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HUMBARACI Skip to content HUMBARACI Osmanlı Devleti’nde bir askerî sınıf.
Müellif: Ahmet Halaçoğlu
Farsça hum-i pâre den (içine para konan küp) bozma olan humbara (kumbara ) askerî terim olarak demirden yapılmış, içine patlayıcı madde doldurulan yuvarlak bir çeşit merminin adıdır. Farklı ağırlıklarda ve büyüklükte olan humbaraların el ile atılanlarına “humbara-i dest” (humbara-i ma‘den-i dest), havanla atılanlarına “humbara-i kebîr” adı verilirdi. Bu mermiyi havan topu vasıtasıyla kullanan topçuya humbaracı (kumbaracı ), bunu yapan ve kullananların bağlı bulunduğu ocağa da Humbaracı Ocağı denirdi.
Kapıkulu ocaklarının yaya kısmından olan humbaracı sınıfının XV ve XVI. yüzyıllar arasında kurulduğu tahmin edilmektedir. Mustafa Nûri Paşa’ya göre humbaranın icadı Fâtih Sultan Mehmed zamanında olmuş ve 1475 İşkodra Muhasarası’nda kullanılmıştır. Humbaracılar önceleri Topçu ve Cebeci ocaklarına bağlı olarak görev yapıyorlardı. 1578’de Topçu bölükbaşılarından Mustafa tüfek fitili ve el humbarası imalâthanesi kurmuştu. Daha sonra Topçu Ocağı’nda top falyaları, havan, büyük ve küçük humbaralar imali için bir dökmeci bölüğü de ihdas edilmişti (1078/1667).
Silâh yapımı, tamiriyle uğraşan, barut ve harp levazımatını tedarik edip hazırlayan sınıfların bulunduğu Cebeci Ocağı’nda da ayrı bir sınıf olarak humbara dökücüleri vardı (bk. CEBECİ ). 1098 (1687) yılı ulûfe defterlerine göre Cemâat-i Rihteciyân-ı Humbara adı altında yirmi bir humbara dökücüsü, 344 barutçu, on yedi kadar da lağımcı bulunuyordu.
Humbaracıların esas kısmı maaşlı değil timarlıydı. Timarlı olanlar devlet merkezinde bulunmayıp kalelerde hizmet ederlerdi. Bu humbaracıların âmiri merkezde bulunan humbaracıbaşıydı.
Önceleri bütün topçu kuvvetleri gibi devrin ihtiyaçlarına cevap verecek durumda bulunan humbaracılık XVII. yüzyıldan itibaren ihmale uğramış, özellikle 1100’den (1689) sonra önemini iyice kaybetmeye başlamıştır. Bundan dolayı humbaracılığın Avrupa’daki gelişmesi göz önünde tutularak ıslahı düşünüldü. I. Mahmud zamanında humbaracıbaşı tayin edilen Fransız asıllı Ahmed Paşa (Comte de Bonneval) ıslah işiyle görevlendirildi. Vezîriâzam Hekimoğlu Ali Paşa’nın sadrazamlığı döneminde 1146 (1733) yılında Ahmed Paşa’nın çalışmaları ile ulûfeli humbaracı teşkilâtının Avrupaî tarzda ıslahına başlandı. Bu tarihten itibaren belgelerde Humbaracı Ocağı adıyla anılan yeni bir teşkilât oluşturuldu ve doğrudan sadrazamın nezaretine bırakıldı. Mîr-i mîrânlık rütbesiyle humbaracıbaşılık görevi de Ahmed Paşa’ya verildi. Ayrıca ulûfeli humbaracılar için Üsküdar’da Ayazma Sarayı’nda bir imalâthane ve bir kışla yapıldı (1147/1734).
Humbaracıbaşı Ahmed Paşa’nın yeni askerî teşkilât için koyduğu esaslar bir telhisle I. Mahmud’a arzedildi. Buna dair I. Mahmud’un hatt-ı hümâyunu ile telhis ve nizamnâme sûreti Subhi’nin Târih’inde (vr. 58b ) bulunmaktadır. Burada ulûfeli Humbaracı Ocağı’nın teşkilâtı, teçhizatı, elbiseleri ve emeklilikleri yeni bir nizama bağlanmaktaydı. Ulûfeli Humbaracı Ocağı için Bosna taraflarında 300 nefer alındı. Böylece 300’ü ulûfeli ve 301’i zeâmet ve timar sahibi olmak üzere humbaracıların sayısı 601 neferi buldu.
Ahmed Paşa’nın hazırladığı kanunnâme gereğince ulûfeli humbaracılardan her 100 kişi bir oda teşkil etmek üzere bir ocak meydana getirildi. Her odaya bir odabaşı (yüzbaşı), iki ellibaşı, üç otuzbaşı, on onbaşı, vekilharç, imam, hoca, çavuş, tabip, cerrah, yazıcı, davulcu vb. olmak üzere yirmi beş kişi tayin edildi. Alaybaşı da denilen humbaracıbaşının yevmiyesi 360, neferlerin yevmiyesi ise 18 akçe olarak belirlenmişti. Böylece ulûfeli 300 neferin yıllık ulûfeleri 15.930 kuruş, alaybaşının 1062 kuruş hesap edilmişti. Önceden bu rakam 300 nefer için yıllık 8121 kuruş gibi az bir meblağdı. Yine aynı nizamnâmeye göre Humbaracı Ocağı zâbit ve neferleri piyade olacak, ferman olmadıkça ata binmeyeceklerdi. Sıkı bir tâlimle eğitilecek olan humbaracılardan eğitimlerini bitirenler Vidin, Niş, Hotin, Azak ve Bosna gibi serhad kalelerine humbaracıbaşı tayin edilebileceklerdi.
Ahmed Paşa’nın humbaracılık sanatındaki eğitim ve öğretimi hesap ve hendeseye dayanmaktaydı. Hendesehâne diye de anılan Humbarahâne’de aynı zamanda geometri dersi veriliyor, böylece hasekilerden ve Boğaziçi bostancılarından seçilmiş talebe ile Humbarahâne bir askerî okul şeklini almış oluyordu. Diğer taraftan Humbaracıbaşı Ahmed Paşa bu faaliyetleri esnasında zamanın en ileri tekniğine uygun 100 adet humbara havanı ve 50.000 adet humbara döktürmüştü. Ayrıca 32 kıyye çapında 8250 ve 18 kıyye çapında 5200 humbara dânesinin tersane imalâthanelerinde döktürülerek Tophane’ye teslimi için emir verilmişti. Ancak onun ölümünden sonra ocak ihmale uğradı. I. Abdülhamid döneminin sadrazamlarından Halil Hamîd Paşa tarafından ocağın ıslahına çalışıldıysa da iyi bir sonuç elde edilemedi. III. Selim zamanında humbaracılar ve lağımcılara mahsus kanunnâmeler hazırlatılarak bunlara asrın ihtiyaçlarına uygun bir düzen verilmeye çalışıldı. 1792’de Halıcıoğlu’nda Humbarahâne inşa edildi. Bu kışlanın Sütlüce tarafı lağımcı (istihkâm) efradına, Hasköy tarafı humbaracı neferlerine mahsus olmak üzere ikiye ayrıldı. Bu iki sınıf asker için ayrı ayrı nizamnâmeler hazırlandı, timar ve zeâmetler tahsis edildi.
1207 (1792) tarihli Humbaracı Ocağı kanunnâmesine göre her elli humbara için onar nefer humbaracıdan 500 humbaracı ve beşer kişiden 250 mülâzım tertip ediliyor, her on neferin biri halife, dokuzu yamak sayıldıktan sonra beş nefer üzerine “serhalife” adıyla bir zâbit, ocağa bir kethüdâ, bir çavuş ve bir alemdar tayin ediliyordu. Ayrıca maaşlar, azil, nasp ve terfi usulleri, teçhizatla emeklilik yeni baştan düzenleniyordu.
III. Selim, tahta geçişinin ilk yıllarından itibaren humbara tâlimlerine çok önem vermişti. 1210’da (1795) humbaracılara bağlı olmak üzere Mühendishâne-i Berrî-i Hümâyun’u kurdu. Bu sırada talebenin sayısı seksen, humbaracıların sayısı 200 idi. Sonradan talebe kırka indirilmiştir. Mahlûl zeâmet ve timarlar sayıları 500’e çıkarılan humbaracılara verildiği gibi humbaracıbaşılık boşalırsa yerine bir defa mühendislerden, bir defa da ocak ağalarından birinin getirilmesi ve bu makamın Mühendishâne’ye bağlanması kabul edilmiştir. 1797’de çıkarılan nizamnâme ile de ocak daha mükemmel teşkilâta kavuşturulmuştur. Humbaracılar bu dönemde bazı iç olaylara karıştılar. III. Selim aleyhine çıkan ve padişahın tahttan indirilip şehid edilmesiyle sonuçlanan Kabakçı Mustafa İsyanı’nda âsilere yardım ettilerse de II. Mahmud zamanında yeniçerilere karşı hükümet tarafını tuttular.
Asâkir-i Mansûre-i Muhammediyye’nin teşkili sırasında (1826) Topçu, Lağımcı ve Humbaracı ocakları kaldırılmayıp yeni bir düzenlemeye gidildi. Topçubaşılık Tophâne-i Âmire Müşirliği haline getirilince Humbaracı Ocağı da buraya bağlı ayrı bir askerî birlik oldu. 1832’de iki tabur halinde bir humbara alayı mevcuttu. 1836’da burada 109’u sipahi, 229’u yaya olmak üzere 338 kişi görev yapıyordu.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
BA, MD , nr. 33, s. 237; nr. 34, s. 59-60. BA, İbnülemin-Askerî, nr. 1165. BA, Cevdet-Saray, nr. 8426. BA, Cevdet-Askerî, nr. 27324, 33101, 45137. Subhî, Târih , vr. 58a vd.Teşrîfât-ı Kadîme , s. 131. Cevdet, Târih , I, 37; III, 185; VI, 356 vd. Mustafa Nûri Paşa, Netâyicü’l-vukūât, İstanbul 1327, I, 63; III, 87, 91; IV, 111. Mehmed Râif, Mir’ât-ı İstanbul, İstanbul 1314, s. 554, 555, 556, 557. Ahmed Refik [Altınay], Tesâvîr-i Ricâl, İstanbul 1331, s. 85 vd.Türkiye Maarif Tarihi , I, 49. Uzunçarşılı, Kapukulu Ocakları , II, 117-133. Adıvar, Osmanlı Türklerinde İlim , s. 123, 161, 186. Hayriye Miskioğlu, Humbaracıbaşı Ahmed Paşa (mezuniyet tezi, 1948), İÜ Ed.Fak. Tarih Seminer Kitaplığı, nr. 431. Ahmet Halaçoğlu, Humbaracı Ocağı ve Humbaracıbaşı Ahmed Paşa’nın Hayatı, Islahatları (mezuniyet tezi, 1982), İÜ Ed.Fak. Tarih Seminer Kitaplığı, nr. 3533. Mehmed Ârif, “Humbaracıbaşı Ahmed Paşa (Bonneval)”, TOEM , III/18 (1328), s. 1153-1157. Pakalın, I, 854-855. M. Cavid Baysun, “Ahmed Paşa Bonneval”, İA , I, 199. a.mlf., “Kumbaracı”, a.e. , VI, 982-985. Cengiz Orhonlu, “K̲h̲umbarad̲j̲i”, EI2 (İng.), V, 52-53.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1998 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 18. cildinde, 349-350 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
Müellif: Süleyman Faruk Göncüoğlu
Humbaracılar Mezarlığı. Günümüzde Beyoğlu’na bağlı Sütlüce mahallesinde olup humbaracı askerlerinin defnedilmesiyle oluşmuştur. Halen Karaağaç Mezarlığı adıyla anılmaktadır. Doğuda Sandalcı Kerim, batıda Birinci Hamam ve güneyde İkinci Hamam sokakları ile sınırlı olan 2716. parsel içerisinde yer alır.
II. Abdülhamid albümlerinde Sütlüce bölgesini gösteren bir fotoğrafa göre Humbaracılar Mezarlığı mevcut mezarlığın kuzeyinde bulunuyordu (Yıldız Sarayı Fotoğraf Albümleri, nr. 90.753/7. c [34]). Yeniçerilik teşkilâtında Humbaracılar cemaati olarak anılan askerî sınıf için 1759 yılında Haliç kıyısında ikinci defa kurulan Humbarahane ve Hendesehane döneminde oluşmaya başlayan mezarlık, III. Selim tarafından 1792’de Humbaracılar Kışlası’nın inşa ettirilmesi üzerine sadece humbaracıların defnedildiği bir mezarlık haline gelmiştir. Daha sonraki yıllarda topçular, XIX. yüzyıl ortalarından itibaren de bölgede yaşayan halk ve ulemâ bu mezarlığa gömülmeye başlanmıştır. Nitekim halen mezarlık içerisinde Sokullu, Arapkirli ve Kara Mustafa Paşa aile sofaları mevcuttur.
Yakın geçmişte yeni kabir yerleri açılarak tarihî dokusu bozulan ve tahrip edilen Humbaracılar Mezarlığı 1980’li yıllardan itibaren daha hızlı bir değişime uğramış, humbaracı mezar taşları yeni kabirler açmak için kırılmış ve toprağa gömülmüştür. 1996’da yapılan bir tesbitte mezarlıktan yedi adet humbaracı mezar taşı kalmışken 1997 yılı Haziranında sadece iki humbaracı taşı toprak altından çıkarılmıştır. Halen burada Osmanlı dönemine ait aile sofaları dışında toplam on üç mezar taşı bulunmaktadır.
Üzerinde herhangi bir remiz yer almamakla beraber ayrı bir şekle sahip olan, kavuk kısmı ile dikkati çeken humbaracı taşlarında kavuklar ön ve arka taraflarından hafif basık silindirik bir biçimde olup kırmızıya boyanmıştır. Kavukların yaklaşık olarak uzunluğu 16 ile 20 cm. arasında değişmektedir; şâhide yükseklikleri de 2 ile 3 metredir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Yıldız Sarayı Fotoğraf Albümleri, İÜ Ktp., nr. 90.753/7. c (34). Mahmud Raif Efendi, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Yeni Nizamların Cetveli (nşr. ve trc. Arslan Terzioğlu – Hüsrev Hatemi), İstanbul 1988, s. 21-22. [Maddenin hazırlanmasında esas olarak Necdet İşli’nin yeniçeri mezar taşlarıyla ilgili yayımlanmamış çalışmasından faydalanılmıştır.]
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1998 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 18. cildinde, 350-351 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.