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HALÎL b. KALAVUN Skip to content HALÎL b. KALAVUN el-Melikü’l-Eşref Selâhuddîn Halîl b. Kalāvûn el-Elfî es-Sâlihî (ö. 693/1293) Memlük sultanı (1290-1293).
Müellif: Abdülkerim Özaydın
666’da (1267-68) doğdu. Memlük Sultanı el-Melikü’l-Mansûr Seyfeddin Kalavun’un oğludur. Ağabeyi el-Melikü’s-Sâlih Alâeddin Ali’nin ölümü üzerine (687/1288) veliaht oldu. Aslında Sultan Kalavun ahlâk ve davranışlarından hoşnut olmadığı için Halîl’i veliaht tayin etmek istemiyordu. Nitekim Kadı Fethuddin İbn Abdüzzâhir, Halîl’in veliaht tayiniyle ilgili belgeyi imza etmesi için kendisine arzettiği zaman onu müslümanların idaresini üstlenecek vasıfta görmediğini söyleyerek imzalamamıştı. Niyeti küçük oğlu Muhammed’i veliaht tayin etmekti. Başta nâib-i saltanat Hüsâmeddin Torumtay olmak üzere emîrler de Halîl’i sevmiyor ve ağabeyi Alâeddin’i onun zehirlediğini iddia ediyorlardı. Ancak Kalavun bu işi Halîl’den daha iyi yapacak başka bir oğlu bulunmadığından onun veliaht olmasına razı olmuş, Trablusşam seferine çıkarken de Mısır’da onu nâib olarak bırakmıştı (688/1289).
el-Melikü’l-Eşref Halîl, Kalavun’un Akkâ seferi sırasında hastalanması ve kısa bir müddet sonra ölümü üzerine Memlük tahtına geçti (7 Zilkade 689 / 11 Kasım 1290). Ertesi gün bütün emîrler yeni sultana biat ettiler; sultan emîrlere, kadılara ve âyana hil‘atler verdi. Kadı Fethuddin İbn Abdüzzâhir’den, kendisinin veliaht tayiniyle ilgili belgeyi isteyince kadı Sultan Kalavun’un belgeyi imzalamadığını bildirdi. Bunun üzerine Halîl babasının kendisine vermek istemediği saltanatı Allah’ın verdiğini söyledi (İbn Kesîr, XIII, 316). İlk iş olarak da kendisine karşı cephe alan Hüsâmeddin Torumtay’ı hapse attırıp mallarını müsadere ettirdi, bir süre sonra da öldürttü. Onun yerine Bedreddin Baydarâ’yı nâib-i saltanat, Şemseddin b. Sel‘ûs ed-Dımaşkī’yi de vezir tayin etti.
Babası Kalavun ölüm döşeğinde iken ona yarım bırakmış olduğu seferi tamamlayacağını vaad eden el-Melikü’l-Eşref Halîl, bazı idarî düzenlemeler yaptıktan sonra Akkâ’yı fethetmek üzere hazırlıklara başladı. İlkbaharda Akkâ seferine çıkmaya karar vererek muhasara için gerekli malzeme ile ordusunu donattı. Akkâ’daki Haçlı yönetimi iktidar mücadelesi yüzünden, Halîl’in seferi ilkbahara bırakmasını fırsat bilerek Kahire’ye Akkâ eşrafından Philippe Mainboeuf başkanlığında bir elçilik heyeti gönderdi. Ancak sultan onları huzuruna kabul etmeyip zindana attırdı. 6 Mart 1291’de Kahire’den yola çıkan Memlük ordusu 5 Nisan’da Akkâ önüne ulaştı. Meşhur tarihçi Ebü’l-Fidâ Hama birlikleri arasında yer alıyordu. Kış ayları boyunca Avrupa’ya yardım çağrısında bulunan Haçlılar kayda değer bir yardım alamamışlar, sadece İsviçreli Otto von Grandson ile İngiltere Kralı I. Edward bir miktar kuvvet göndermişti. Çağrıya uyan Templier ve Hospitalier şövalyeleri kendilerine bağlı savaşçılarla Akkâ’da toplandılar. Kıbrıs Kralı Henry kardeşi Amaury ile bir miktar kuvvet gönderdi ve kendisinin de bir süre sonra takviye birlikleriyle geleceğini bildirdi.
İslâm ordusu Akkâ’yı Haçlı ordusundan her bakımdan üstün bir kuvvetle kuşattı. Kuşatmanın başında gemiler dolusu ihtiyar ve çocuk Kıbrıs’a gönderildi. Kral Henry 4 Mayıs’ta kırk gemilik bir donanma ile Akkâ’ya geldi ve başkumandanlığı üstlendi. Ancak onun getirdiği kuvvetler sonucu etkileyecek düzeyde değildi. Müslümanlar şehri zaptedip çok sayıda kişiyi esir aldılar. 17 Cemâziyelevvel 690 (18 Mayıs 1291) akşamı Templier şövalyelerinin tarikat binası dışında Akkâ’nın tamamı müslümanların eline geçti. 28 Mayıs’ta burası da alındı. Sultan, hıristiyanların Suriye bölgesine yapacakları herhangi bir saldırıda burayı üs olarak kullanmamaları için şehri tahrip ettirdi. Akkâ’nın fethi İslâm ve hıristiyan dünyasında büyük yankılara sebep oldu. Müslümanlar bu zaferi coşkun sevinç gösterileriyle kutladılar.
Memlük kuvvetleri Akkâ’dan sonra Sûr, Sayda, Tartûs (Antartus), Beyrut, Aslîs, Hayfa ve Cübeyl’i ele geçirerek bütün Suriye sahillerini Haçlılar’dan temizlediler.
Sultan Halîl, 29 Rebîülevvel 691 (20 Mart 1292) Cuma günü namazdan sonra Ermeniler’in hâkimiyetindeki Kal‘atürrûm üzerine yürüdü. Fırat kıyısında yer alan bu müstahkem kale otuz üç gün süren kuşatmadan sonra fethedildi ve 1200 kişi esir alındı (11 Receb 691 / 28 Haziran 1292). Sultan 19 Şâban’da (5 Ağustos 1292) Dımaşk’a döndü, oradan da Kahire’ye hareket etti.
692 (1293) yılında da Ermeniler’le mücadeleye devam eden Sultan Halîl Besni (Behisni, Behesni) üzerine bir sefer düzenledi. Ancak daha Dımaşk’tan ayrılır ayrılmaz Ermeni Kralı Besni, Maraş ve Tel Hamdûn’u teslim edeceğini bildirerek barış istedi. Sultan Halîl bu teklifi kabul edip Kahire’ye döndü. Bu arada Suriye’de İlhanlı-Memlük sınırındaki çöllerde yaşayan bedevîler de itaat altına alındı. Sultan Kahire’ye dönünce İlhanlı Hükümdarı Geyhatu bir elçilik heyeti göndererek vaktiyle dedesi Hülâgû tarafından zaptedilmiş olan Halep’in kendisine iade edilmesini, aksi takdirde bütün Suriye’yi topraklarına katacağını bildirdi. Ancak sultan bu tehditlere aldırmayıp elçilik heyetini kovdu ve kendilerine pek yakında Bağdat’ı da ele geçirip Moğollar’ı Irak’tan çıkaracağını söyledi. Gerçekten Sultan Halîl, Mısır’daki Abbâsî Halifesi Hâkim-Biemrillâh’ın nüfuzundan da istifade ederek Ortadoğu’daki Moğol varlığına son vermek istiyordu. Bu maksatla cihad çağrısı yapmış, Dımaşk’ta sefer için hazırlıklara başlanmıştı. Ancak ömrü yetmediği için bu arzusunu gerçekleştirememiştir.
Mekke Emîri Necmeddin Ebû Nümey’i kendine tâbi kılmak ve Abbâsî halifesinin mânevî nüfuzundan faydalanıp İslâm dünyasının en güçlü hükümdarlarından biri olmak isteyen Sultan Halîl dış siyasetinde çok başarılı idi. Ancak içeride emîrler üzerinde arzu ettiği nüfuz ve otoriteyi tesis edemedi. Yaptığı tayinlerle emîrleri birbirine düşürdü. Babasının memlüklerini aşağılaması, İbn Sel‘ûs gibi bir tüccarı vezir tayin etmesi, Sungur el-Eşkar gibi bazı emîrlerini öldürtmesi, ramazanda içki içmesi ve bazı gayri ahlâkî hareketleri başta nâib-i saltanat Bedreddin Baydarâ olmak üzere çok sayıda emîrin kendisine karşı düşmanlık beslemesine sebep oldu. 3 Muharrem 693’te (4 Aralık 1293) Vezir İbn Sel‘ûs ve büyük emîrlerle birlikte İskenderiye istikametinde ava çıkan Sultan Halîl, bir süredir kendisini öldürmeyi planlayan Bedreddin Baydarâ ve arkadaşları tarafından öldürüldü (12 Muharrem 693 / 13 Aralık 1293). 13, 14 veya 15 Muharrem’de öldürüldüğüne dair rivayetler de vardır. Tervece Valisi İzzeddin Aydemir iki gün sonra cesedini yıkatıp kefenlettikten sonra Kahire’ye gönderdi. Seyyide Nefîse’nin kabri yanında bugün Türbetüleşrefiye diye bilinen yere defnedildi.
Sultan Halîl cesur, yiğit, gayretli, heybetli, iyi kalpli, âdil ve cömert bir hükümdardı. Çok aceleci olup hiç kimseyle istişare etmeden karar verir ve duygularını gizlemezdi. Bazı kaynaklarda ramazanda içki içmesi ve gayri ahlâkî davranışları dolayısıyla tenkit edilmiştir. Dımaşk’ta içki içilmesini ve alım satımını, afyon içimini yasaklamış, gümrük ve transit geçiş vergisini (mükûs ve darâib) kaldırmıştır. Kal‘atüleşrefiye, Eyvânüleşrefiye ve Seyyide Nefîse’nin türbesi yanındaki medrese onun tarafından yaptırılmıştır. Şiir ve edebiyata meraklı olan Sultan Halîl’in el-Ḳaṣdü’l-Celîl min naẓmi’s-Sulṭân Ḫalîl el-Eşref adıyla meşhur bir divanı vardır (Beyrut 1866). İbnü’l-Vahîd Nıṣfü’l-ʿayş adlı eserini ona takdim etmiştir (nşr. Âdil el-Bekrî, Musul 1969). Ölümü dolayısıyla hakkında birçok şair tarafından mersiyeler yazılmıştır.
Akkâ’nın fethinden sonra ticaretin gelişmesi için Akdeniz’deki hıristiyan güçlerle münasebetlerini geliştiren Sultan Halîl onlarla ticarî anlaşmalar imzaladı. Babası Kalavun’un Aragon Kralı III. Alphonso ile yaptığı antlaşmayı II. James ile yeniledi (29 Ocak 1293). Ayrıca Menteşe, Aydın ve Karamanoğulları ile de ilişkiler kurdu. Karamanoğlu Mecdüddin Mahmud Bey Alâiye’yi Franklar’ın elinden alınca (Cemâziyelevvel 692 / Nisan 1293) burada el-Melikü’l-Eşref Halîl adına hutbe okutmuştur.
Sultan Halîl’i öldüren emîrler liderleri Bedreddin Baydarâ’yı el-Melikü’l-Kāhir (el-Melikü’l-Evhad) lakabıyla sultan ilân ettiler. Ancak Bedreddin’in saltanatı uzun sürmedi. Bir iki gün sonra Zeynüddin Ketboğa el-Mansûrî, Üstâdüddâr (Üstâdâr) Hüsâmeddin ve Sultan Halîl’e bağlı memlükler Bedreddin Baydarâ’yı daha Kahire’ye varmadan öldürüp Halîl’in küçük yaştaki kardeşi el-Melikü’n-Nâsır Muhammed’i sultan ilân ettiler. Kısa bir süre sonra iktidarın gerçek sahibi olan Zeynüddin Ketboğa el-Melikü’l-Âdil unvanıyla Memlük tahtına çıkmayı başardı (694/1295).
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1997 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 15. cildinde, 319-320 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.