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GAYBET Skip to content GAYBET Özellikle İsnâaşeriyye inancında görülen, on ikinci imamın ölmeden insanlar arasından ayrılıp gizlenmesi mânasında bir terim.
Müellif: Avni İlhan
Sözlükte, “insan bilgisinin dışında kalmak, duyularla algılanamamak, gizlenmek” anlamına gelen gayb kökünden isim olup “kaybolma, gizlenme” demektir. İslâm’dan önceki dönemlerden itibaren kullanılan bu kavram, bazı peygamber veya imamların bir süre gözden kaybolmalarını ifade eder. Gaybetle ilgili en eski bilgi, Tevrat’ta kaydedildiği üzere İdrîs’in “Allah ile yürüdüğü” ve Allah’ın onu yanına alması neticesinde gözden kaybolduğu şeklindedir (Tekvîn, 5/24). Yine Tevrat’ta, İlyâs’ın Elişa ile yürürken ateşten atların çektiği ateşten bir arabanın gelip onları birbirinden ayırdığı, İlyâs’ın kasırga ile göklere çıktığı (II. Krallar, 2/1-12), Rabbin büyük ve korkunç günü gelmeden önce peygamber olarak geri gönderileceği, dünyanın lânetlenmemesi için insanları ıslah edeceği (Malaki, 4/5-6) belirtilmektedir. İlyâs’ın gaybeti ve geri dönmesi şeklindeki inanca İncil’de de rastlanır (Markos, 9/2-13). Ayrıca Hz. Îsâ’nın kabrinden kıyamı, semalara yükselmesi, sonradan diri olarak Mecdelli Meryem ve on bir havârisine görünmesi, ardından göğe alınması (Markos, 16/6-20) gibi hususlar da Hıristiyanlık’ta gaybet konusunda bazı düşüncelerin varlığını ortaya koyar.
Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de İdrîs’in doğru sözlü bir peygamber olduğu ve Allah tarafından yüce bir yere yükseltildiğinden söz edilirse de (Meryem 19/56-57) İlyâs hakkında peygamber oluşu dışında (el-En‘âm 6/85; es-Sâffât 37/123-132) bir açıklama mevcut değildir. Hz. Mûsâ’nın, ilâhî vahyi almak için Tûr dağına gitmek üzere kavminden kırk gece uzaklaşmasından (el-A‘râf 7/142-143), yine Mûsâ ile yol arkadaşından, İslâm literatüründe Hızır diye adlandırılan ve kendisine Allah tarafından özel bir ilim verilen gāib kişiden bahsedilmektedir (el-Kehf 18/65-82). Ayrıca Hz. Îsâ’nın muhalifleri tarafından öldürülmediği ve asılmadığı, Allah’ın onu kendisine yücelttiği de belirtilmektedir (en-Nisâ 4/156-158). Bütün bunlardan, İslâm’dan önce gelen peygamberlerden bir kısmının bazı sebepler yüzünden kavimlerinden bir süre ayrılıp sonra döndükleri, bazılarının da ilâhî kitapların ifadesiyle “Allah’ın katına yükseltildikleri” (ölümleri sonucu ilâhî nimetlere kavuşturuldukları) anlaşılmaktadır. Resûl-i Ekrem’in vefatından sonra Hz. Ömer’in, bazı münafıkların Peygamber’in öldüğünü iddia ettiklerini, halbuki onun ölmediğini, Mûsâ’nın kavminden kırk gece ayrıldıktan sonra dönüşü gibi onun da döneceğini belirten cümleleri (Taberî, III, 200) her ne kadar büyük bir üzüntünün etkisiyle söylenmişse de o devirdeki gaybet ve rec‘at telakkisini bir ölçüde yansıtmaktadır.
Hz. Ali’nin hayatında onun ilâh olduğunu ileri sürerek ölümünü kabul etmeyen, kıyamet gününden önce tekrar dönüp dünyayı ıslah edeceğini söyleyen aşırı taraftarları, İslâm’da ilk mezhebî gaybet düşüncesini ortaya koymuş oluyorlardı. Bundan sonraki gaybet Muhammed b. Hanefiyye ile ilgilidir. Keysâniyye adıyla anılan taraftarları onun ölmediğini, Medine yakınlarındaki Radvâ dağında gizlenip gözden kaybolduğunu, kıyamet gününden önce ortaya çıkarak düşmanlarından intikam alacağını ileri sürmüşlerdir. Bundan başka ilk İsmâilîler de Muhammed b. İsmâil ile neslinden gelen imamların Fâtımîler Devleti’nin kurucusu Ubeydullah el-Mehdî’ye kadar bir nevi gaybet sayılabilecek gizlilik (setr) içinde bulunduklarını kabul etmişlerdir.
İslâm fırkaları içinde, son imamlarının süresi bilinmeyen bir gāiblikten sonra dönüp dünyayı ıslah edeceği fikrini bir iman esası haline getiren tek fırka İsnâaşeriyye’dir. Bu fırkaya göre gaybet Âdem, İdrîs, Nûh, İbrâhim, Mûsâ, Îsâ ve Hz. Muhammed’in sünneti veya davranış tarzıdır (Meclisî, LI, 217). Şiî rivayetlerine göre Hz. Peygamber, on ikinci imam Muhammed el-Mehdî el-Muntazar’ın isim, künye, vücut yapısı ve davranış yönünden kendisine benzeyeceğini, onunla insanların sapıklığa düşeceği bir gaybet ve bocalama dönemi başlayacağını, daha sonra karanlıkları delen bir göktaşı gibi döneceğini, zulümle dolmuş bulunan yeryüzünü adaletle dolduracağını açıklamıştır (İbn Bâbeveyh, I, 287). Muhammed el-Mehdî’nin gaybete gireceği hususu, başta Hz. Ali ve Fâtıma olmak üzere nesillerinden geldiği on imam tarafından da açıkça ortaya konmuştur (a.g.e. , I, 288-332; II, 333-409).
İsnâaşeriyye’nin on birinci imamı Hasan el-Askerî’nin 260 (873) yılında vefatından sonra mensupları on dört gruba ayrılmış ve imamın ölmediği, imâmet görevini yapacak oğlu bulunmadığından dünyanın imamsız kalmaması için öldükten sonra tekrar imâmet görevini devraldığı veya ölümünün ardından imâmetin kardeşi Ca‘fer’e geçeceği, yahut ölümünde beş yaşında olan oğlu Muhammed’in imam olması gerektiği gibi hususlarda ihtilâfa düşmüşlerdir (geniş bilgi için bk. Nevbahtî, s. 79-94). Çoğunluk Hasan el-Askerî’nin oğlu Muhammed’in imâmetini kabul etti. Onlara göre Askerî, Abbâsîler’in kötülük yapmasından korktuğu için oğlunun doğumunu gizlemek zorunda kalmıştı. Daha doğumundan itibaren kendisine birçok keramet atfedilen Muhammed b. Hasan, beş yaşında iken kırk yaşındaki bir kişinin olgunluğuna ulaşmıştı. Bu imam, babasının ölümünden sonra Abbâsîler’in kendisini öldürme niyetinde olduğunu bildiği için Allah’ın takdir ettiği bir zamana kadar gaybete girmiştir. Şiî literatüründe genellikle “Kāim” diye adlandırılan sonuncu imam, Sâmerrâ’da daha sonra büyük bir caminin inşa edildiği yerde bulunan evinin mahzenine girerek gizlenmiş ve gözden kaybolmuştur.
Kāim’in gaybetine inanan Şiîler gaybet sebebi konusunda anlaşamamışlardır. Bazıları, bunun imamın düşmanları tarafından öldürülmesine karşı alınan bir tedbir olduğunu ileri sürerken bir kısmı da bu gaybetin Allah’ın bir imtihanı olduğunu söylemiştir. Ca‘fer es-Sâdık’a nisbet edilen bir telakkiye göre gaybet sahibinin durumu Hz. Yûsuf’un durumuna benzer. Yûsuf kendisine ihanet eden kardeşlerini tanımış, fakat onlar Yûsuf’u tanımamışlardır. Allah’ın Yûsuf için takdir ettiğini, insanlara gönderdiği hüccet olan Kāim için yapmasına bir engel yoktur. Bir gün gelecek tıpkı Yûsuf’un kendini tanıttığı gibi Kāim de kendini açığa vuracaktır (Küleynî, I, 336-338; İbn Bâbeveyh, II, 479-482). Bazı Şiîler ise gaybeti ilâhî bir lutuf olarak değerlendirmişlerdir. Gaybeti, sevabı açıktan verilene göre daha çok olan gizli sadakaya benzeten bu grup, bâtıl esaslar üzerine kurulan bir devletin idaresinde gizli imamın liderliğinde yapılan kulluğu zâhir imamla yapılandan daha üstün tutmuş ve bir anlamda gaybetin uzamasına taraftar olmuştur.
İsnâaşeriyye Şîası arasında gaybetin ne zaman başladığı konusu da tartışmalıdır. Kāim’in gaybetinin Hasan el-Askerî’nin ölümünden önce, hatta doğduğu andan itibaren başladığını ileri sürenler varsa da imamın imâmet makamına geçmeden gaybete girmesinin câiz olmayacağını, gizlendiği esnada halkı ile münasebetlerini devam ettireceği için sefirlerini seçmek zorunda olduğunu, bunlar yapılmadığı takdirde imâmet görevinin yerine getirilemeyeceğini söyleyenler çoğunluğu teşkil etmektedir. Buna göre Kāim’in gaybeti, babası Hasan el-Askerî’nin ölüm tarihi olan 8 Rebîülevvel 260’ta (1 Ocak 874) başlamıştır.
Gaybetin başlangıç tarihi ihtilâflı olmakla birlikte “küçük gaybet” (el-gaybetü’s-suğrâ, el-gaybetü’l-kusrâ, el-gaybetü’l-kāsıra) ve “büyük gaybet” (el-gaybetü’l-kübrâ, el-gaybetü’s-sâniye, el-gaybetü’t-tûlâ, el-gaybetü’t-tâmme) şeklinde iki kısma ayrılması konusunda fikir birliği mevcuttur. Buna göre Kāim’in gaybete girdiği kabul edilen 260 (874) yılından son sefirinin öldüğü 15 Şâban 329 (15 Mayıs 941) tarihine kadar devam eden süre küçük gaybet dönemidir. Bu tarihten itibaren günümüze kadar devam eden ve Muhammed el-Kāim’in ortaya çıkışına kadar sürecek olan devre büyük gaybet dönemidir. Bu iki nevi gaybet başta Ca‘fer es-Sâdık olmak üzere daha önceki imamlardan nakledilmiş, ilk gaybette Kāim’in yerini ancak Şîa’nın havas tabakasının, ikinci gaybette ise imamın dostları arasındaki üst tabakanın bildiği belirtilmiştir (Küleynî, I, 339-340).
Küçük gaybet esnasında imam insanlar tarafından görünüp tanınmamasına rağmen onların arasında yaşamıştır. Bu dönemde seçkin zümre onunla irtibat kurabilmiş, önemli meselelerin çözümünde ve dinî hükümleri öğrenme konusunda ondan faydalanmıştır. Ancak imamla irtibat kuranlar bu durumu kesinlikle ifşa etmemekle yükümlüdürler. Gāib imam bu dönemde Şîa ile ilgili emir ve isteklerini “süferâ”, “vükelâ” veya “nüvvâb” denilen ve kendisi tarafından görevlendirilen kişiler vasıtasıyla bildirmiştir. Şîa’nın sadık sefirler olarak kabul ettiği dört kişi Ebû Amr Osman b. Saîd (ö. 265/879 [?]), Ebû Ca‘fer Muhammed b. Osman (ö. 305/917), İbn Rûh (ö. 326/938) ve Ali b. Muhammed es-Semerrî’dir (ö. 328/940). Kāim, emirlerini bu kişiler vasıtasıyla cemaatine duyurduğu gibi dinî ve malî meselelerin çözümünü de Şîa toplumuna onlar aracılığıyla bildirmiştir. Gāib imamın yazılı emirleriyle tayin edildiği ileri sürülen ve imamın özel vekili olduğuna inanılan sefirlerin tâlimatına uymak her Şiî’nin başta gelen görevidir. İmamın sefirleri vasıtasıyla cemaatine gönderdiği emir ve tavsiyeler genellikle “tevkī‘” olarak anılır. Bu tevkī‘ler arasında, Şîa ile ilgili emir ve yasaklar yanında fitneye sebep olacağı için kalabalık içinde imamın isminin anılmaması, gaybetin bitimi için zaman tayin edilmemesi gibi konular ve bir sefirin sefâret döneminin bitip diğerinin başlayacağını ifade eden ibareler de görülmektedir (tevkī‘ örnekleri için bk. İbn Bâbeveyh, II, 482-523). Küçük gaybet esnasında sefirler dışında bazı kimselerin çeşitli vesilelerle imamı görüp onunla konuştukları hususuna Şiî kaynaklarında geniş şekilde yer verilir (meselâ bk. a.g.e. , II, 434-479; Meclisî, LII, 1-90). Ayrıca bu dönemde imam ve sefirlerden çeşitli olağan üstü hallerin zuhûr ettiği belirtilir. Meclisî’nin İbn Bâbeveyh’ten naklettiğine göre (a.g.e. , LI, 293), Karmatîler’in Kâbe’ye baskın düzenledikleri 317 (930) yılında Bağdat’ta bulunan Şîa cemaatinin hacca gitmesi konusu sefir İbn Rûh’a sorulunca olumsuz cevap vermiş, ısrar üzerine de eğer mutlaka gidilecekse son kafilelerle gidilmesini istemişti. Gerçekten o yıl hacı adayları Karmatîler’ce öldürüldüğü halde son kafiledekiler ölümden kurtulmuştu (a.g.e. , LI, 293-343). Bu dönemde imamla halk arasında sefir olduklarını iddia eden, aralarında Muhammed b. Nusayr ve Hallâc-ı Mansûr gibi kimselerin de bulunduğu on bir kişi imam tarafından lânetlenmiş, Şîa toplumu da bunları yalancı sefirler olarak kabul etmiştir (a.g.e. , LI, 367-381; M. es-Sadr, Târîḫu’l-ġaybeti’ṣ-ṣuġrâ, s. 489-583).
Dördüncü sefir Ali b. Muhammed’in ölümü yaklaşınca kendisinden gelen son tevkī‘de yerine geçecek herhangi bir kimse belirlenmemiş, ayrıca büyük gaybetin yaklaştığı, Allah izin vermedikçe zuhûr olmayacağı ifade edilmiş, başlayacak olan yeni devrede Şiîler’in nasıl hareket edecekleri de açıklanmıştır. Buna göre ortaya çıkan olayların değerlendirilmesinde, imamların hücceti durumunda olan ve hadislerini rivayet eden kimselere başvurulması, bu arada gereksiz şeylerin söz konusu edilmemesi ve soru kapısının kapatılması istenmiştir. Bu anlayışla hareket eden Şîa, ortaya çıkan meseleleri çözmek için başta Muhammed el-Bâkır ve Ca‘fer es-Sâdık olmak üzere Ehl-i beyt’ten gelen rivayetlere başvurmayı esas kabul etmiştir. Gaybet halindeki Kāim’in inkâr edilmesinin, İblîs’in Âdem’e secde etmekten uzaklaşmasına benzetildiği bu dönemde Kāim’in ortaya çıkacağı vakte kadar sevilmesi gereken kimselerin sevilmesi, buğzedileceklerden de nefret edilmesi istenmiş, kıyamdan önceki gaybet durumunda imama uyan, onun dostlarını seven, düşmanlarına karşı çıkan kimselerin dünyada ve âhirette mutlu kişiler olacakları inancı telkin edilmiştir. Şîa’ya göre, imamın gaybetinin uzaması inanan kişiye bir zarar vermeyeceği gibi onun ortaya çıkmasını samimiyetle beklerken ölen kimseler de şehid sayılırlar (Küleynî, I, 341, 342, 371-372; İbn Bâbeveyh, I, 13, 286-288; II, 644-647).
Şîa’nın gaybet telakkisine çeşitli eleştiriler yöneltilmiştir. On bir asrı aşan gaybet süresince Kāim’in yaşamakta olduğu inancı, fert ve toplumun çeşitli problemlerle karşılaştığı bu asırlar süresince imamın kaybolmasının ilâhî hikmete aykırı düşmesi, kim olduğu bilinmeyen bir imamı asırlarca beklemenin topluma bir fayda sağlayamayacağı gibi hususlar bunlardan bazılarıdır. Bu eleştiriler Şiî âlimleri tarafından cevaplandırılmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu arada genellikle Ca‘fer es-Sâdık’tan gelen rivayetlere dayanılarak Âdem, İbrâhim, İsmâil, İshak, Ya‘kūb, Yûsuf, Mûsâ, Hârûn ve Süleyman’ın uzun süre yaşadıkları ileri sürülmüş, Kur’ân-ı Kerîm ve Tevrat’ta geçen ifadeye aykırı olarak Nûh’un 850 yıl peygamberlikten önce, 950 yıl peygamber olarak ve 700 yıl da gemiden indikten sonra olmak üzere (İbn Bâbeveyh, III, 523) toplam 2500 yıl yaşadığı iddia edilmiştir. Bu anlayıştan hareketle Allah’ın, hüccetini uzun müddet yaşatmaya kādir olduğu söylenmiştir. Peygamberlerden sonra uzun süre yaşayan Ali b. Osman, Ubeyd b. Şeriyye el-Cürhümî, Nadr b. Dehmân gibi kimseleri örnek gösteren Şiî kaynakları, gaybet ne kadar uzarsa uzasın imamın hayatta olduğunu savunmaktadır (Meclisî, LI, 237-293).
Kāim’in zuhûr edeceği içtimaî ve siyasî şartların belirlenmesi hususu Şîa arasında son derece ihtilâflıdır. Bu konuda kaynaklarda bir kısmı gerçekleşmiş olan yetmiş kadar alâmet nakledilmektedir. Emevî-Abbâsî çatışması, Emevî hâkimiyetinin sona ermesi, Hâşimoğulları’ndan peygamberlik iddia eden on iki kişinin ortaya çıkması, Süfyânî, Hasenî, Mısrî, Horasânî, Yemânî adlı kişilerin zuhûru, Beydâ ve Câbiye’nin batması, fitne, fesad, ihtilâf ve savaşların çoğalması, Türkler’in el-Cezîre’ye, Bizans’ın Remle’ye kadar inmesi, açlık, korku, katil ve vebanın artması, Îsâ’nın nüzûlü ve güneşin batıdan doğması bunlardan bazılarıdır (geniş bilgi için bk. a.g.e. , LII, 181-278; Aʿyânü’ş-Şîʿa , II, 71-83).
Kāim’in zuhûru için zamanın belirlenmesi Şiîler’ce mekruh bir davranış olarak kabul edilir. Ca‘fer es-Sâdık’tan gelen rivayetlerde zaman belirleyenlerin yalan söyledikleri, Ehl-i beyt’in gaybetin bitimi için müddet belirlemediği, bu konuda acele edenlerin helâk olacakları ve amellerinin mükâfatsız kalacağı ileri sürülmüştür (Küleynî, I, 368-369). Bununla birlikte Muhammed el-Bâkır’dan gelen bazı rivayetlerde gāib imamın tek rakamlı yıllarda, ramazan ayının yirmi üçüncü cuma veya cumartesi günü yahut aşure gününde ortaya çıkacağı belirtilir. Bu arada Ca‘fer es-Sâdık’tan gelen bir başka rivayet Kāim’in Nevruz günü zuhûr edeceği şeklindedir (Aʿyânü’ş-Şîʿa , II, 82).
Gāib imam, dünyanın her tarafından gelip Mekke’de toplanacak olan, bir rivayete göre ellisi kadın 313 taraftarıyla ortaya çıkacak ve dünyanın her yerine hâkim olup adaleti sağlayacaktır. Hükümranlığının başlangıcı ile ölümü arasındaki süre ise on dokuz yıl veya on dokuz yıl birkaç ay olarak rivayet edilmektedir (Muhammed b. İbrâhim en-Nu‘mânî, s. 331-332; Meclisî, LII, 279-307).
Yaygın kanaate göre Şîa’nın günümüze ulaşmayan Keysâniyye fırkasıyla başlayan, 150 yıl kadar İsmâiliyye bünyesinde göründükten sonra zâhir imamın ortaya çıkışı ile sona eren gaybet düşüncesi, İsnâaşeriyye’de 260 (874) yılından itibaren bir inanç esası olarak varlığını sürdürmektedir. On birinci imam Hasan el-Askerî’den sonra İsnâaşeriyye Şîası imâmet konusunda on dört değişik istikamete yönelmiştir. Askerî’nin beş yaşında bir oğlu olduğu ve imâmetin ona geçtiği görüşü bunlardan sadece bir tanesidir. İsnâaşeriyye Şîası içinde Muhammed el-Mehdî’nin imâmeti hususunda on dört ayrı görüş varsa bu konuda tevâtür iddialarına rağmen kesin bir delil yok demektir. Halbuki İslâm’da bir konunun iman esası olabilmesi için sübûtu ve delâletinin kesin delillere dayanması gerekir. Genellikle Şiî kaynaklarında gaybetin sebebi, imamın düşmanı olan Abbâsîler tarafından öldürülmesi korkusu olarak gösterilmektedir. Ancak Abbâsî Devleti ortadan kalktıktan sonra da imam dönmemiştir. Gaybetin ilâhî bir lutuf ve imtihan şeklinde değerlendirilmesi de isabetli görülmemektedir. Zira insanlar arasında bulunan, onlarla beraber yaşayıp meselelerini çözen kimsenin gāib olandan daha faydalı olduğu âşikârdır. Diğer taraftan imamın gaybete girmesinden günümüze kadar milâdî takvime göre 1122 yıl geçmiş, imam ise 1127 yaşına girmiş bulunmaktadır. Tevrat’ın Tekvîn bölümünde (5/5, 9/29, 25/7, 17, 35/28, 47/28, 50/26) anlatılan bazı peygamberlerin ömür süreleri içinde en uzun olanı Hz. Nûh’a ait olup 950 yıldır (Tekvîn, 9/29). Aynı rakam Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de de geçmektedir (el-Ankebût 29/14). Hiç kimse, gāib imama biçilen meçhul ömrün bugüne kadar geçen müddeti kadar bile yaşamamıştır. Bir ümmetin 1000 yıldan fazla bir süre beklemede kalması ilâhî lutuf ve imtihan olarak değerlendirilemez. Gāib imamın ortaya çıkış alâmetleri ve ortaya çıkış zamanı ise son derece karışık rivayetler şeklindedir. Kendisinin emrine girecek 313 kişi ile dünyaya hâkim olması ve adaleti kurması da ilâhî kanunlara uygun görünmemektedir. Ayrıca imamın zuhûru ile ölümü arasındaki süreyi belirten rivayetler de ihtilâflıdır. Bütün bunlar, on ikinci imamın gaybeti ve zuhûru konusunun sağlam aklî ve naklî delillere dayanmadığını ve bir iman esası oluşturamayacağını göstermektedir.
Başta hadis ve kelâm âlimleri olmak üzere Şîa bilginleri kaleme aldıkları eserlerde on ikinci imamın gaybetine, zamanı geldiğinde zuhûr edeceğine dair geniş rivayetlere yer verdikleri gibi erken dönemlerden itibaren konuyla ilgili müstakil çalışmalar da yapmışlardır. Kitâbü’l-Ġaybe veya Risâle fi’l-ġaybe gibi adlarla anılan çok sayıdaki eserin müelliflerinden bazıları şunlardır: Fazl b. Şâzân en-Nîsâbûrî, İbn Bâbeveyh el-Kummî, Ebû İshak İbrâhim b. İshak el-Ahmerî, Ebû İshak İbrâhim b. Sâlih el-Enmâtî, İbn Ebû Zeyneb el-Kâtib en-Nu‘mânî, Ebû Ca‘fer et-Tûsî, Şeyh Müfîd, Muhammed Bâkır el-Meclisî, Nûreddin Ali el-Kerekî ve Bahâeddin Ali en-Necefî el-Hüseynî (geniş bilgi için bk. Âgā Büzürg-i Tahrânî, XVI, 74-84).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Taberî, Târîḫ (Ebü’l-Fazl), III, 200. Nevbahtî, Fıraḳu’ş-Şîʿa , s. 79-94. Eş‘arî, Maḳālât (Ritter), s. 18, 30. Küleynî, el-Uṣûl mine’l-Kâfî , I, 328-371. Arîb b. Sa‘d, Ṣılatü Târîḫi’ṭ-Ṭaberî (Taberî, Târîḫ [Ebü’l-Fazl] içinde), XI, 49-50. İbn Bâbeveyh, Kemâlü’d-dîn ve temâmü’n-niʿme (nşr. Ali Ekber el-Gaffârî), Kum 1405, I-II. Muhammed b. İbrâhim en-Nu‘mânî, Kitâbü’l-Ġaybe (nşr. Ali Ekber el-Gaffârî), Tahran 1397. Şeyh Müfîd, el-İrşâd, Beyrut 1399/1979, s. 346-366. Tabersî, İʿlâmü’l-verâ bi-aʿlâmi’l-hüdâ (nşr. Ali Ekber el-Gaffârî), Beyrut 1399/1979, s. 361-446. İbn Teymiyye, Minhâcü’s-sünne (nşr. M. Reşâd Salim), [Riyad], 1406/1986, IV, 86-102. Meclisî, Biḥârü’l-envâr, Beyrut 1403/1983, LI-LIII. Yaşar Kutluay, İslâm ve Yahudi Mezhepleri, Ankara 1965, s. 109-112. Muhammed es-Sadr, Târîḫu’l-ġaybeti’ṣ-ṣuġrâ, [baskı yeri yok] 1392/1972. a.mlf., Târîḫu’l-ġaybeti’l-kübrâ, Beyrut 1402/1982. W. M. Watt, İslâm Düşüncesinin Teşekkül Devri (trc. E. Ruhi Fığlalı), Ankara 1981, s. 342-347. J. M. Hussain, The Occultation of the Twelfth Imam, Cambridge 1982, s. 56-148. Muhsin Abdünnâzır, Mesʾeletü’l-imâme, Beyrut 1983, s. 481-499.Aʿyânü’ş-Şîʿa , II, 44-84. Âgā Büzürg-i Tahrânî, eẕ-Ẕerîʿa ilâ teṣânîfi’ş-Şîʿa, Beyrut 1403/1983. Mustafa Öz, İmâmiyye Şiasında Onikinci İmam ve Mehdî İnancı, İstanbul 1995, s. 59-86. D. B. Macdonald – [M. G. S. Hodgson], “G̲h̲ayba”, EI2 (İng.), II, 1026.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1996 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 13. cildinde, 410-412 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.