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HÂFIZ-LİDÎNİLLÂH Skip to content HÂFIZ-LİDÎNİLLÂH Ebü’l-Meymûn Hâfız-Lidînillâh Abdülmecîd b. Muhammed b. el-Müstansır-Billâh el-Fâtımî (ö. 544/1149) Fâtımî halifesi (1131-1149).
Müellif: Ahmet Güner
467 (1074) veya 468’de (1075) Askalân’da doğdu. Fâtımî Halifesi Müstansır-Billâh’ın torunudur. Siyasî alanda şöhret kazanmadan önceki hayatı hakkında kaynaklarda bilgi bulunmamaktadır.
2 Zilkade 524’te (7 Ekim 1130) Bâtınîler’den bir grup (Nizârîler) tarafından öldürülen Âmir-Biahkâmillâh, bazı kaynaklara göre kendine halef olarak bir erkek çocuk bırakmamıştı; ancak karısı hamile idi. Bu durumda ordunun önde gelen emîrlerinden Hezârülmülûk Cevâmerd ile Âdil Bergaş, halifenin ölümünden bir hafta önce gördüğü bir rüyaya dayanarak eşinin erkek çocuk dünyaya getireceğini, Hâfız-Lidînillâh’ın da bu çocuğun kefili olacağına işaret ettiğini ileri sürerek doğumu beklenen çocuğun nâibi kabul ettikleri Fâtımî ailesinin en yaşlı üyesi Hâfız-Lidînillâh’a biat ettiler. Böylece Hâfız, Fâtımî tarihinde ilk defa “imâm-ı müstevda‘” (emanetçi halife-imam) olarak devletin yönetimini üstlendi.
Bazı kaynaklarda, Âmir’in öldürülmeden önce veliaht tayin ettiği Ebü’l-Kāsım Tayyib adlı bir oğlunun bulunduğundan bahsedilmektedir. İbn Müyesser, Âmir’in katlinden altı ay önce bir oğlunun dünyaya geldiğini, adını Ebü’l-Kāsım Tayyib koyduğunu ve onu veliaht tayin ettiğini belirttikten sonra bu münasebetle Mısır’da düzenlenen törenleri anlatmaktadır (Aḫbâru Mıṣr, s. 109-110). İbn Müyesser’in verdiği bilgiler Makrîzî tarafından tekrarlanmaktadır (İttiʿâẓü’l-ḥunefâʾ, III, 128). Bazı İsmâilî kaynaklarında da Âmir-Biahkâmillâh’ın oğlu Ebü’l-Kāsım Tayyib’i veliaht ve vâris tayin ettiği ifade edilmektedir (Stern, Oriens , IV [1951], s. 197).
Bu bilgiler doğru kabul edildiği takdirde hilâfet makamının doldurulması esnasında Tayyib’in niçin ortaya çıkarılmadığı hususu gündeme gelmektedir. İbn Müyesser, Âmir öldürüldüğünde Hâfız-Lidînillâh’ın Tayyib’in varlığını gizlediğini söyler (Aḫbâru Mıṣr, s. 113). XII. yüzyılın sonunda yaşayan adı meçhul bir tarihçinin kaleme aldığı el-Bustânü’l-câmiʿ adlı eserde Hâfız-Lidînillâh’ın, Âmir’in halef tayin ettiği oğlunu bir hile yaparak yakın adamlarından Nâsır el-Leysî’ye teslim ettiği ve onun da çocuğu evinde gözetim altında tuttuğu, çocuğun hayatta olup olmadığına dair hiçbir haberin ortaya çıkmadığı, Mısır’da onun ölmediğine ve imâmetine inanan bir grubun bulunduğu bildirilir. XII. yüzyılda yazılan diğer bazı kaynaklar da Suriye ve Yemen’de Tayyib’in tâbilerinin (Tayyibiyye) mevcut olduğundan söz etmektedir. ʿUyûnü’l-aḫbâr gibi Tayyibî İsmâilî kaynaklarında ise Tayyib’in kendisine bağlı kişilerce gizlendiği söylenmektedir (Stern, Oriens , IV [1951], s. 198-199).
Fâtımî Devleti’nde otoriteyi elinde bulunduran Hezârülmülûk Cevâmerd ile Âdil Bergaş’ın, imâmetin babadan oğula geçmesi esasını benimseyen İsmâilî anlayış bağlamında, Halife Âmir’in doğması beklenen çocuğunun vekili sıfatıyla Hâfız-Lidînillâh’ı şeklen devletin başına geçirmeyi tercih ettikleri anlaşılmaktadır. Bu iki vezir, İsmâilî mezhebi esasları çerçevesinde imamın son nassının daha önceki bütün naslarını ilga ettiğini söyleyerek Âmir’in Tayyib’in vârisliği hakkındaki nassının da geçersiz olduğunu ilân ettiler.
Hâfız-Lidînillâh’ın Hezârülmülûk Cevâmerd’i kendisine vezir tayin etmesi ordunun bir kesiminde hoşnutsuzluk meydana getirdi. İsyan eden askerler, Âmir-Biahkâmillâh tarafından tutuklanan Ebû Ali Ahmed b. Efdal’i serbest bırakarak vezirliğe getirdiler (21 Ekim 1130). İsyan Hezârülmülûk Cevâmerd’in öldürülmesiyle sona erdi. Hâfız-Lidînillâh, Ebû Ali’nin vezirliğini onaylamak mecburiyetinde kaldı.
Ordunun desteğiyle yönetimi ele geçiren ve Küteyfât lakabıyla anılan Ebû Ali, Fâtımî tarihinde devrim sayılabilecek bazı hususları uygulamaya koydu. Hâfız-Lidînillâh’ı devletin başından uzaklaştırarak saraydaki bir odada gözetim altına aldı; adını hutbelerden çıkardı. Daha da önemlisi, İmâmiyye mezhebine bağlı bir kişi olarak İsmâilî mezhebini Fâtımî Devleti’nin fikrî ve ideolojik sahadaki yegâne dayanağı olmaktan çıkarmaya teşebbüs etti. Mezhebe adını veren İsmâil b. Ca‘fer es-Sâdık’ın isminin hutbelerde zikredilmesine son verdi; ezandan “Hayye alâ hayri’l-amel, Muhammedün ve Aliyyün hayrü’l-beşer” ibaresini çıkarttı. On ikinci imam adına davette bulundu; Kahire, Fustat ve İskenderiye’de onun adına sikke darbettirdi (525/1131) ve bu sikkelerde kendisini onun nâibi ilân etti. İslâm tarihinde daha önce rastlanmamış bir uygulama ile her biri kendi mezhebine göre hüküm vermek üzere Şâfiî, Mâlikî, İsmâilî ve İmâmî dört kadı tayin etti (İbn Müyesser, s. 114-115).
Küteyfât’ın, İmâmiyye’nin görüşlerini esas alan bir devlet kurma girişimi büyük bir tepkiyle karşılandı. Âmir-Biahkâmillâh’a bağlı askerlerin, Ermeni asıllı Yânis liderliğinde gerçekleştirdikleri darbede Küteyfât öldürüldü (16 Muharrem 526 / 8 Aralık 1131). Hâfız-Lidînillâh hapisten çıkarılarak “adı zikredilmeyen şahsın veliahtı ve kefili” sıfatıyla kendisine biat edildi. Onun halife-imamın vekili olarak tahta çıkışına dair kaynakların verdiği bu bilgi İskenderiye’de 526’da (1131-32) darbedilmiş, üzerinde “veliyyü ahdi’l-müslimîn” yazılı bir dinarla da teyit edilmektedir.
İbn Tağrîberdî, Âmir’in hanımının bir kız dünyaya getirdiğini söyler (en-Nücûmü’z-zâhire, V, 231). Makrîzî ise çocuğun erkek olduğunu, annesinin onu Küteyfât’tan ve Hâfız-Lidînillâh’tan korumak için bir süre sakladığını, ancak daha sonra Hâfız’ın çocuğu ele geçirip öldürttüğünü belirtmektedir (İttiʿâẓü’l-ḥunefâʾ, III, 152). Âmir’in bir erkek oğlu mevcut olduğu müddetçe kendisini asaleten halife ilân etmeye cesaret edemeyen Hâfız-Lidînillâh, ondan kurtulduktan birkaç ay sonra Kahire’de bir ferman neşredilerek halife ilân edildi (3 Rebîülâhir 526 / 22 Şubat 1132). Onun devletin başına geçtiği gün “zafer bayramı” (îdü’n-nasr) ilân edilmiş ve bu bayram Fâtımîler’in yıkılışına kadar kutlanmıştır.
Fâtımî tarihinde babası hilâfet makamında bulunmayan ilk halife olan Hâfız-Lidînillâh, hilâfetinin meşruluğunu ispat etmek için Âmir’in ölümünden sonra ortaya çıkan gelişmeleri görmezlikten gelerek Hz. Peygamber’in Hz. Ali’yi Gadîr-i Hum’da vasî tayin ettiği gibi Âmir’in de imâmeti kendisine vasiyet ettiğini ileri sürdü. Ayrıca Halife Müstansır-Billâh’ın, vaktiyle oğlu Ebü’l-Kāsım Muhammed’i (Hâfız-Lidînillâh’ın babası) “veliyyü ahdi’l-müslimîn” olarak adlandırdığını hatırlatarak bunun ancak âlimlerin anlayacakları şekilde kendisinin halife olmasına işaret ettiğini söyledi.
Hâfız, halife olmasında etkin bir rol oynayan Ermeni asıllı Yânis’i vezir tayin etti. Ancak Yânis, giderek güç kazanması ve Yânisiyye adlı özel bir birlik meydana getirmesi üzerine Hâfız tarafından zehirletilerek öldürüldü (526/1132). Halife Yânis’ten kurtulduktan sonra yeni bir vezir tayin etmeyip oğullarının yardımıyla ülkeyi tek başına yönetmeye başladı. 528’de (1133-34) veliaht tayin ettiği büyük oğlu Ebü’r-Rebî‘ Süleyman’ı vezirlik işlerini yürütmekle görevlendirerek vezirlerin baskı ve entrikalarından kurtulmak istedi. Süleyman’ın iki ay sonra vefat etmesi üzerine en küçük oğlu Ebû Türâb Haydere’yi veliaht tayin etti.
Ebû Türâb Haydere’nin veliaht oluşu Hâfız’ın ortanca oğlu Hasan’ın husumetine sebep oldu. Hasan, veliahtlığı ele geçirmek için babasına ve kardeşine karşı büyük bir isyan başlattı (9 Temmuz 1134). Ordunun bir bölümü Haydere’yi desteklerken diğer bölümü Hasan’ın yanında yer aldı. Mücadeleyi Hasan’ın kuvvetleri kazandı. Bunun üzerine Hâfız-Lidînillâh, Hasan’ın veliaht tayin edildiğini hükme bağlayan bir fermanı neşretmek mecburiyetinde kaldı (20 Temmuz 1134). Böylece Hasan devleti ele geçirip istediği gibi tasarrufta bulunmaya başladı ve babasının hiçbir etkinliği kalmadı. Sünnî olan Hasan (Ali b. Zâfir el-Ezdî, s. 96), kendisine bağlı Sıbyânü’z-zered adlı özel bir askerî zümre meydana getirdi. Önde gelen birçok devlet adamı ve emîri öldürttü. Bunun üzerine harekete geçen askerler sarayın önünde toplanarak Hâfız’ı ve Hasan’ı hal‘etmek istediler. Hâfız, bu güç durumdan oğlu Hasan’ı yahudi bir doktora zehirleterek kurtulabildi. Hasan’ın sebep olduğu iç karışıklıklar sırasında 15.000 kişinin öldüğü belirtilmektedir.
Hasan, mücadele sırasında Behrâm el-Ermenî en-Nasrânî’ye mektup yazarak yardım istemiş, ancak Behrâm Kahire’ye yaklaştığında Hasan öldürülmüştü. Hâfız’ı oğlu Hasan’ı öldürtmeye zorlayan askerler bu defa Behrâm ile birleşip onu vezirliğe getirmesi için halifeye baskı yaptılar. Yeni bir fitne çıkmasını istemeyen Hâfız Behrâm’ı vezir tayin etmek zorunda kaldı. Behrâm, 16 Cemâziyelâhir 529’da (3 Nisan 1135) “seyfü’l-İslâm ve tâcü’l-hilâfe” unvanıyla vezirlik hil‘atini giydi; böylece Fâtımî tarihinde tefvîz vezirliğine kadar yükselen ilk hıristiyan oldu.
Behrâm, Tel Bâşir ve İrmîniye’den ailesini, yakınları ve soydaşlarını Mısır’a getirtti. Kısa zamanda Mısır’da 30.000 kişilik bir Ermeni nüfusu oluştu ve müslüman halk bundan dolayı birçok zorlukla karşılaştı. Onun zamanında Mısır’da çok sayıda kilise ve manastır inşa edildi. Kaynaklarda, Mısır halkının Ermeniler’in İslâm dinini tahrif etmesinden korkmaya başladıkları kaydedilmektedir. Öte yandan birçok divan başkanlığına hıristiyanlar getirildi. Behrâm, kardeşi Bâsâk’ı Mısır’ın en büyük vilâyetlerinden birine vali tayin etti; Bâsâk da müslümanların mallarını müsadere etmeye başladı.
Behrâm’ın siyaseti büyük bir tepkiye sebep oldu. Mısır halkı ve bazı devlet adamları, bu sırada Garbiye valisi olan Rıdvân b. Velahşî’ye mektup yazarak onu ülkeyi hıristiyan vezirden ve hıristiyanların hâkimiyetinden kurtarmaya çağırdılar. Rıdvân da halka cihad çağrısında bulunarak meydana getirdiği 30.000 kişilik bir süvari ordusu ile Kahire üzerine yürüdü. İki ordu karşılaştığında Rıdvân’ın ordusundaki askerler mızrakların ucuna mushaf taktılar. Bunun üzerine Behrâm’ın ordusundaki müslüman askerler topluca Rıdvân’ın tarafına geçti. Sonuçta Behrâm, Rıdvân ile savaşa girmekten korkarak kardeşi Bâsâk ile birleşmek istedi. Ancak Rıdvân’ın hıristiyanlara cihad ilân ettiğini duyan halk isyan ederek Bâsâk’ı öldürdü. Behrâm, Rıdvân’ın takibinden ancak halifenin araya girmesiyle kurtulabildi. Kahire’ye giren Rıdvân Hâfız tarafından vezir tayin edildi (6 Şubat 1137) ve kendisine “Ebü’l-Feth Rıdvân el-Hâfızî” unvanı verildi.
Fâtımî Devleti’nde ilk Sünnî vezir olan Rıdvân b. Velahşî devlet kademelerindeki hıristiyan etkisini ortadan kaldırmaya çalıştı. Hıristiyanların ele geçirdiği önemli görevlere müslümanları tayin etti. Behrâm’ın kadrosunda yer almış olan hıristiyanlardan bazısının mallarını müsadere etti, bazısını katletti, çoğunu da sürgüne gönderdi. 532 (1137-38) yılında neşrettiği bir fermanla hıristiyanlara ve yahudilere bazı kısıtlamalar getirdi. Rıdvân, Fâtımî topraklarında Sünnîliğin öğretilmesine de öncülük etti. 1138’de, Şiî İsmâilî mezhebinin merkezi olan Kahire’ye mukabil Ehl-i sünnet’in güçlü olduğu İskenderiye’de Sünnîliğin tedris edildiği bir medrese kurdu.
Rıdvân, Fâtımî Devleti’ndeki konumundan cesaret alarak Hâfız’ın meşrû halife değil kefil olduğunu, kefili olduğu kişinin ise hilâfetinin sahih olmadığını ileri sürerek hilâfetten azli için fakihlerden fetva almak istedi; ancak fakihler böyle bir fetva vermekten çekindiler. Ayrıca Rıdvân, halifenin huzuruna teşrifat kurallarına aykırı kıyafetler içinde çıkmaya başladı. Fâtımî Devleti’nin ve kendi halifeliğinin tehlikede olduğunu gören Hâfız ordu içindeki bazı birlikleri ona karşı harekete geçirdi. Bunun üzerine Rıdvân 15 Haziran 1139’da kaçarak Suriye’nin Serhad şehrine gitti. Daha sonra da bu şehrin valisi Emînüddevle Gümüştegin’in sağladığı kuvvetlerle Mısır üzerine yürüdü (534/1140), fakat sınırı geçince mağlûp oldu. Hâfız Rıdvân’ı öldürmeyip sarayda gözetim altına aldı; ancak Rıdvân sekiz yıl sonra hapisten kaçtı. Topladığı kuvvetlerle eski mevkiini elde etmek için yeni bir teşebbüste daha bulunduysa da başarı gösteremedi ve Hâfız’ın tertip ettiği bir suikast sonunda öldürüldü.
Hâfız, Rıdvân’ın firarından sonra hiçbir kimseye vezirlik pâyesi vermeyip devlet işlerini kâtiplerle yürütmeye çalıştı. Halifeliğinin son yıllarında da siyasî, askerî ve iktisadî sıkıntılarla mücadele etmek zorunda kaldı. 1141-1144 yıllarında büyük bir kıtlık oldu; fiyatlar yükseldi. Salgın hastalıklar yüzünden çok kişi hayatını kaybetti. Müstansır-Billâh’ın oğullarından biri, 539’da (1144-45) kumandanların yardımıyla halifeliği ele geçirmeye teşebbüs ettiyse de başarılı olamadı. Mısır’ın Saîd bölgesinde Bahtiyâr adlı bir emîr de vezirliği ele geçirmek için harekete geçti; fakat Hâfız’ın kuvvetleri karşısında yenildi ve katledildi (541/1146-47). Hâfız daha sonra da Mağrib’den gelip Nizâr b. Müstansır’ın oğlu olduğunu iddia ederek hilâfeti ele geçirmek isteyen bir kişinin kuvvetleriyle savaşmak zorunda kaldı (543/1148-49). Başlangıçta Hâfız’ın kuvvetlerine galip gelen bu kişi daha sonra yakalanıp öldürüldü. Hâfız-Lidînillâh 5 Cemâziyelâhir 544 (10 Ekim 1149) tarihinde öldü. Kaynaklarda sağlam görüşlü, yumuşak huylu, mal biriktirmeye düşkün, ilm-i felek ve simyaya ilgi duyan bir halife olduğu belirtilmektedir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1997 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 15. cildinde, 108-110 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.