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HİMYERÎLER Skip to content Milâttan önce 115-milâttan sonra 525 yılları arasında Yemen’de hüküm süren Arap hânedanı.
Himyerîler’in atası, Kahtânî Arapları’ndan Himyer b. Sebe b. Yeşcüb b. Ya‘rub b. Kahtân’dır; rivayete göre asıl adı Zeyd olup Himyer lakabıdır. Himyer b. Sebe’nin bu lakabı kırmızı veya koyu renkli elbisesinden dolayı aldığı söyleniyorsa da bu husus tarihçiler arasında tartışmalıdır. Güney Arabistan’ın güneybatı yaylalarından gelmiş olan Himyerîler, Yemen’in güneyindeki Cened şehri ve civarında yaşıyorlardı. Himyer’in oğulları Mâlik, Âmir, Amr, Sa‘d ve Vâsile’den yeni kollar ortaya çıkmıştır.
İslâmiyet’ten önce Güney Arabistan’da kurulan devletlerin en güçlülerinden biri de Himyerîler’dir. Himyerî hükümdarlarına başlangıçta Reydân şehrine hâkim oldukları için Zû Reydân denilirken en güçlü devirlerinde buna Melikü Sebe, Melikü Hadramut, Melikü Yemenât unvanları da eklenmiştir; Reydân aynı zamanda bu devletin başşehridir ve daha sonra Zafâr adını almıştır. Bu unvanlardan, Himyerîler’in bir dönemde Güney Arabistan’ın her tarafını siyasî nüfuzları altında tuttukları anlaşılmaktadır. Bölge, öteden beri Çin-Hint ve Roma-Bizans arasındaki ticaret yollarının üzerinde bulunduğundan çeşitli kültürlerin tesirine açık bir yerdi. Bu durum zaman zaman ünlü hükümdarların çıkmasına da zemin hazırlamıştır.
Himyerîler’in birinci hâkimiyet devri IV. yüzyılın başına kadar devam eden feodalite dönemidir; bu yıllarda hükümdar bir derebeyi olarak görülür ve kalede otururdu. Bir tarafında kendi portresi, diğer tarafında baykuş veya boğa resmi bulunan altın, gümüş ve bakır sikke bastırırdı. İçtimaî teşkilât ise eski kabile sisteminin bir karışımı durumundadır. İkinci hâkimiyet dönemi IV. yüzyılın başından 525 yılına kadar devam eder ve hükümdarlara “tübba‘” denilmesinden dolayı “tebâbia devri” adıyla anılır. Rivayete göre ancak Hadramut’a da sahip oldukları takdirde bu unvanı alabilen tübba‘ların sayısı dokuzdur (Fîrûzâbâdî, el-Ḳāmûsü’l-muḥîṭ , “tbʿa” md.; Abdülhay el-Kettânî, II, 185).
Ülkedeki sosyal sınıfları askerler, çiftçiler-bedevîler, sanatkârlar ve tüccarlar oluşturuyordu. Ülke “mihlâf” ve “mahfed” denilen idarî birimlere ayrılmıştı. Mihlâf sahiplerine “kayl” (çoğulu akyâl), mahfed sahiplerine ise “zû” (çoğulu ezvâ) deniliyordu. Kralların hânedan mensupları arasından seçilen ve “mesâmine” denilen sekiz kişilik bir yardımcılar komitesi vardı; bunun altında da seksen kayldan oluşan akyâl meclisi bulunuyordu. Eğer kral ölümünden sonra yerine geçecek bir veliaht bırakmamışsa mesâmine kendi içinden yeni kralı seçer, daha sonra da yerine akyâl arasından bir kişi mesâmine komitesine alınırdı; ardından hânedanın yeni bir üyesi kayl olurdu. Kölelik yerleşik bir kurumdu ve ekonomik hayatın dayanaklarından birini köleler teşkil ediyordu.
Himyerîler’de geleneksel din, diğer Güney Arabistan halklarında rastlanandan farklı değildi. Sebe’de Almakah, Maîn’de Vedd, Katabân’da Amm, Hadramut’ta Sin adıyla bilinen Kamer (ay) panteonun baştanrısı, onun karısı olan Şems (güneş) ile oğlu Astar (Aştar) da (çoban yıldızı) diğer önemli tanrılardı. Böylece Himyerîler esasta aya, güneşe ve yıldızlara tapmaktaydılar. Bununla beraber bu dönemde Güney Arabistan’a Yahudiliğin, daha az nisbette de Hıristiyanlığın girdiği bilinmektedir. Yahudiliğin ilk önce Sebeliler zamanında Hicaz bölgesinden yayıldığı sanılmaktadır.
Bölgeye Hıristiyanlığın Bizans İmparatoru II. Konstantinos zamanında (337-361) girdiği anlaşılmaktadır. Bu tarihten itibaren San‘a, Aden, Me’rib ve Zafâr gibi önemli merkezlerde birçok kilise inşa edilmiştir. Hıristiyanlık özellikle Necran bölgesinde daha geniş yayılma alanı bulmuş ve Belhâris’teki kilise büyük bir şöhret kazanmıştır. VI. yüzyılın başından itibaren de bölgede monofizit Hıristiyanlığın izlerine rastlanmaktadır. Bununla beraber Bizanslılar’la Habeşler’in iş birliği yapması ve bu iki hıristiyan devletin Güney Arabistan için öteden beri siyasî ve iktisadî emeller beslemesi bu dinin bölgede yaygınlaşmasını engellemiş ve Himyerî hükümdarlarının Yahudiliğe biraz daha itilmesine yol açmıştır.
Tebâbia döneminin son hükümdarı olan Zûnüvâs Yahudiliği kabul ederek Yosef adını aldı ve herkesi bu dine girmeye zorladı; özellikle 523’te ele geçirdiği Necran’daki hıristiyanlara şiddetli baskı yaptı. Sert bir mizaca sahip bulunan Zûnüvâs, yerli hıristiyanların hıristiyan Habeşler’le siyasî bütünleşme arzusu taşıdığına inanıyor ve hepsini vatan haini sayıyordu. Bunun için Necranlı hıristiyanlardan 4000 veya 20.000 kişiyi ateş yanan çukurlara attırmıştır. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de, “Hazırladıkları hendekleri tutuşturulmuş ateşle doldurarak onun çevresinde oturup iman eden kimselere dinlerinden dönmeleri için yaptıkları işkenceleri seyredenler kahrolsun!” (el-Burûc 85/4-7) meâlindeki âyet de muhtemelen bu olayla ilgilidir (bk. ASHÂBÜ’l-UHDÛD ).
Yahudiliği benimseyen Zûnüvâs’ın hıristiyanlara zulmetmesi üzerine Habeş Kralı Kaleb Ela-Esbaha, hem dindaşlarını korumak hem de Hindistan deniz ticaret yolunu denetleyebilmek için Bâbülmendep’i ele geçirmek amacıyla Bizans İmparatoru I. Iustinos ile anlaşarak Yemen’e 70.000 kişilik bir ordu gönderdi. Yapılan savaşta Zûnüvâs mağlûp oldu ve rivayete göre kaçmak isterken denizde boğuldu (525). Onun ölümüyle Himyerî Devleti son buldu ve toprakları Habeşistan’a bağlandı.
Güney Arabistan’da yazılı kaynaklar tunç levhalar ve taş üzerine hakkedilmiş kitâbelerden ibarettir. En eskileri, milâttan önce VIII. yüzyıla kadar uzanan Sebe (Sebâ) ve Minae (Maan, Maîn) grubu olmak üzere ikiye ayrılır. Himyerî kitâbeleri Sebe grubuna dahildir. Esasen Himyerîler, bölgeye Hıristiyanlık girmeden önce Sebe bölgesinin en etkili kabilesiydi. Bir dönemde ağırlığını hissettirdiği için bu safhadaki kitâbelere Himyerî kitâbeleri ve medeniyete de Himyerî medeniyeti denilmiştir. Güney Arapçası’nın en eski lehçelerinden biri olan Himyerî dili ile bugünkü Mehrî, Şavrî ve Sokotrî gibi lehçeler arasında benzerlik vardır. Süyûtî, Ebû Bekir el-Vâsıtî’nin el-İrşâd fî ḳırâʾati’l-ʿaşr adlı eserinden naklen Kur’an’da mevcut elli lehçeden birinin Himyerî lehçesi olduğunu söyler (el-İtḳān , II, 102).
Güney Arabistan’ın İslâm öncesi en uzun ve en muhteşem medeniyetini temsil eden Himyerî Devleti, Akdeniz havzası ile Uzakdoğu arasındaki kara ve deniz ticaret yolu üzerinde bulunduğundan hareketli bir iktisadî yapıya sahipti ve bu durum Kana’yı Hint Okyanusu’nun en büyük limanlarından biri haline getirmişti. Böylece Akdeniz ülkelerinin muhtaç olduğu Çin ve Hint malları ile günlük (tütsü) gibi yerli ihraç ürünleri bölge ülkelerine ulaştırılıyor, ayrıca deniz yoluyla San‘a ve Me’rib’e varan mallar kervanlarla kuzeye naklediliyordu. Özellikle büyük bir ticaret merkezi olan San‘a, güneyden ve kuzeyden gelen bütün yolların kavşak noktasını oluşturuyordu. Buradan kalkan kervanlar Dehnâ çölünü aşıp Necid’e, oradan da Mekke’ye, Yenbu‘a veya Yesrib’e uğrayıp Petra’ya ulaştıktan sonra ya kuzeyde Fenike ve Filistin şehirlerine veya Tedmür’e (Pamir) yahut da batıya dönerek Mısır’a giderlerdi. Aden depolarındaki ürünler ise Kızıldeniz ve Akabe körfezi kanalıyla Suriye, Filistin ve Mısır’a intikal ettirilirdi. Bu ticarî canlılığın tabii bir sonucu olarak Debâ, Mehre, Aden, Sebâ ve Râhiye’de kurulan panayırlar gerek Arabistan yarımadasından gerekse Akdeniz ve Çin-Hint ülkelerinden gelen tüccarlarla dolup taşardı. Hz. Muhammed’in de gençlik döneminde ticaret amacıyla kervanlara katılarak Yemen’in Cüreş şehrine, Tihâme’deki Hubâşe, Uman’daki Suhâr ve Debâ panayırlarına gitmiş olduğuna dair rivayetler vardır. Öte yandan transit ticaret faaliyetlerinin yanı sıra Himyerîler’in dokumacılık, debbâğlık ve madenî eşya, özellikle kılıç imalâtında ileri gitmiş olmaları, ayrıca yaptıkları bentler, su kanalları sayesinde tahıl ziraatı ve meyvecilikte büyük başarı kazanmaları onları çok müreffeh bir hayat seviyesine ulaştırmıştı.
Hürmüz Boğazı’nın ve Aden körfezinin kontrolü Hindistan ve Afrika ticaretinin güneylilerde kalması için gerekliydi. Günlük üretiminin ve ticaret merkezleri arasındaki sürekli gidiş gelişin kaderi de iç barışa ve istikrara bağlıydı. Her ne kadar etrafındaki çöller bölgeye tabii bir koruma sağlıyor idiyse de zenginliği daha çok lüks maddelere dayanan Himyerîler’in zamanla savaşçı iradesi sarsılmış, zaafa uğramış bir refah toplumu haline gelmesine, ayrıca hıristiyan Bizans ile Mecûsî İran’ın güneyin aleyhine işleyen dinî ve ekonomik politikalar takip etmeleri ve Habeş saldırıları bölgedeki huzur ve istikrarın giderek kaybolmasına yol açtı. İslâmiyet ortaya çıktığı zaman Güney Arabistan peş peşe gelen yabancı siyasî baskıların altında yıpranmış, halkı sosyal açıdan parçalanmış ve ekonomik açıdan zayıflamış durumdaydı. Bölgede öteden beri mücadele halinde olan Yahudilik ve Hıristiyanlık henüz bütünüyle halk tarafından benimsenmemişti; halkın çoğu hâlâ putperestti. Bazı kabilelerin Zülhalesa, Zülkeffeyn, Yegūs, Yeûḳ ve Nesr gibi putları vardı; ancak Kâbe kutsal bir mekân olarak tanınır ve hac mevsiminde ziyaret edilirdi.
Hz. Peygamber, mahallî küçük emirlikler halinde varlığını sürdüren Himyerî melikleriyle mektuplaşmış ve karşılıklı elçiler gönderilmiştir. Konuyla ilgili dağınık rivayetlerden anlaşıldığına göre Resûl-i Ekrem, Ayyâş b. Ebû Rebîa’yı bir mektupla Himyerîler’in meliklerinden Hâris, Mesrûh ve Nuaym b. Abdükülâl’e göndermişti. Mektubunda yahudilerin Hz. Üzeyir’e, hıristiyanların da Hz. Îsâ’ya Allah’ın oğlu diyerek hak yoldan saptıklarını haber veriyor ve onları İslâm’a davet ediyordu. Hz. Peygamber elçiye, sabah vakti iki rek‘at namaz kıldıktan sonra dua ederek onların yurduna girmesini, mektubu sağ eliyle vermesini ve huzura kabulünde Beyyine sûresini okumasını söyledi; Ayyâş b. Ebû Rebîa da bu şekilde davrandı ve sonuçta melikler müslüman oldular (İbn Sa‘d, I, 282). 9 yılı Ramazanında (Aralık 630) Resûl-i Ekrem’in Tebük Seferi’nden döndüğü günlerde Himyerî meliklerinin elçisi Mâlik b. Mürâre (Mürre) er-Rehâvî (er-Ruhâvî) Medine’ye geldi. Mâlik’i elçi olarak gönderen Hâris b. Abdükülâl, Nuaym b. Abdükülâl, Nu‘mân ve Zür‘a (b.) Zûyezen İslâm’a girdiklerini ve müşriklerle mücadele ettiklerini bildiriyorlardı. Bu habere çok sevinen ve elçiyi ağırlamak üzere Bilâl-i Habeşî’yi görevlendiren (a.g.e. , I, 356) Hz. Peygamber de karşılık olarak Muâz b. Cebel başkanlığında Abdullah b. Zeyd, Mâlik b. Ubâde, Ukbe b. Nemîr ve Mâlik b. Mürâre’den oluşan bir heyet yolladı. Bunlar Resûl-i Ekrem tarafından hayırlı, sâlih, dindar ve bilgili kişiler olarak görüldükleri için seçilmişlerdi. Heyette yer alan Mâlik b. Mürâre’nin Medine’ye elçi sıfatıyla gelip bu defa Hz. Peygamber’in elçisi olarak ülkesine dönmesi dikkat çekicidir. Resûl-i Ekrem mektubunda, Himyerî meliklerinin Allah’ın hidayetine erişerek İslâm’a girdiklerini belirttikten sonra nefislerini ıslah edip Allah ve resulüne tâbi olmaları, namaz kılmaları ve zekât vermeleri gerektiğini bildiriyor ve Ehl-i kitap’tan da cizye alınmasını istiyordu. Toplanacak zekâtlardan kendisinin ve aile fertlerinin faydalanmasının helâl olmadığını açıklaması mektubun dikkate değer bir yönünü teşkil eder. Kaynaklara göre Hz. Peygamber, İslâmiyet’i kabul eden ilk Himyerî meliki Zür‘a (b.) Zûyezen’e hitaben bir mektup daha göndermiştir.
Muâz b. Cebel, Cened âmilliğine ilâveten kazâ işlerini yürütmek, halka İslâm’ın esaslarını ve Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’i öğretmek, sadece Himyerî bölgesinde değil diğer güney bölgelerinde de hem muallimlik yapmak hem de bu yoldaki faaliyetleri teftiş etmek gibi görevleri yerine getirmiştir. Onun bu hizmetleri ifa ederken Allah’ın kitabı ve Resulü’nün sünnetiyle, çözümü bu ikisinde bulamadığı durumlarda da kendi görüşüyle hüküm verdiği bilinmektedir. Muâz b. Cebel, Yemen’de kaldığı süre içinde diğer görevlilerin de katkısı ile birçok kabilenin İslâmiyet’i kabul etmesini sağlamıştır.
Resûl-i Ekrem’in vefatından sonra Himyerîler, Zür‘a b. Ebû Akabe el-Himyerî’yi Halife Hz. Ebû Bekir’e yollayarak kendisine itaatlerini ve İslâm’a bağlılıklarını bildirmişler, diğer Yemen kabileleri gibi ilk İslâm fetihlerine katılmışlardır. İmam Mâlik b. Enes, Emevî ve Abbâsî döneminin meşhur kumandanı Maan b. Zâide eş-Şeybânî, Şamlılar’ın imamı Abdurrahman b. Amr el-Evzaî Himyerîler’den yetişen başlıca şahsiyetlerdir. Himyerîler hakkında Ubeyd b. Şeriyye, Emevî Halifesi Muâviye’nin isteği üzerine Kitâbü’l-Mülûk ve aḫbâri’l-mâżîn (İbnü’n-Nedîm, s. 102; Abdülhay el-Kettânî, III, 80-81) adlı eserini kaleme almış, Vehb b. Münebbih de Kitâbü’l-Mülûki’l-mütevvece min Ḥimyer ve aḫbârihim ve ḳıṣaṣıhim ve ḳubûrihim ve eşʿârihim adlı bir kitap yazmıştır. İbn Hallikân, Vehb b. Münebbih’in eserini bizzat gördüğünü söyler (Vefeyâtü’l-aʿyân , VI, 35). İbn Hişâm’ın Kitâbü’t-Tîcân fî mülûki Ḥimyer ’i ile Neşvân el-Himyerî’nin Mülûkü Ḥimyer ve aḳyâlü’l-Yemen ’i de Himyerî tarihine dair iki önemli kaynaktır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Fîrûzâbâdî, el-Ḳāmûsü’l-muḥîṭ , “tbʿa” md.
Vehb b. Münebbih, Kitâbü’t-Tîcân fî mülûki Ḥimyer , San‘a 1979.
İbn Hişâm, es-Sîre , I, 35-72; II, 588-590.
İbn Sa‘d, eṭ-Ṭabaḳāt , I, 282-283, 356; III, 584-585; V, 530.
Belâzürî, Fütûḥu’l-büldân (nşr. Abdullah Enîs et-Tabbâ‘ – Ömer Enîs et-Tabbâ‘), Beyrut 1407/1987, s. 92-98.
Mes‘ûdî, Mürûcü’ẕ-ẕeheb (Abdülhamîd) , I, 68.
İbnü’n-Nedîm, el-Fihrist (Teceddüd) , s. 102.
Neşvân el-Himyerî, Mülûkü’l-Ḥimyer ve aḳyâlü’l-Yemen , Kahire 1958.
Yâkūt, Muʿcemü’l-büldân , II, 352.
İbn Hallikân, Vefeyât , VI, 35.
İbnü’l-Verdî, Tetimmetü’l-Muḫtaṣar fî aḫbâri’l-beşer (nşr. Ahmed Rif‘at el-Beravî), Beyrut 1389/1970, I, 91-94.
İbn Kesîr, el-Bidâye , II, 75.
İbn Haldûn, el-ʿİber , II, 242-259.
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Diyarbekrî, Târîḫu’l-ḫamîs , II, 138.
Halebî, İnsânü’l-ʿuyûn , III, 228-229.
Ahmed b. Zeynî Dahlân, es-Sîretü’n-nebeviyye (Halebî, İnsânü’l-uyûn içinde), Beyrut, ts. (el-Mektebetü’l-İslâmiyye), III, 29-30.
Abdülhay el-Kettânî, et-Terâtîbü’l-idâriyye (Özel) , I, 282; II, 9, 185; III, 80-81.
Cevâd Ali, el-Mufaṣṣal , II, 510-599.
Hamîdullah, İslâm Peygamberi (Mutlu) , II, 151, 206, 207.
Neşet Çağatay, İslâm Öncesi Arap Tarihi ve Câhiliye Çağı , Ankara 1971, s. 17-38.
Hitti, İslâm Tarihi , I, 77-102.
M. Beyyûmî Mehrân, Dirâsât fî târîḫi’l-ʿArabi’l-ḳadîm , Riyad 1400/1980, s. 335-387.
Köksal, İslâm Tarihi (Medine) , IX, 286-291.
Mustafa Fayda, İslâmiyetin Güney Arabistan’a Yayılışı , Ankara 1982, s. 9-22, 90-101.
Kehhâle, Muʿcemü ḳabâʾili’l-ʿArab , Beyrut 1402/1982, I, 305-306.
Mahmud Esad, İslâm Tarihi , s. 97-108.
Tevfîk Berrû, Târîḫu’l-ʿArabi’l-ḳadîm , Dımaşk 1988, s. 79-98.
Seyyid Abdülazîz Sâlim, Târîḫu’l-ʿArab ḳable’l-İslâm , İskenderiye, ts. (Dâru Cübnân), s. 114-127.
J. H. Mordtmann, “Himyer”, İA , V/1, s. 487-490.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1998 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 18. cildinde, 62-63 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.