1923’te bile bastırılamamış olan Basmacı Hareketi Endican civarında etkili oldu. Fakat sonunda Bolşevikler duruma hâkim oldular. 27 Ekim 1924 tarihinde etnik özelliklere dayalı Özbek Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti teşkil edilince Endican Fergana vilâyetinde bir kaza merkezi olarak yerini aldı. Daha sonra 6 Mart 1941’de Endican eyaleti oluşturuldu ve buranın merkezi de Endican oldu.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbn Havkal, Ṣûretü’l-arż (trc. Ca‘fer Şuâr), Tahran 1345 hş., s. 239.
Yâkūt, Muʿcemü’l-büldân , I, 261-262.
Ebü’l-Fidâ, Taḳvîmü’l-büldân (trc. Abdülmuhammed Âyetî), Tahran 1349 hş., s. 561.
Bâbür, Vekāyi‘ (Arat) , I, 1-4, 6-9, 12-16, 25, 28, 32-33, 39-40, 62-67, 69-71, 73-78 vd.
Tâcü’s-Selmânî, Tarihnâme (trc. İsmail Aka), Ankara 1988, s. 98.
Ch’en Ch’ing-Lung, Çin ve Batı Kaynaklarına Göre 1828 İsyanlarından Yakub Bey’e Kadar Doğu Türkistan Tarihi , T’ai-Pei 1967, s. 11, 17, 18, 24, 55, 60, 66, 71, 80-89, 91-96, 108.
Baymirza Hayit, Türkistan: Rusya ile Çin Arasında (trc. Abdülkadir Sadak), İstanbul 1975, s. 32, 34, 75, 87-89 vd.
Zeki Velidi Togan, Bugünkü Türkili Türkistan ve Yakın Tarihi , İstanbul 1981, s. 332-335.
İbrahim Kafesoğlu, Harezmşahlar Devleti Tarihi , Ankara 1984, s. 184.
W. Barthold, Orta Asya Türk Tarihi Hakkında Dersler (haz. K. Yaşar Kopraman – İsmail Aka), Ankara 1985, s. 45, 76, 100, 173, 262, 301.
Abdülkadir İnan, “Dükçü İşan İsyânı”, TK , sy. 11 (1963), s. 10-13.
A. Sheehy, “The Andizhan Uprising of 1898 and Soviet Historiography”, Central Asian Review , XIV/2, London 1966, s. 139 vd.
TA , XV, 196.
Mirza Bala, “Endican”, İA , IV, 268-270.
B. Spuler, “Andid̲j̲ān”, EI2 (Fr.) , I, 520.
“Andijon”, Özbek Sovet Ensiklopediyası , Taşkent 1971-80, I, 359-367.
“Andizhan”, “Andizhan Oblast”, GSE , II, 85.
C. E. Bosworth, “Andeǰān”, EIr. , II, 24-25.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1995 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 11. cildinde, 190-192 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.