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HIRAKĪ Skip to content Ebü’l-Kāsım Ömer b. Hüseyn b. Abdillâh el-Hırakī el-Bağdâdî (ö. 334/946)
Hanbelî fakihi.
Hırakī nisbesi, Arapça’da “elbise ve kumaş” anlamına gelen hırka (çoğulu hırak ) ticaretinden gelmektedir. Babası Ebû Ali el-Hırakī de hocası Ebû Bekir el-Merrûzî’ye (ö. 275/888) yakınlığı sebebiyle “Merrûzî’nin halifesi” diye anılmış bir Hanbelî âlimi olup Merrûzî’ye sorduğu sorulara onun verdiği cevapları derleyerek Ḳaṣaṣu men hecerehû Aḥmed adıyla bir eser kaleme almıştır (İbn Teymiyye, VII, 148).
Bağdat’ta tahsil gören Hırakī, Ebû Bekir el-Merrûzî’den başka Harb b. İsmâil el-Kirmânî’den, Ahmed b. Hanbel’in oğulları Sâlih ile (ö. 266/880) Abdullah’ın da (ö. 290/903) talebeleri olan babasından ve Ebü’l-Fazl b. Abdüssemî‘ el-Hâşimî gibi pek çok âlimden ders aldı. Hırakī’nin doğrudan Ahmed b. Hanbel’in oğullarından ders okuduğuna dair bazı müellifler tarafından kaydedilen bilgi (Sezgin, I, 512; İbnü’l-Mibred, neşredenin mukaddimesi, I, 88-89) klasik kaynaklarda verilen bu mâlûmatla çelişmektedir. Aralarında Ebü’l-Hasan Abdülazîz b. Hâris et-Temîmî, Ebû Muhammed Abdullah b. Osman es-Saffâr, İbn Batta el-Ukberî, Ebü’l-Hüseyin İbn Sem‘ûn ve Ebû Bekir Hasan b. Yahyâ el-Mukrî gibi fakih ve muhaddislerin bulunduğu birçok âlim de Hırakī’den ders almıştır.
Hırakī zamanında Büveyhîler’in hâkimiyeti altında bulunan Irak’ta Râfizîlik ve Mu‘tezilîlik hâkim duruma gelmişti. Cemâziyelâhir 321’de (Haziran 933) yahut ertesi yıl, Emîr Ali b. Yılbak ve kâtibi Hasan b. Hârûn Bağdat’ta hutbe sırasında Muâviye ile oğlu Yezîd’e lânet edilmesini emrettiler. Yine aynı yıl Hanbelîler’in vaaz ve öğretimden menedilip bazılarının Basra’ya sürgüne gönderilmesi halkta büyük bir tedirginliğe yol açtı. 331 (943) yılında da sahâbeye dil uzatma had safhaya varınca tüccarların pek çoğu hacılarla birlikte Mısır ve Şam’a hicret etti. Bu olaylar sebebiyle Hanbelîler’in Bağdat’ta kalması güçleşince Hırakī de Hanbelî mezhebinin kök salmaya başladığı Şam’a gitti. Burada vefat eden Hırakī, Bâbüssagīr Kabristanı’nda şehidlerin mezarları yakınına Cerrâh Camii karşısına defnedildi. Kabri daha sonra ziyaretgâh haline gelmiştir. İbn Batta, hocası Hırakī’nin Şam’daki kabrini ziyaret ettiğini açıkça ifade ettiğine göre onun Bağdat’ta öldüğü şeklindeki rivayet gerçeği yansıtmamaktadır.
Eserleri. Ebû Ya‘lâ el-Ferrâ’nın belirttiğine göre Hırakī’nin pek çok eseri bulunmakla birlikte bunlar yaygınlık kazanmamıştır. Zira Bağdat’tan ayrılırken kitaplarını emanet bıraktığı dostunun evi yanmış ve bu yangından sadece el-Muḫtaṣar adı verilen eseri kurtulabilmiştir. el-Muḫtaṣar ’ın hac bölümünde Hacerülesved’in Karmatîler tarafından yerinden sökülmüş olduğunu ima eden, “Hacı Hacerülesved’e gelir ve imkân bulursa -eğer yerinde ise- onu selâmlar ve öper” ifadesi, hiç değilse kitabın bu bölümünden itibaren sonuna kadar olan kısmının 317 (929) yılından sonra yazıldığını düşündürmektedir. Zira Hacerülesved, Karmatî lideri Ebû Tâhir el-Cennâbî tarafından bu tarihte yerinden sökülmüş ve ancak 339’da (950-51) tekrar yerine konulabilmiştir. Hırakī’nin özel bir isim vermediği bu eser, mezhebin görüşlerini özlü biçimde ihtiva etmesi sebebiyle el-Muḫtaṣar diye meşhur olmuştur. Hanbelî mezhebine dair ilk klasik fıkıh metnini teşkil eden kitabın bölümlerinin tertibinde Şâfiî mezhebiyle ilgili eserler esas alınmış ve bu tertip daha sonraki pek çok Hanbelî müellifi tarafından da benimsenmiştir. el-Muḫtaṣar , Muvaffakuddin İbn Kudâme el-Makdisî (ö. 620/1223) el-Muḳniʿ i yazıncaya kadar Hanbelîler’in yegâne muteber fıkıh metni olma özelliğini korumuştur. İbn Kudâme’nin eseriyle birlikte el-Muḫtaṣar ’ın tertibi de terkedilmiştir.
el-Muḫtaṣar ’ın ihtiva ettiği 2300 meselenin tamamı doğrudan Ahmed b. Hanbel’e ait görüşler olmayıp bir kısmı onun görüşlerine dayanılarak Hırakī tarafından ortaya konan tahrîclerdir. Hırakī’nin eserinde bunu belirtmemesi, bütün görüşlerin Ahmed b. Hanbel’e ait olduğunu ima edeceği gerekçesiyle tenkit edilmiştir. Gulâmü’l-Hallâl’in el-Muḫtaṣar ’ın bir nüshası üzerine, “Hırakī bana altmış meselede muhalefet etmiştir” diye yazdığını kaydeden İbn Ebû Ya‘lâ bunu araştırdığını ve aralarında doksan sekiz meselede ihtilâf bulunduğunu tesbit ettiğini belirtir (Ṭabaḳātü’l-Ḥanâbile , II, 76-118). Hanbelî mezhebinde büyük öneme sahip olan el-Muḫtaṣar medreselerde okutulmuş, talebeler tarafından ezberlenmiş, bazı âlimlerce manzum hale getirilmiş ve üzerine birçok şerh yazılmıştır.
İbnü’l-Mibred (İbn Abdülhâdî), hocası İzzeddin el-Mısrî’nin (ö. 876/1471-72) el-Muḫtaṣar ’a ait 300 şerhin adını tesbit ettiğini söylediğini ve kendisinin de yirmiye yakın şerhi gördüğünü belirtir (ed-Dürrü’n-naḳī , III, 873). M. Züheyr eş-Şâvîş tarafından neşredilen el-Muḫtaṣar ’ın (Dımaşk 1378/1959, 1964) günümüze ulaşan başlıca şerhleri şunlardır: 1. Ebû Ya‘lâ el-Ferrâ’nın (ö. 458/1066) şerhi. Eserin farklı nüshalara ait iki cildi Dımaşk Zâhiriyye Kütüphanesi’nde bulunmaktadır (nr. 2746, 2747). 772 (1370-71) yılında istinsah edilen bir nüshaya ait II. cilt 267 varak olup nikâh bölümünden başlayıp el-Muḫtaṣar ’ın da son kısmı olan ümmü’l-veledlerin âzat edilmesi bölümüyle sona ermektedir. 577’de (1181) istinsah edilen diğer bir nüshanın III. cildi ise 218 varaktır ve “Kitâbü Diyâti’n-nefs” ile başlayıp yine eserin sonuna kadar devam etmektedir. Eser, Mekke Ümmülkurâ Üniversitesi’nde Suûd Abdullah er-Ravkī tarafından neşre hazırlanmıştır (1407/1986). 2. İbnü’l-Bennâ el-Bağdâdî, el-Muḳniʿ fî şerḥi Muḫtaṣari’l-Ḫıraḳī (I-IV, nşr. Abdülazîz b. Süleyman el-Baîmî, Riyad 1414/1993). 3. Muvaffakuddin İbn Kudâme, el-Muġnî (nşr. M. Reşîd Rızâ, Kahire 1367/1947; nşr. Abdullah b. Abdülmuhsin et-Türkî, I-IX, Kahire 1406/1986, 1412/1992, 2. bs.; nşr. M. Sâlim Muhaysin – Şa‘bân M. İsmâil, I-IX, Riyad, ts.; Kahire, ts. [eş-Şerḥu’l-kebîr ile birlikte]; I-XIV [son iki cilt fihristtir], Beyrut 1392/1972, 1982, el-Muḫtaṣar ’ın en meşhur şerhidir, bk. DİA , XIII, 19). 4. Ebû Tâlib Abdurrahman b. Ömer ed-Darîr, el-Vâżıḥ fî şerḥi Muḫtaṣarı Ebi’l-Ḳāsım el-Ḫıraḳī (I. cilt, Dublin Chester Beatty Ktp., nr. 4947 [Kitâbü’l-Muḳniʿ in nâşirinin mukaddimesinde bu numara 3286 olarak verilmektedir]; II. cilt, Halep Mektebetü’l-evkāfi’ş-şarkıyye, nr. 19950). Kaynaklarda Ebû Tâlib’e el-Kâfî fî şerḥi’l-Ḫıraḳī adıyla bir başka şerh daha izâfe edilmektedir. 5. Şemseddin ez-Zerkeşî, Şerḥu’z-Zerkeşî ʿalâ Muḫtaṣari’l-Ḫıraḳī (nşr. Abdullah b. Abdurrahman el-Cibrîn, I-VII, Riyad 1413/1993). Zerkeşî’nin bu esere dair tamamlanmamış ikinci bir şerhi daha vardır. Müellif, bu şerhini öncekinden ihtisar ederek “Kitâbü’l-Eṭʿime”den “Bâbü’l-edâhî”ye kadar getirmiş, geri kalan kısmı bir başka Hanbelî âlimi tarafından tamamlanmıştır. Şerhin dörtte bir kadarı günümüze ulaşmış olup Abdullah b. Abdurrahman el-Cibrîn’in belirttiğine göre basıma hazırlanmaktadır (İbnü’l-Mibred, neşredenin mukaddimesi, I, 89). Muhammed b. Abdurrahman b. Hüseyin Âlü İsmâil’in (ö. 1969), Ḥâşiyetü Muḫtaṣari’l-İmâm Ebi’l-Ḳāsım el-Ḫıraḳī adıyla yayımlanan eseri (Riyad 1408/1988), klasik türde bir hâşiye olmayıp sadece dipnotlarda bazı konular hakkında bilhassa el-Muġnî gibi kaynaklardan yapılan alıntılar aktarılmakta, ayrıca bankacılık gibi yeni bazı meseleler hakkındaki tartışmalar özetlenmektedir (s. 109-113; el-Muḫtaṣar üzerine yazılan diğer şerhler için bk. İbnü’l-Bennâ, neşredenin mukaddimesi, I, 64-74).
el-Muḫtaṣar , Ebû Muhammed Ca‘fer b. Ahmed es-Serrâc, Ebû Ca‘fer Mekkî b. Muhammed b. Hübeyre ve ed-Dürretü’l-yetîme ve’l-maḥaccetü’l-müstaḳīme (GAS ’ta “mahacce” yerine yanlış olarak “mahabbe” ifadesi yer almaktadır, Berlin Königlichen Bibliothek, nr. 4511) adıyla Ebû Zekeriyyâ Yahyâ b. Yûsuf es-Sarsarî tarafından manzum hale getirilmiştir. Ebû Abdullah Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Mevsılî ise el-Muḫtaṣar ’ın sadece ibadetler kısmını nazmetmiştir.
Ebü’l-Fazl Ahmed b. Nasrullah el-Kirmânî et-Tüsterî el-Bağdâdî el-Muḫtaṣar ’ı ihtisar etmiş, İbnü’l-Mibred de es̱-S̱eġārü’l-bâsim li-taḫrîci eḥâdîs̱i Muḫtaṣarı Ebi’l-Ḳāsım adlı eserinde kitaptaki hadislerin kaynaklarını göstermiştir. Ebü’l-Mehâsin Muhammed b. Abdülbâkī el-Mecmaî el-Mevsılî Şerḥu ġarîbi elfâẓi’l-Ḫıraḳī ve İbnü’l-Mibred ed-Dürrü’n-naḳī fî şerḥi elfâẓi’l-Ḫıraḳī (nşr. Rıdvân Muhtâr b. Garbiyye, I-III, Cidde 1411/1991) adlı eserlerinde el-Muḫtaṣar ’daki garip kelimeleri açıklamışlardır.
Muvaffakuddin İbn Kudâme, el-Muḫtaṣar üzerine ilâvelerini ihtiva eden el-Hâdî (ʿUmdetü’l-ḥâzim fi’l-mesâʾili’z-zevâʾid ʿan Muḫtaṣarı Ebi’l-Ḳāsım [Beyrut, ts.], bazı kaynaklarda ʿUmdetü’l-ʿâzim fî telḫîṣi’l-mesâʾili’l-ḫâriciyye ʿan Muḫtaṣarı Ebi’l-Ḳāsım ) adıyla bir eser kaleme almıştır. Ebû Zekeriyyâ Yahyâ b. Yûsuf es-Sarsarî, İbn Kudâme’nin Zevâʾidü’l-kâfî ʿale’l-Ḫıraḳī adındaki diğer bir eserini Vâsıṭatü’l-ʿiḳdi’s̱-s̱emîn ve ʿumdetü’l-ḥâfıẓi’l-emîn adıyla manzum hale getirmiştir. Ebû Bekir b. Zeyd el-Cerrâî de Ġāyetü’l-maṭlab fî maʿrifeti’l-meẕheb ’inde (TSMK, III. Ahmed, nr. 1131) el-Muḫtaṣar ’a yapılan ilâveleri bir araya getirmiştir.
Fuat Sezgin, Hırakī’nin Fevâʾid adlı eserinden Ebü’l-Kāsım el-Lâlekâî’nin (ö. 418/1027) yaptığı seçmeleri ihtiva eden bir cüzün (Cüzʾ fîhi fevâʾidü Ebi’l-Ḳāsım ʿAbdirraḥmân el-Ḫıraḳī ) Zâhiriyye Kütüphanesi’nde kayıtlı bulunduğunu (nr. 87/I) belirtir (GAS , I, 501). Ancak klasik kaynaklarda böyle bir eserden söz edilmemesi bir yana, Hırakī’nin adı Ömer iken eserde müellifin adının Abdurrahman olarak verilmesi ve Lâlekâî’nin Şâfiî mezhebine mensup olması gibi hususlar bu bilginin yanlışlığını ortaya koymaktadır. M. Îsâ Sâlihiyye tarafından Ebü’l-Kāsım el-Hırakī’ye nisbet edilen (el-Muʿcemü’ş-şâmil , II, 270) Müntehe’l-idrâk fî taḳsîmi’l-eflâk (nşr. Carlo Nallino, Roma 1934), Bahâeddin Ebû Muhammed Abdülcebbâr b. Muhammed el-Harakī es-Sâbitî’ye (ö. 527/1132) aittir (Brockelmann, GAL , I, 624; Suppl. , I, 863).
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1998 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 17. cildinde, 322-323 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.