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HALACÎLER Skip to content Halaç Türkleri tarafından kurulan ve 1202-1531 yılları arasında Leknevtî, Delhi ve Mâlvâ’da hüküm süren üç İslâm hânedanı.
1. Leknevtî (Gûr-Cennetâbâd) Halacîleri (1202-1227). Aşağı Ganj ve Brahmaputra nehirlerini, Bengal ve Bihâr’ı içine alan Leknevtî Sultanlığı Muhammed Bahtiyâr Halacî tarafından kurulmuştur. Bölgede hükümran olan Halacîler, Kuzey Hindistan’da Asam’a kadar akın yapabilen ilk Türk grubudur. Hânedanın kurucusu Muhammed Bahtiyâr, aslen Afganistan’da Sîstan ile Gazne arasındaki Germsîr’de sakin Halacîler’e mensuptu. Muhammed Bahtiyâr orduya girdikten sonra Aşağı Ganj kıyılarına akınlara başlamış ve bu faaliyetleri sonunda önemli miktarda ganimete sahip olmuştur. Onun şöhretini duyan Halacîler kısa bir süre içinde etrafında toplanmaya başladılar ve ünü Delhi’ye kadar ulaştı. Gurlular’ın Türk asıllı kumandanı Kutbüddin Aybeg, Muhammed Bahtiyâr’ı huzuruna davet ederek onunla görüştü. 1193’te Bihâr Halacîler tarafından ele geçirildi. Brahmanlar’ın kontrolündeki Uddandapûr, ciddi bir mukavemet göstermeden Muhammed Bahtiyâr’ın akıncıları tarafından zaptedildi. Manastırlardaki yazma eserler (özellikle matematikle ilgili olanlar) İslâm âlimlerinin istifadesi için Delhi’ye gönderildi. Bu arada Nadyâ (bugünkü Nabadvip) seferi için hazırlıklar yapıldı ve Muhammed Bahtiyâr, Hindu Sena hânedanının tarihî başşehri Leknevtî’yi ele geçirdi; kendisi de Leknevtî’yi başşehir yaparak Devkût, Nadyâ, Bang’ı içine alan Halacî hânedanının temellerini attı (1202). 1205’te 10.000 kişi ile Kâmrûp ve Tibet seferine çıkan Muhammed Halacî bir sonuç alamadan büyük kayıplarla geri döndü; Devkût’a geldiğinde maiyetinde sadece 200 kişi kalmıştı. Bu olay halk tarafından iyi karşılanmadığı gibi sultanın da gururu kırıldı. Muhammed Bahtiyâr’ın ölüm şekliyle ilgili iki görüş bulunmaktadır. Bunlardan ilkine göre başarısızlıkla neticelenen seferden döndükten sonra kederinden hastalanarak ölmüş, diğerine göre ise Ali Merdân adlı bir emîr tarafından öldürülmüştür (1206). Yerine kumandanların desteğini alan İzzeddin Muhammed geçti. İzzeddin’in 1211’de ölümü üzerine Alâeddin unvanı ile Ali Halacî hükümdar oldu. Kendisine rakip gördüğü, daha çok İzzeddin Muhammed’e yakın kumandanları tevkif ettirdi ve çeşitli bahanelerle ortadan kaldırdı. Bir müddet sonra da halktan aşırı vergi toplamaya başladı. Zamanla aklî dengesi bozuldu. Gazne, Horasan ve Irak’ı kendi hâkimiyetindeki topraklar olarak kabul edip oralara emirnâmeler göndermeye başladı. Bunun üzerine Halacî kumandanları Alâeddin Ali’yi ortadan kaldırdılar (1213).
Leknevtî Halacîleri’nin son hükümdarı Gıyâseddin Halacî’dir. Âdil ve cömert bir hükümdar olan Gıyâseddin, Ganj ve Brahmaputra nehirlerinin su baskınlarına karşı büyük bir set yaptırdı. Gıyâseddin iç işlerini yoluna koyduktan sonra racalara karşı gazâlara başladı. Kâmrûp ve Bang üzerine yürüdüğünde Delhi Sultanı Şemseddin İltutmış’a bağlı kuvvetlerin (Şemsîler-Şemsiyye) Bihâr ve Bengal’i istilâ ettikleri haberini aldı. Seferi yarıda keserek Leknevtî’ye döndü. Şemsî şehzadesi Muhammed ve Melik İzzeddin, Halacîler’in başşehre dönmesinin zaman alacağını düşünerek Leknevtî’yi hemen kuşatmaya başladılar ve şehri ele geçirip Leknevtî Halacîleri’ne son verdiler (1227). Bengal Şemsî topraklarına katılarak Delhi’ye bağlandı, Gıyâseddin’in oğlu Bilge Melik, az sayıdaki Halacî kuvvetleriyle 1230’da ayaklanma teşebbüsünde bulunduysa da Şemsîler tekrar bölgeyi istilâ ettiler. İltutmış, Leknevtî’de güvenliği sağladıktan sonra Melik Cani’yi vali tayin etti. Leknevtî Halacîleri, Bihâr ve Bengal’de saltanat sürmüş ilk müslüman Türk hânedanıdır.
2. Delhi Halacîleri (1290-1320). Halacîler en geniş sınırlara bu dönemde sahip oldular. Pencap, Sind ve Ganj boyları, Mâlvâ, Gucerât, Dekken ve Güney Hindistan Delhi’den gönderilen valilerce yönetilmiş ve böylece Halacîler kudretlerinin zirvesine çıkmışlardır.
Delhi Halacîleri’nin kurucusu ve ilk hükümdarı Celâleddin Fîrûz Şah’tır. Yuğruş unvanlı bir kumandanın oğlu olan Celâleddin, Delhi’de hüküm süren Memlük sultanlarından Muizzüddin Keykubad’a karşı bir darbe yaparak tahtı ele geçirdi ve Keykubad’ı öldürttü (1290). Celâleddin Fîrûz Şah’ın Hindu racalarına karşı düzenlediği harekât başarısızlıkla sonuçlandı. 1292’de kuzeybatı sınırlarındaki Sind ve Pencap Moğol istilâsına mâruz kaldı. Hülâgû Han ailesinden olduğu rivayet edilen Abdullah Han Halacîler tarafından mağlûp edildi. Celâleddin Fîrûz Şah bu savaşta esir alınan Moğollar’ı Delhi’ye getirtti. Algu Han ve bazı ileri gelenler İslâmiyet’i kabul ederek Moğolpûr adı verilen kasabada iskân edildiler. Celâleddin’in yeğeni ve damadı olan Karra ve Eved (Ûdh) Valisi Alâeddin Muhammed hazırladığı bir komplo ile onu öldürttü (17 Ramazan 695 / 19 Temmuz 1296). Celâleddin Fîrûz Şah’ın hanımı Melike-i Cihân, Mültan’daki veliaht Erkli Han’ı çağıracağı yerde Celâleddin’in diğer oğlu İbrâhim’i Rükneddin unvanı ile tahta çıkarttı. Bu sırada Erkli Han da Mültan’dan Delhi’ye doğru hareket etmişti. Beş ay sonra durumu daha da güçlenen Alâeddin Muhammed Erkli Han’dan önce Delhi’ye girdi ve hükümdar ailesi tevkif edildi, birçok kişi öldürüldü.
20 Ekim 1296’da Delhi’de tahta oturan Alâeddin Muhammed Şah, Delhi Memlük sultanlarından Kutbüddin Aybeg, Şemseddin İltutmış ve Gıyâseddin Balaban Han gibi büyük sultanlar arasında zikredilmektedir. Alâeddin Muhammed, beş yıl süren başarılı bir askerî harekâttan sonra Gucerât, Ranthambhor, Çitor, Mândû, Sivana ve Calor’u topraklarına kattı. Aynı şekilde Güney Hindistan’da Devâgirî (Deogiri, Devletâbâd), Telingana, Dvârasamudra ve Madura gibi vilâyetler Delhi Halacîleri’nin üstünlüğünü kabul ederek vergiye bağlandılar. 1297-1308 yılları arasında Çağatay akınlarını önlemeye muvaffak olan Alâeddin Muhammed Şah, toprak ilhak etme yerine yıllık vergi ve ganimet temini yolunu seçerek içtimaî, iktisadî ve askerî reformları ile haklı bir şöhret kazanmıştır. 6 Ocak 1316’da ölen Alâeddin Muhammed Şah’tan sonra yerine Melik Kâfûr Hezârdînârî kendi nüfuzu ile Şehâbeddin Ömer’i tahta geçirdiyse de bunun saltanatı uzun sürmedi. Alâeddin’in üçüncü oğlu Kutbüddin Mübârek Şah, kendisini öldürmek için gelen saray muhafızlarını ikna ederek Melik Kâfûr’u öldürttü. Mübârek Şah önce nâib olarak hüküm sürdü; 14 Nisan 1316’da küçük kardeşini hapse attırarak Kutbüddin lakabı ile tahta çıktı. Mübârek Şah babasının sert idare tarzını değiştirdi. Ülkede istikrarı sağladı ve “halîfetullah” unvanını aldı. Alâeddin Muhammed’in vergiye bağladığı Marata (Marhata) ülkesini doğrudan Delhi Sultanlığı’na kattı (1318); Devâgirî şehrinin adını da Kutbâbâd olarak değiştirdi. Ancak bir süre sonra bir suikast neticesinde öldürülünce eski Hindu mühtedi Hüsrev Han, Nâsırüddin Hüsrev Şah unvanıyla tahta çıktı (Nisan 1320). Bunun üzerine Türk kumandanları Mültan ve Dipalpûr Valisi Melik Gazi Tuğluk’u yardıma çağırdılar. Lahravat’ta cereyan eden savaşta Hüsrev Şah’ın ordusu bozguna uğratıldı; kendisi de bir müddet sonra yakalanarak öldürüldü. Halacî ailesinden erkek fert kalmadığı için Melik Gazi, Gıyâseddin Tuğluk unvanıyla tahta geçti. Böylece Delhi Halacîleri’nin yerini Tuğluklular almış oldu (Eylül 1320).
3. Mâlvâ Halacîleri (1436-1531). Afgan asıllı Dilâver Han Gûrî’nin Mâlvâ’da kurduğu devletin yıkılması üzerine, Delhi Halacîleri ile aynı kabileye mensup olan I. Mahmud tarafından kurulmuştur. Bu sultanlık Gucerât, Bundelhund, Gondvana, Handeş ve Racpûtana ile komşu idi. Başşehirleri Dhâr ve Mândû’dur. I. Mahmud Gucerât sultanı ile epeyce uğraştı. Bu arada Lûdîler’e karşı sefer yaparak Delhi’de Tuğlukâbâd önlerine kadar ilerlediyse de bir sonuç elde edemedi. Ancak topraklarını kuzey, güney ve doğu istikametinde genişletti. 1468’de Çanderi ülkesi de Mâlvâ Halacîleri tarafından istilâ edildi. I. Mahmud Şah’ın şöhreti Hindistan dışına da yayıldı ve Mısır’daki Abbâsî halifesinden hükümdarlık menşuru aldı. Onun zamanı Mâlvâ’nın en parlak dönemini teşkil eder. I. Mahmud’un 1 Haziran 1469’da ölümü üzerine yerine oğlu Abdülkādir Gıyâs Şah geçti. 1500 yılına kadar saltanat süren Gıyâs (Gıyâseddin) Şah da komşuları ile iyi geçinme siyaseti takip etti. Daha sonra idareyi büyük ölçüde oğlu Nâsır (Nâsırüddin) Şah’a bıraktı. Nâsır Şah da babasını çekilmeye zorlayıp yerine kendisi geçti (1500-1511). Mândû’da hâkimiyeti sağladıktan sonra kardeşlerini ortadan kaldırarak annesini hapsetti. Nâsır Şah, Halacîler’i uzun zamandan beri meşgul eden Çanderi meselesini halletmeye çalıştı. Son Halacî sultanı 2 Mayıs 1511’de tahta çıkan Alâeddin II. Mahmud’dur. Alâeddin de kendisine rakip gördüğü kardeşlerini te’dib etti. Mândû’da duruma hâkim olurken yardımını istemiş olduğu Racpûtlar’dan Madnî Ray ile arası açıldı. Çanderi’deki Behcet Han’ın ayaklanması ile uğraştığı bir sırada Gucerât Sultanı II. Muzaffer Mâlvâ’ya saldırdı; 1514’ten sonra da Racpûtlar’a dayanarak Halacî ümerâsına ve halkına zulüm yapmaya başladı. Alâeddin II. Mahmud Şah, Hindu nüfuzunun artmasından çekindiği için düşmanı olan Gucerât’a sığınmaya mecbur kaldı. II. Muzaffer tahtı ele geçirmesi için ona yardım etti. 1531’e doğru II. Mahmud tekrar güçsüz bir duruma düşmüştü. Bundan faydalanan Gucerât Sultanı Bahadır Şah Mândû’yu ele geçirdi (2 Mart 1531). Mahmud ve oğulları esir edilerek Çampaner’e gönderildi ve burada muhafızlar tarafından öldürüldü. Böylece Mâlvâ Halacîleri de ortadan kalkmış oldu.
HALACÎ SULTANLARI Leknevtî Halacîleri 1. Muhammed Bahtiyâr Halacî 1202 2. İzzeddin Muhammed 1206 3. Alâeddin Ali 1211 4. Gıyâseddin 1213 5. Bilge Melik 1227-1230 Delhi Halacîleri 1. Celâleddin II. Fîrûz Şah 1290 2. Rükneddin I. İbrâhim Şah 1296 3. Alâeddin I. Muhammed Şah 1296 4. Şehâbeddin Ömer Şah 1316 5. Kutbüddin Mübârek Şah 1316 6. Nâsırüddin Hüsrev Şah 1320-1320 Mâlvâ Halacîleri 1. I. Mahmud 1436 2. Gıyâs Şah 1469 3. Nâsır Şah 1500 4. II. Mahmud Şah 1511-1531
Halacîler üç asırlık hâkimiyetleri döneminde Hindistan’da kültür, sanat ve edebiyat alanında derin izler bıraktılar. Âlimleri ve din adamlarını himaye ettiler. Emîr Hüsrev-i Dihlevî, Nizâmeddin Evliyâ, Ziyâeddin Berenî gibi müellif ve şeyhler Halacîler devrinde yaşamışlardır.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1997 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 15. cildinde, 227-228 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.