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HÂKİM-BİEMRİLLÂH Skip to content HÂKİM-BİEMRİLLÂH el-Hâkim-Biemrillâh Ebû Alî el-Mansûr b. el-Azîz el-Muizz el-Ubeydî el-Fâtımî (ö. 411/1021) Fâtımî halifesi (996-1021).
Müellif: Mustafa Öz
23 Rebîülevvel 375 (13 Ağustos 985) tarihinde doğdu; Azîz-Billâh’ın oğludur. Sekiz yaşında babası tarafından veliaht tayin edildi; onun 28 Ramazan 386’da (14 Ekim 996) ölümü üzerine de “imam” unvanı ve Hâkim-Biemrillâh lakabıyla halifeliğe getirildi. On bir yaşından on beş yaşına kadar süren halifeliğinin ilk devresi, babası Azîz’in vasiyeti gereğince Ebü’l-Fütûh Bercevân’ın vasîliğinde geçti. Başlangıçta sadece vasî olan Bercevân, devlet yönetimini elinde tutan başvezir ve başkumandan Ammâr el-Kutâmî’nin Türk askerlerince görevinden uzaklaştırılmasından sonra mutlak mânada nüfuz kazandı. Kısa sürede büyük bir servet elde eden Bercevân, devlet işleri ve halifenin durumuyla ilgilenmediği gibi takındığı saygısız tavırlarla onun düşmanlığını celbetti. Hâkim, vesâyetten kurtulduğu 390 (1000) yılında Bercevân’ı ortadan kaldırarak gerçek şahsiyetini gösterdi ve yaşının küçük olmasına rağmen aşırı bir taassupla bir taraftan Ehl-i kitaba, diğer taraftan Sünnî müslümanlara karşı çok katı ve insafsız bir uygulama başlattı.
İttifakla belirtildiğine göre Hâkim sert mizaçlı, merhametsiz, insanları öldürmekten zevk alan, kendisine nasihat edenlere zulümle karşılık veren bir kimse idi. Söz ve davranışlarında tutarlılık yoktu. Bazan son derece cömert olur, bazan da aşırı derecede cimrileşirdi. Giydiği yünlü elbiseyi yıllarca değiştirmez, gece ve gündüz kandil ışığında oturur, uzletten hoşlanırdı. Eşek üzerinde çarşı pazarı dolaşır, hisbe görevini bizzat yerine getirir, ölçü ve tartıda hile yapanları şiddetle cezalandırırdı. İlmi sever diye bilinir, fakat âlimlere eziyet ederdi; doğruluk ve iyilikten yana görünür, buna karşılık sâlih kimseleri cezalandırırdı. Çok sayıda devlet adamını ve ulemâyı öldürtmüştür. Öte yandan emrettiği yahut yasakladığı hususları bir müddet sonra değiştirip aksini uygulatırdı. 395 (1005) yılında Hz. Ebû Bekir, Ömer ve Osman gibi sahâbîlere sövülmesini emretti ve sövgü içeren ibarelerin cami, mescid, cadde, sokak ve dükkân kapılarının üzerine yazılmasını istedi; iki yıl sonra bu uygulamadan vazgeçti. Yine 1005 yılında yahudi ve hıristiyanların özel elbiseler giyip zünnar kuşanmalarını, müslümanlarla aynı gemiye binmemelerini ve aynı hamamda yıkanmamalarını, müslüman hizmetçi kullanmamalarını emretti. 399’da (1009) teravih namazını yasakladı ve bu durum dokuz yıl sürdü. Aynı yıl Kahire’de bulunan kiliselerle Kudüs’teki Kıyâme (Saint Sepulcre) Kilisesi’ni yağmalatıp yıktırdı. Ertesi yıl da hıristiyanların bayram kutlamalarını yasakladı; daha sonra ise çıkardığı fermanlarla bunları tamamen serbest bıraktı. Şarap içme yasağı uzun süredir uygulanmadığı için içki alışkanlığını ortadan kaldırmak maksadıyla üzüm asmalarını söktürdü. Tebaasının eğlence ve zevklerini sınırlayarak mûsikiyle meşgul olmayı, satranç oynamayı ve Nil nehri üzerinde kayıkla gezinmeyi, kadınların sokağa çıkmalarını yasakladı. İlm-i nücûm ile uğraşılmasını menederek müneccimleri sürgüne gönderdi. Kahire’de bulunan dükkânların gündüz kapatılıp gece açılmasını ve aydınlatılmasını emretti. Şiîler’in 18 Zilhicce’ye rastlayan Gadîr-i Hum gününü kutlamalarını yasakladı ve daha önce Muiz-Lidînillâh tarafından ezana dahil edilen “hayye alâ hayri’l-amel” ve sabah ezanında okunan “es-salâtü hayrün mine’n-nevm” ibarelerini 400 (1010) yılında ezandan çıkardı. Hıristiyanları müslüman olmaya zorladı; 404’te ise (1013) tekrar eski dinlerine dönmelerine izin verdi. Önünde yer öpülmesi âdetini kaldırdı; buna karşılık hutbe ve yazışmalara Hz. Peygamber’e salâtüselâm yerine “es-selâmü alâ emîri’l-mü’minîn” ibaresini koydurdu ve hatipler ismini andığında cemaatin ayağa kalkmasını emretti. Bazı bitkilerin yenmesini ve yetiştirilmesini, kurban bayramı dışında sığır kesilmesini yasakladı. Emir ve yasaklarını ihlâl edenleri ise en sert şekilde cezalandırdı. Bundan dolayı halkın yanında yüksek rütbeli devlet memurları ve vezirler de ölüme mahkûm ediliyordu. Bu ağır cezalar yüzünden Mısır ve diğer yerlerdeki halk kendisinden aşırı derecede korkuyordu. Bir defasında Kahire çarşısında dolaşırken bir kasap dükkânına girerek eline bir satır alıp yanındakilerden birini öldürmüş ve sonra da hiçbir şey olmamış gibi oradan uzaklaşıp gitmişti; gönderdiği kefen ve defin izni gelinceye kadar maktulün cesedine hiç kimse yaklaşmaya cesaret edememişti.
388’de (998) Filistin’deki Cerrâhîler’in reisi Müferric b. Dağfel b. Cerrâh Remle’de bağımsızlığını ilân etti. Bunun üzerine Ceyş b. Samsâme kumandasında sevkedilen ordu isyanı bastırıp Müferric’i oradan uzaklaştırdı; Müferric daha sonra eman diledi ve Hâkim-Biemrillâh’a itaat arzetti. Vezir Ebü’l-Kāsım Hüseyin b. Ali el-Mağribî’nin Cerrâhîler’den Hassân b. Müferric’e sığınması ve onu teşvik etmesiyle Cerrâhîler tekrar ayaklandılar (400/1010). Halife bu isyanı ancak bir yıl sonra bastırmaya muvaffak oldu. 396-401 (1006-1010) yılları arasında Hâkim’in Sünnîler ve gayri müslimlere karşı düşmanlık politikasını değiştirdiği ve mezhep taassubundan uzaklaşıp bir Sünnî gibi hareket ederek uzlaşmacı siyaset uyguladığı görülür. Bunun sebepleri, büyük bir ihtimalle bu devrede çıkan isyanlar ve Nil’in sularının çekilmesiyle başlayan kıtlık dolayısıyla hâmi arayan halkı kendine yaklaştırma siyasetidir. Hâkim devrindeki isyanları Buhayre bölgesinde yaşayan kabilelerden Benî Kurre başlatmıştır; en ciddi isyan ise Ebû Rekve Velîd b. Hişâm’ınkidir. Daha önce ileri gelenleri öldürülüp malları müsadere edildiği için ayaklanan Benî Kurre ve Zenâte kabilelerini kendine bağlayan Ebû Rekve, kısa zamanda halifenin valisini mağlûp ederek Berka’yı ele geçirdi; arkasından da üzerine gönderilen orduyu bozguna uğratıp Kahire’ye yürüdü. Ancak kumandan Fazl b. Abdullah’ın çabasıyla kuvvetleri dağıtıldı ve kendisi 397 (1007) yılında Kahire’de idam edildi. Mekke Emîri Ebü’l-Fütûh Hasan b. Ca‘fer başlangıçta Fâtımîler adına hutbe okutuyordu; fakat 400’de (1010) Hâkim-Biemrillâh’ın zulme uğrattığı ailesinin intikamını almak isteyen vezir Ebü’l-Kāsım Hüseyin b. Ali el-Mağribî’nin tahrikiyle kendini Râşid-Billâh lakabıyla halife ilân etti. Daha sonra da Remle’ye giderek Hassân b. Müferric b. Cerrâh’ın desteğini sağladı ve Suriye’nin birçok yerinde adına hutbe okuttu. Bunu duyan Hâkim-Biemrillâh, çeşitli hediyeler ve para verip bazı vaadlerde bulunarak Ebü’l-Fütûh’un müttefiklerini ondan ayırmayı başardı. Zor durumda kalan Ebü’l-Fütûh halifeye elçi gönderip af diledi; halife de onu bağışlayarak tekrar emîr tayin etti. Böylece 403’te (1012-13) Mekke’de hutbe yeniden Hâkim-Biemrillâh adına okundu ve sikkelerde onun adına yer verildi (Makrîzî, II, 288).
405 (1014-15) yılından itibaren Hâkim’in anormal hareketleri artmaya başladı. Hemen her gün sokaklarda dolaşıyor, hasta olduğu zaman da bir sedye üzerinde yatarak bu alışkanlığını sürdürüyordu. 1 Muharrem 408 (30 Mayıs 1017) günü müfrit İsmâilî dâîlerinden Hamza b. Ali, Anuş Tegin ed-Derezî ve Hasan b. Haydere el-Fergānî’nin (Ahram) gayretleriyle Hâkim tanrı ilân edildi. Hamza, İran’ın Zevzen şehrinden Kahire’ye gelerek Hâkim’in kurduğu Dârülhikme’ye devam etmiş, zekâ ve başarısı ile kısa zamanda kendini gösterip halifenin en yakın adamları arasına girerek sarayda ikamet etmeye başlamıştı. Hâkim’in ruh yapısını çok iyi anlayan ve birçok kimsenin öldürülmesine sebebiyet veren Hamza, sonunda onun adına, muhtelif din ve felsefe sistemlerinden derlediği ve kendisinin de içinde kutsal bir şahsiyet sıfatıyla yer aldığı yeni bir din kurdu (bk. DÜRZÎLİK ). Bu dini yaymakta son derece cüretli davranan Hasan el-Fergānî, Amr b. Âs Camii’nde başkadı Ahmed b. Ebü’l-Avvâm’a Hâkim dininin ahkâmı ile hükmetmesi konusunda bir menşur verince camideki halk galeyana gelerek adamlarını öldürdü. Birkaç gün sonra da kendisi Kerhli Sünnî bir Türk tarafından dövülerek öldürüldü. Bu kişinin halife tarafından idam ettirilmesine tepki gösteren Sünnîler Fergānî’nin evini yağmaladılar ve hareket kısa zamanda bir halk ayaklanmasına dönüştü. Bunun üzerine halife, 410 yılı sonlarında (1020 başları) isyanın başladığı Fustat’ı ateşe verdirip halkını zenci askerlere kırdırdı.
Hâkim, yanında rikâbdar bulunduğu halde geceleri sık sık Kahire yakınlarındaki Mukattam tepesine çıkar, yıldızları seyreder ve gecenin bir kısmını orada geçirirdi; tanrılığını ilân ettikten sonra da bu âdetini sürdürdü. Fustat ayaklanmasından yaklaşık bir yıl sonra 27 Şevval 411 (13 Şubat 1021) gecesi yine aynı tepeye çıktı ve kendisine refakat eden görevlilere bulundukları yerde beklemelerini söyleyerek yanlarından ayrıldı; ancak bundan sonra onu bir daha gören olmadı. Tarihçilerin çoğu, Hâkim-Biemrillâh’ın çılgınca hareketlerinden rahatsızlık duyan kız kardeşi Sittülmülk tarafından öldürüldüğü kanaatindedir (Yahyâ b. Saîd el-Antâkî, s. 233-234; İbn Tağrîberdî, IV, 185-190; Eymen Fuâd Seyyid, s. 116). Buna göre, kardeşini uyaran fakat karşılığında ölümle tehdit edilen Sittülmülk, Kutâme kabilesi şeyhlerinden ve ordu kumandanlarından Seyfüddevle Hüseyin b. Devvâs ile irtibat kurup halkın tekrar galeyana gelme noktasında olduğunu, halifenin öldürülüp yerine oğlu Ali’nin geçirilmesi halinde toplumun ve kendilerinin rahata kavuşacaklarını belirterek güvenilir kölelerinden ikisiyle anlaştı. Köleler Hâkim’i öldürüp cesedini İbn Devvâs vasıtasıyla Sittülmülk’e gönderdiler, o da gizlice defnettirdi. Makrîzî ise Hâkim-Biemrillâh’ın kız kardeşi tarafından öldürülmediğini söylemektedir (el-Ḫıṭaṭ, II, 253). Yerine Zâhir-Lii‘zâzidînillâh lakabıyla oğlu Ali getirildi. Öte yandan Hâkim taraftarları, bu kayboluşu Şîa’nın aşırı fırkalarında görülen gaybet ve rec‘at inancı ile açıklamaya çalışarak onun semaya yükseldiğini, insanlar düzeldikten sonra geri dönüp kendilerine hakikatleri öğreteceğini iddia etmişlerdir.
Hâkim’in saltanat yılları, bütün çarpıklıklara rağmen çeşitli mimari eserlerin inşa edildiği ve müesseselerin kurulduğu bir dönemdir. Hâkim Camii diye anılan ve yapımına Azîz devrinde başlanmış olan cami bitirilerek ibadete açılmıştır. Nil kıyısındaki Maks mevkiinde ve Râşide’de bulunan camiler de bu dönemin diğer önemli mimari eserleridir. Amr b. Âs tarafından yaptırılan çarşının ortasındaki caminin imarı, Karâfe’de çeşitli mescidlerin inşası, tefrişi ve mushaflarla donatılması yine Hâkim tarafından gerçekleştirilmiştir. Astronom-astrolog İbn Yûnus’un halifeye ithaf ederek ez-Zîcü’l-Ḥâkimi’l-kebîr adını verdiği ünlü zîc de bu devrin ilmî çalışmalarından biridir. Hâkim döneminde kurulan en önemli müessese Dârülhikme veya Dârülilim denilen akademidir. 391 (1001) yahut 395 (1005) yılında Sünnîlik’le mücadele etmek ve İsmâilî propagandasını geliştirmek amacıyla tesis edilen ve çok zengin bir kütüphaneye sahip olan bu kurumda toplanan ve yetişen dâîler halifenin gönlündeki ulûhiyyet arzusunu tahrik etmişlerdir. Bu dönemde ayrıca bazı iktisadî ve ziraî reformlar gerçekleştirilmiş, başarılı bir dış siyaset takip edilerek Bizans İmparatorluğu ile iyi ilişkiler kurulmuş, Halep ile Dımaşk kontrol altında tutulmuş ve Ukaylîler’in hâkimiyetindeki Musul, Enbâr, Medâin ve Kûfe’de Fâtımîler adına hutbe okunmuştur. Bu arada Gazneli Mahmud Zilkade 403’te (Mayıs 1013) Hâkim-Biemrillâh’a bir mektup göndermiş, fakat aldığı cevabî mektupta halifenin onu kendisine biat etmeye çağırması üzerine öfkelenerek mektubu yırtmıştır (İbnü’l-Cevzî, VII, 262). Bizans’la kurulan iyi ilişkiler de yine Hâkim-Biemrillâh’ın davranışları yüzünden zaman zaman bozulmuştur. 387’de (997) Sûr Limanı’ndaki bir Bizans donanmasının Fâtımîler tarafından bozguna uğratılmasından dört yıl sonra Bizans İmparatorluğu ile imzalanan on yıllık barış antlaşması, halifenin Kıyâme Kilisesi’ni yıktırması üzerine II. Basileios tarafından geçersiz sayılmış, Suriye ve Mısır’la olan ticarî ilişkiler yasaklanmıştır.
Müslüman ve gayri müslim tarihçiler genelde Hâkim’in şahsiyeti hakkında olumsuz hükümler vermişlerdir. Özellikle tanrılığını ilân etmesi İslâm tarihçilerinin vereceği hükmü baştan olumsuz kılmış, zimmîlere karşı aşırı sert davranışları sebebiyle de hıristiyan tarihçileri tarafından aklî melekeleri bozuk ve sadist bir hükümdar olarak nitelendirilmiştir. Şarkiyatçılardan Dozy ve Müller’e göre inandıklarına taassup derecesinde bağlı bir diktatördür. Ivanow ise onu, hem Sünnîler’in hem de İsmâilîler’in ideallerini gerçekleştirmek için hıristiyanları baskı altına alan ve İsmâilî doktrinini daha mükemmel hale getirmeye çalışan bir halife olarak tavsif eder. Öte yandan meşhur tabip ve tarihçi Yahyâ b. Saîd el-Antâkî, Hâkim’in çılgınlığını çocukluğundan beri mustarip olduğu beyin rahatsızlığına bağlamaktadır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Yahyâ b. Saîd el-Antâkî, et-Târîḫ (nşr. L. Şeyho v.dğr.), Beyrut 1909, s. 180-234. Hamîdüddin el-Kirmânî, er-Risâletü’l-vaʿîẓa fî nefyi daʿvâ ulûhiyyeti’l-Ḥâkim Biʾemrillâh (nşr. M. Kâmil Hüseyin, Mecelletü Külliyyeti’l-âdâb, XIV/1, Kahire 1952, içinde), s. 1-29. Nâsır-ı Hüsrev, Sefernâme (trc. Yahyâ el-Haşşâb), Beyrut 1983, s. 102. İbnü’l-Kalânisî, Târîḫu Dımaşḳ (Amedroz), s. 80. İbnü’l-Cevzî, el-Muntaẓam , VII, 262, 297-301. İbn Hammâd es-Sanhâcî, Aḫbâru mülûki Benî ʿUbeyd ve sîretühüm (nşr. et-Tihâmî Nakra – Abdülhalîm Üveysî), Riyad 1401/1981, s. 94-103. İbnü’l-Esîr, el-Kâmil , II, 116-123, 314-317. İbn Hallikân, Vefeyât , V, 292-298. Ebü’l-Ferec, Târîḫu muḫtaṣari’d-düvel, Beyrut 1890, s. 178-182. Zehebî, Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , XV, 173-184. İbn Kesîr, el-Bidâye , XI, 319; XII, 9-11. İbn Haldûn, el-ʿİber , IV, 56-60. Kalkaşendî, Ṣubḥu’l-aʿşâ, Kahire 1383/1963, III, 426-427. Makrîzî, el-Ḫıṭaṭ , I, 389; II, 3-4, 31, 253, 270, 277, 282-283, 285, 288, 341-342. a.mlf., İttiʿâẓü’l-ḥunefâʾ (nşr. Muhammed Hilmî), Kahire 1390/1971, II, 3-123. İbn Tağrîberdî, en-Nücûmü’z-zâhire , IV, 176-179, 184-185, 186-190. Himyerî, er-Ravżü’l-miʿṭâr , s. 450. Süyûtî, Ḥüsnü’l-muḥâḍara , I, 601. İbn İyâs, Bedâʾiʿu’z-zühûr, Kahire 1402/1982, I, 197-211. S. de Sacy, Exposé de la religion des Druzes, Paris 1838, I, 247-453. M. Abdullah İnân, el-Ḥâkim Biʾemrillâh ve esrârü’d-daʿveti’l-Fâṭımiyye, Kahire 1937. W. Ivanow, The Rise of Fatimids, Calcutta 1942, s. 123. C. Brockelmann, İslâm Milletleri ve Devletleri Tarihi (trc. Neşet Çağatay), Ankara 1964, I, 150. M. Cemâleddin Sürûr, Siyâsetü’l-Fâṭımiyyîne’l-Ḫâriciyye, Kahire 1396/1976, s. 25-31, 76, 139-141, 147-148, 173, 180, 223, 226-227, 242. Hasan İbrâhim Hasan, Târîḫu’d-devleti’l-Fâṭımiyye, Kahire 1981, s. 164-168. O’Leary, A Short History of the Fatimid Khalifate, Delhi 1987, s. 123-188. Eymen Fuâd Seyyid, ed-Devletü’l-Fâṭımiyye fî Mıṣr, Kahire 1413/1992, s. 97-123. K. A. C. Creswell, “The Great Salients of the Mosque of al-Hākim at Cairo”, JRAS , IV (1923), s. 573-584. Sami N. Makarem, “al-Ḥākim bi-Amrillāh’s Appointment of his Successors”, al-Abhath, XXXIII, Beirut 1970, s. 319-325. Jonathan M. Bloom, “The Mosque of al-Hakim in Cairo”, Muqarnas, I, London 1983, s. 15-36. E. Graefe, “Hâkim Bi-Emrillâh”, İA , V/1, s. 103-105. M. Canard, “al-Ḥākim Bi-Amr Allāh”, EI2 (İng.), III, 76-82.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1997 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 15. cildinde, 199-201 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.