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GASSÂNÎLER Skip to content 200-636 yılları arasında Suriye’de hüküm süren hıristiyan Arap hânedanı.
Me’rib su seddinin yıkılmasından sonra Yemen’den göç ederek III. yüzyıl başlarında Suriye’ye yerleşen Gassânîler Kahtânîler’in Kehlân koluna mensuptur. Kabilenin Amr Müzeykıyâ b. Amr Mâüssemâ’ adlı reisinin oğlu olan Cefne Gassânîler’in kurucusu ve ilk hükümdarıdır. Bundan dolayı hânedana Cefneoğulları da denilir. Mes‘ûdî ise Gassânîler’in ilk hükümdarının Hâris b. Amr b. Âmir b. Hârise b. İmruülkays olduğunu kaydeder (Mürûcü’ẕ-ẕeheb , II, 107). Cefne b. Amr’ın başkanlığında Suriye’ye göç eden Gassânîler’in bu adı, Me’rib Seddi (başka bir rivayette Cuhfe) yakınlarında veya Tihâme çölünde bulunan Gassân suyundan aldıkları nakledilir. Yemen’de oturdukları yerin adını daha sonra yerleştikleri bölgedeki bir suya vermiş olmaları da mümkündür. Gassânîler Suriye’de bir süre Kudâa kabilesinin Dacâim koluna mensup Selîh kabilesinin hâkimiyeti altına girdiler. Fakat daha sonra onları mağlûp ederek Dımaşk ve Tedmür bölgesini ele geçirdiler.
Yaklaşık 200 yıllarında Gassânî Devleti’ni kuran Cefne’nin yerine oğlu Amr geçti, onun ölümü üzerine oğlu Sa‘lebe b. Amr hükümdar oldu. On yedi yıl hükümdarlık yapan Sa‘lebe b. Amr, Havran dolaylarında önemli mimari faaliyetlere girişti. Gassânîler Suriye’de ana dilleri Arapça’yı korudukları gibi burada konuşulan Ârâmî dilini de öğrendiler.
Bizans İmparatorluğu’nun vasalı olan Gassânîler Hıristiyanlığı kabul ettiler ve Bizans kültürünün etkisi altına girdiler. Sa‘lebe b. Amr’dan sonra bir Bizans valisi gibi hareket eden Gassânî hükümdarlarından II. Hâris b. Cebele zamanında (529-569) hânedanlık en ihtişamlı dönemini yaşadı. II. Hâris’e, büyük bir ihtimalle ordusuyla Bizanslılar’a yardım ettiğinden dolayı 529 yılında Bizans’ta imparatordan sonra en büyük unvan olan “büyük emîr” (phylarkhos) unvanı verildi ve Petra genel valiliğine tayin edildi. Monofizit kilisesinin ileri derecede bir taraftarı olan II. Hâris b. Cebele (Cevâd Ali, III, 403-407; M. Şemseddin, s. 309) kaynaklarda Hâris el-A‘rec veya Hâris el-Ekber unvanıyla anılır. Hâris’in hükümdarlık devresinde bütün savaşlar hep Bizans’ın menfaatini koruma gayesiyle yapılmıştı. Hâris 529 yılı civarında Hîre’deki Lahmîler’in hükümdarı III. Münzir ile bir savaşa tutuştu ve onu yendi. Fakat daha sonra III. Münzir, Hâris’i mağlûp ederek esir aldığı oğlunu Araplar’ın en büyük putu olan Uzzâ’ya kurban etti (544). Bu olayın intikamını almak için gayret gösteren Hâris, yaklaşık on yıl sonra Kınnesrîn’de Lahmîler’i büyük bir bozguna uğrattı. Kaynaklarda bu olaya Yevmü Halîme adı verilmektedir.
II. Hâris, 563 yılında Bizans İmparatoru I. Iustinianos’un davetlisi olarak Kostantiniye’ye gitti. Onun Bizans sarayında görünmesi imparatora büyük itibar kazandırdı. Hâris’in bu ziyaretine, kendisinin gayret ve desteğiyle Urfa monofızit piskoposu olan Ya‘kūb el-Berdaî de katıldı. Monofizit mezhebi Bizans merkez kilisesinin en büyük muhalifi olup iki kilise arasında şiddetli bir çekişme vardı. Ancak monofizit olan Hâris’in Bizans’a yakınlığı ve bu husustaki gayretleriyle iki kilise arasındaki görüş ayrılıkları ve düşmanlıklar bir hayli azaltıldı. Hâris’in bu mezhebin savunucusu olmasından dolayı monofizitlik Suriyeli Araplar arasında yaygınlık kazandı (Cevâd Ali, III, 409; Hitti, I, 121). Gassânîler hıristiyan olmalarına rağmen akrabaları olan Evs kabilesine yardım ederek yahudilere karşı bağımsızlıklarını kazanmalarını sağladılar.
Hâris’in ölümü (569) ve yerine oğlu Münzir’in geçmesinden kısa bir süre sonra İran’ın vasal devleti Hîreliler Gassânî topraklarına büyük bir saldırı düzenledi. Hîre Hükümdarı Kābûs b. Münzir ile Gassânî Hükümdarı Münzir b. Hâris arasında Aynüübâğ denilen yerde yapılan savaşta Gassânîler galip geldi.
Gassânîler’in monofizit kilisesine verdiği desteği sürdüren Münzir b. Hâris’in muhtemelen Bizans kilisesinin etkisi altında kalan imparatorla arası açıldı. Bizans imparatoru kendisine karşı bir suikast hazırladı, fakat başarılı olamadı. Bunun üzerine Münzir üç yıl müddetle Bizans’la irtibatını kesti. Fakat Hîreliler’in Suriye topraklarına sürekli olarak saldırmaları Bizans’ın güney sınırının güvenliğini tehdit ettiğinden imparator Gassânîler’le tekrar uzlaşmak zorunda kaldı. Rusâfe’de yapılan görüşmelerde iki devlet arasındaki ilişkilerin eskisi gibi sürdürülmesi kararlaştırıldı.
Münzir b. Hâris 580 yılında Kostantiniye’ye bir ziyarette bulundu ve İmparator I. Konstantinos Tiberios tarafından büyük bir merasimle karşılandı. İmparator bu merasim sırasında Münzir’e hükümdarlık çelengi yerine gerçek hükümdarlık alâmeti olan taç giydirdi. Bundan sonra Bizanslılar Münzir’i “Araplar’ın kralı” unvanıyla anmaya başladılar. Münzir Suriye’ye dönünce Hîre hükümdarıyla savaşa tutuştu ve büyük bir zafer elde edip Lahmîler’in başşehri Hîre’yi ateşe verdi. Fakat Bizans’ın bölgedeki görevli ve temsilcileri babası gibi onu da imparatora gammazladılar. Gassânîler, bütün bağlılıklarına ve Hıristiyanlığı samimi olarak benimsemelerine rağmen Bizans’a yaranamadılar. Münzir, Havran kilisesinde yapılan bir dinî merasim sırasında imparatorluktan gelen bir emirle Suriye kumandanlarından Magnus tarafından tutuklanıp bir esir gibi Bizans’a gönderildi.
Münzir’in yerine geçen oğlu Nu‘mân kardeşlerinin de yardımıyla Bizans üzerine çeşitli saldırılar düzenledi. İmparator I. Konstantinos, Anadolu’nun bazı bölgelerini tahrip eden Nu‘mân’ı da tutuklamak üzere Magnus’u görevlendirdi. Magnus Nu‘mân’ı ele geçirip Kostantiniye’ye götürdü.
Münzir ve oğlu Nu‘mân Bizans elinde tutuklu kalınca, Gassânî Devleti’ni oluşturan kabilelerin her birinin kendi reisini seçerek ayrı birer siyasî yapı oluşturması devleti zayıflattığı gibi Bizans’ın güney sınırlarını da savunmasız bıraktı. Bu durum Bizans’ın ezelî düşmanı Sâsânîler’in işine yaradı. Bizans’ın güneyini koruyan güçlü bir tampon devlet olan Gassânîler aradan çekilince Sâsânî Kisrâsı Hüsrev Pervîz’in büyük bir orduyla Suriye üzerine yürüyüp Kudüs ve Dımaşk’ı ele geçirmesi Gassânî hâkimiyetinin yıkılmasına yol açtı (613-614).
610 yılında Herakleios’un tahta geçmesiyle yeniden toparlanan Bizans, bu hükümdarın yaptığı ıslahatla imparatorluğun güney sınırlarını bir müddet sonra yeniden güçlendirdi. Herakleios 628-629 yıllarında Suriye’yi tekrar ele geçirdiği gibi mağlûp ettiği İranlılar’dan geri aldığı “kutsal haç”ı yeniden Kudüs’teki yerine koydu. Bu dönemde Gassânî sarayında Cebele b. Eyhem adındaki bir hükümdarın hüküm sürdüğü anlaşılmaktadır. Gassânîler’in son hükümdarı olarak kabul edilen Cebele b. Eyhem’in müslüman olduğuna dair rivayetler doğru değildir. En doğru kabul edilen rivayete göre, Yermük Savaşı’nda Herakleios’un emriyle Lahm, Cüzâm ve diğer hıristiyan Arap kabilelerinden oluşan 12.000 kişilik bir öncü birliğine kumandanlık eden Cebele Bizans ordusunun yenilmesi üzerine kendi topraklarına çekilmişti. Kendisine müslüman olup zekât vermesi veya kendi dininde kalıp cizye ödemesi yahut yurdundan ayrılıp istediği yere gitmesi teklif edildiğinde zekât verebileceğini, ancak dininden dönmeyeceğini söylemiş, müslüman olmadığı takdirde cizye ödemesi gerektiği kendisine bildirilince cizye ödemeyi küçüklük kabul ederek maiyetindeki 30.000 kişiyle Bizans’a gitmişti.
Hz. Peygamber, Gassânî emirlerinden Hâris b. Ebû Şemir’e 628 yılında İslâmiyet’e davet mektubu göndermiş, yine bir Gassânlı olan Busrâ Emîri Şürahbîl b. Amr’a yolladığı Hâris b. Umeyr adlı elçi Mûte’de öldürülünce Mûte Seferi’ni tertip etmek mecburiyetinde kalmıştır. Gassânlı bir heyetin Medine’ye gelip müslüman olduğu da rivayet edilir. Bu bilgilerden, Gassânî Devleti’nin Resûl-i Ekrem zamanında siyasî bir bütünlüğe sahip olmadığı anlaşılmaktadır. Bununla birlikte Medine’de, Bizans himayesi altında yaşayan Gassânîler’den gelecek bir istilâ tehdidi hissedilmekteydi. Nitekim Mûte’den sonra tertip edilen Tebük Seferi bu tehdide karşı yapılmıştır. Hulefâ-yi Râşidîn döneminde Gassânîler’den hiç bahsetmeyen kaynaklar, Sıffîn Savaşı’nda onlardan bazı kimselerin Muâviye’nin safında yer aldıklarını, Yezîd’in bu kabileden bir kadınla evlendiğini ve bazı Gassânîler’in Kuzey Afrika fetihlerine katıldıklarını haber verir. Bugün Ortadoğu’daki hıristiyan Araplar muhtemelen onların torunlarıdır.
Gassânîler, Yemen Sebe medeniyetiyle Suriye ve Bizans medeniyetlerini birbirleriyle kaynaştırıp mükemmel mimari eserler yapmışlar, çeşitli saray ve evler, zafer takları, su kemerleri, kilise, hamam ve tiyatrolar inşa etmişlerdir. Bunlardan Kasrü’l-Müşettâ ve Kasrü’l-ebyaz’ın harabeleri günümüze ulaşmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Taberî, Târîḫ (Ebü’l-Fazl) , III, 378-379, ayrıca bk. İndeks.
Mes‘ûdî, Mürûcü’ẕ-ẕeheb (Abdülhamîd) , II, 107 vd.
M. Şemseddin [Günaltay], İslâm Tarihi , İstanbul 1338-41, s. 309 vd.
Hasan İbrâhim Hasan, Târîḫu’l-İslâm , Kahire 1948, I, 49.
Cevâd Ali, el-Mufaṣṣal , III, 400 vd.
Hitti, İslâm Tarihi , I, 121 vd.
R. Simon, Meccan Trade and Islam Problems of Origin and Structure , Budapest 1989, s. 55-58.
Mustafa Fayda, Allah’ın Kılıcı Halid Bin Velid , İstanbul 1990, bk. İndeks.
İsmāil R. Khālidī, “The Arab Kingdom of Ghassān: Its Origins, Rise and Fall”, MW , XLVI/3 (1956), s. 193-206.
Irfan Kawar, “The Last Days of Salih”, Arabica , V, Leiden 1958, s. 145-158.
Irfan Shahîd, “Ghassānid and Umayyad Structures: A Case of Byzance Aprés Byzance”, La Syrie de Byzance à l’Islam: VIIe -VIIIe siècles , Damas 1992, s. 299-307.
a.mlf., “G̲h̲assān”, EI2 (İng.) , II, 1020-1021.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1996 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 13. cildinde, 397-398 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.