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HUZÂA (Benî Huzâa) Skip to content Kahtânîler’e mensup bir Arap kabilesi.
Huzâa kabilesinin soyu ve şeceresi üzerinde ensâb ve İslâm tarihi âlimleri ittifak edememiştir. Büyük çoğunluk menşeini Güney Arabistan’daki Kahtânîler’e bağlarken bazıları kabilenin Adnânîler’in bir kolu olduğunu ileri sürer. İbn Hazm, Huzâa’nın Adnânîler’den geldiğinde şüphe bulunmadığını belirtir (Cemhere , s. 235). Bu görüşü delillendirmek üzere birtakım hadisler nakledilmiştir (Buhârî, “Cihâd”, 78, “Enbiyâʾ”, 12, “Menâḳıb”, 9). Huzâa’nın Kahtân soyundan olduğu görüşünü savunanlar ise genellikle şu şekilde bir şecere verirler: Huzâa b. Amr b. Lühay (Rebîa) b. Hârise b. Amr Müzeykıyâ b. Âmir b. Hârise b. İmruülkays b. Sa‘lebe b. Mâzin b. Ezd. Kabilenin menşeini Güney Arabistan’a bağlayanlara göre, yaklaşık V. yüzyılda San‘a’daki Me’rib Seddi’nin yıkılacağı anlaşılınca aralarında Huzâa’nın da bulunduğu Ezd kabileleri topluca kuzeye doğru göçmüşler, Mekke civarına geldiklerinde diğer kardeş kabileler daha kuzeye doğru yollarına devam ederken Huzâa burada onlardan ayrılıp “geride kalmış” (inhazea/tehazzea) ve bundan dolayı o tarihten itibaren Huzâa adını almıştır. Huzâa’nın soyu konusunda birbirine zıt bu iki görüşü birleştirme çabasında olan rivayetler de nakledilmiştir. Belâzürî’nin yazdığına göre Kamea (Umeyr) b. İlyâs, kardeşleriyle arasında çıkan bir ihtilâf dolayısıyla Yemen’e göç ederek Ezd kabilesiyle ittifak kurmuş, bu sebeple soyu Ezd’e nisbet edilmiştir (Ensâb , I, 35). Süheylî ise Lühay henüz küçük yaşta iken babası Kamea’nın ölümü üzerine annesinin Yemenli Hârise ile evlendiğini ve Hârise’nin Lühayy’i evlât edindiğini söyleyerek böylece iki yönden de nesebin doğru olduğunu, kabileyi Kahtân’a bağlayan şecerenin Lühayy’i evlât edinmesi itibariyle Hârise’ye, Adnân’a bağlayan şecerenin ise onun öz babası olması hasebiyle Kamea’ya dayandığını belirtir (er-Ravżü’l-ünüf , I, 100).
Kaynaklarda mübalağalı bir şekilde 300, hatta 500 yıl sürdüğü nakledilen Huzâa’nın Mekke hâkimiyetinin nasıl başladığı konusundaki rivayetler de farklılık göstermektedir. Bunlardan genellikle benimsenen rivayete göre Güney Arabistan’dan göç sırasında Mekke yakınlarındaki Merrüzzahrân’da konaklayan kabile, o sırada Mekke’ye sahip olan Cürhümlüler’den geçici oturma izni istemiş ve talebinin reddedilmesi üzerine çıkan çatışmada galip gelerek bölgeye yerleşmiştir. Bunun ardından Cürhüm ile Huzâa’nın Mekke’de bir süre beraberce yaşadığı anlaşılmaktadır. Huzâa reislerinden Lühay (Rebîa) b. Hârise, Cürhüm’ün son reisi Hâris b. Mudâd’ın kızı Füheyre ile evlenmiş ve bu evlilikten Amr b. Lühay doğmuştur. Bu evlilik ise Kâbe’nin idaresini meşrû yoldan ele geçirebilmek için yapılmıştır. Nitekim Amr b. Lühay büyüyünce Cürhüm’ün zulüm ve ahlâksızlıklarını, hacılara revâ gördüğü haksızlıkları ileri sürerek Kâbe’nin muhafızlığında hak sahibi olduğunu iddia etmiş, bunun üzerine çıkan savaşta Cürhüm kesin bir yenilgiye uğrayarak şehirden ayrılmak zorunda kalmıştır. Bu sırada İsmâiloğulları sayılarının azlığı sebebiyle savaşa karışmamış, daha sonra Huzâa ile anlaşarak şehirdeki varlıklarını sürdürmüşlerdir.
Mekke’de Huzâa hâkimiyetini kurarak büyük bir itibar kazanan Amr b. Lühay, Hz. İsmâil’in tebliğ ettiği tevhid dinini bozan, gittiği Belkā’dan Hübel putunu getirip Kâbe’nin yanına dikerek şehre putperestliği sokan ve bahîre, vasîle, sâibe, hâmî âdetlerini koyan kişi olarak bilinir (bk. AMR b. LÜHAY ). Onunla birlikte kabile kalabalıklaşıp güçlenmiş ve birçok kola ayrılmıştır. Bu kollar arasında en güçlüsü Kâ‘b b. Amr oğulları idi.
Huzâa, zaman zaman Kâbe muhafızlığının Araplar arasında siyasî, dinî ve iktisadî yönden sağladığı üstünlük imkânını elde etmek için Mekke idaresine göz diken çeşitli kabilelerin saldırısına uğradı. Amr b. Lühayy’in ölümünden sonra yerine geçen oğlu Kâ‘b zamanında Kays Aylân bu maksatla şehrin üzerine yürümüş, fakat mağlûp olarak çekilmek zorunda kalmıştı. Acelân bölgesinde de Benî Hüzeyl ile bir çarpışma meydana gelmişti. Kureyş ile yapılan muharebe ise Mekke idaresi açısından Huzâa’nın sonu olmuştur. Kureyş reisi Kusay b. Kilâb, Kâbe muhafızı Huleyl b. Hubşiyye’nin kızı Hubbâ ile evlenmişti. Huleyl yaşlılığı dolayısıyla görevlerini yürütemez duruma düşünce Kâbe’nin anahtarlarını kızı Hubbâ’ya verdi; böylece Kusay karısı vasıtasıyla elde ettiği anahtarlarla Kâbe’yi açıp kapatmaya başladı. Huleyl’in ölümü üzerine Kusay Kâbe muhafızlığını tamamen sahiplenmek isteyince Huzâa buna karşı çıktı; Kusay da Kinâneoğulları’nın ve Kudâa’nın yardımlarıyla Huzâa’ya karşı savaş açtı. Diğer bir rivayette ise bu savaşın sebebi olarak Kusayy’ın Kâbe’nin anahtarlarını bir tulum şarap karşılığında Ebû Gubşân el-Huzâî’den satın alması ve Huzâa’nın bunu kabul etmemesi gösterilir. Ebtah’ta yapılan savaşta her iki taraftan pek çok kişi ölmüş, fakat bir sonuca varılamamıştı. Bunun üzerine anlaşmazlığı halletmesi için iki tarafın rızâsı ile Ya‘mer b. Avf b. Kâ‘b’ın (eş-Şeddâh) hükmüne başvuruldu. Ya‘mer idare hususunda Kusayy’ın lehine karar verdi; ancak Huzâa için de Mekke hareminde oturabilme ruhsatı tanıdı. Böylece bu tarihten itibaren hâkimiyet Huzâa’nın elinden çıkmış ve Kusayy’ın şahsında Kureyş’e geçmiştir. Yapılan antlaşma ile Huzâa’ya Mekke’de oturma izni verilmiş olmasına rağmen kabile mensuplarının birçoğu Hicaz’ın diğer yerlerine dağıldılar ve daha çok Merrüzzahrân’dan Medine yakınlarındaki Hâşâ dağına kadar olan kesime yerleştiler. Acelân, Erâk ve su kaynakları ile bahçelerinin bolluğuyla meşhur Kudeyd en önemli bölgeleriydi. Mekke’de ikamet eden Huzâalılar da vardı. Bunlardan Hz. Peygamber döneminde yaşayan Büdeyl b. Verkā yüksek bir itibara sahipti.
Kusayy’ın önderliğindeki Kureyş ile Huzâa arasında yapılan savaşın doğurduğu kin ve nefretin zamanla kaybolduğu ve yerini dostane münasebetlere bıraktığı anlaşılmaktadır. Kureyş’in hacla ilgili bir uygulamasından ortaya çıkan hums sınıfına Kureyş’in yanında Huzâa da girmişti. Huzâa’nın kollarından Mustaliḳ ve Hayâ, Kureyş’le ittifakı olan kabileler topluluğu (Ehâbîş) içerisinde yer alıyordu. Nitekim Abdülmuttalib’in Mekke idaresi sırasında şehre hücum eden Benî Bekir b. Abdümenât’a karşı Zâtü Nekîf’te meydana gelen çarpışmaya Ehâbîş’in üyesi sıfatıyla onlar da katılmış ve Benî Bekir ağır bir bozguna uğratılmıştı. Ayrıca Abdülmuttalib ile Huzâa arasında Kâbe’nin içinde yazılıp duvarına asıldığı söylenen özel bir ittifak antlaşması vardı. Huzâalılar daha sonra zaman zaman Resûl-i Ekrem’e bu antlaşmadan söz etmiş, hatta yazılı metnini göstermişlerdi. Hâşimoğulları ile Huzâa’nın bazı kolları arasında yapıldığı anlaşılan bu dostluk antlaşması dolayısıyla Huzâa’dan birçok kişi İslâm’a girmeden önce de Hz. Peygamber’e iyi davranmıştır.
Mekke ile yakın irtibatının bulunması sebebiyle Huzâa kabilesi, Resûlullah’ın İslâm’a davet faaliyetinden daha ilk anlarda haberdar olmuştu. Bu münasebetle ilk müslümanlar arasında Huzâalı bazı şahsiyetleri görmek mümkündür. Bunlardan Muattib b. Avf b. Âmir (Ayhâme b. Küleyb) önce Habeşistan’a, daha sonra Medine’ye hicret etmiş ve Bedir Gazvesi’ne katılmıştır. Hicret sırasında Huzâa’ya bağlı Eslemliler’in arazisinden geçerken bu kabilenin reisi Büreyde b. Husayb tarafından yolu kesilen Hz. Peygamber büyük bir tehlike atlatmış, fakat kısa bir konuşmanın ardından Büreyde’yi ve adamlarını müslüman ederek onların muhafızlığı ile emniyet içinde Medine’ye ulaşmıştır. Bu olayın ardından Büreyde vasıtasıyla İslâmiyet’in Eslem arasında yayıldığı anlaşılmaktadır. Büreyde daha sonra da İslâm’a önemli hizmetlerde bulunmuştur. Bedir şehidleri arasında Huzâalılar’dan Züşşimâleyn b. Abdü Amr da vardı; buna karşılık bazı Huzâalılar düşman saflarında yer almıştı. Kureyş, Uhud Gazvesi için Mekke’den hareket ettiği zaman duruma şahit olan Huzâa’nın meşhur şairi Amr b. Sâlim, yanında kabilesinden bir grupla Medine’ye giderek durumu Hz. Peygamber’e bildirmiştir. Uhud’da şehid düşen ilk sahâbî Huzâa’dan Muhammed b. Müslim’dir. Uhud Gazvesi’nin ardından Ebû Süfyân’a müslümanların büyük bir orduyla kendilerini takip ettiğini söyleyerek onların telâş içinde Mekke’ye dönmesini sağlayan da Ma‘bed el-Huzâî olmuştur. O sırada büyük çoğunluğu müslüman olan Eslemliler Medine’ye hicret emrine uyacaklarını bildirmişler, ancak stratejik konumları ve Kureyş’i yakından takip etme imkânına sahip olmaları sebebiyle Resûl-i Ekrem’den yurtlarından ayrılmamaları tâlimatını almışlardır. Ayrıca Hz. Peygamber’in İslâm’a samimi bağlılığı dolayısıyla, “Allah Eslem’e selâmet versin” şeklinde hayır duada bulunduğu bilinmektedir (Buhârî, “İstisḳāʾ”, 2).
İslâm’a karşı Eslem’in ve genelde Huzâa kabilesinin bu müsbet tavrına karşılık onun bir kolu olan Benî Mustaliḳ, 5 (627) yılına kadar Ehâbîş’in bir üyesi sıfatıyla Kureyş müşriklerinin yanında yer aldı ve İslâm devleti için bir problem teşkil etti. Benî Mustaliḳ reisi Hâris b. Ebû Dırâr, Müreysî‘ suyu başında karargâh kurup müslümanlara karşı çevredeki kabileleri de kışkırtarak asker toplamaya başlamıştı. Bu faaliyetten haberdar olan Hz. Peygamber’in düzenlediği baskında Benî Mustaliḳ’ın birçoğu esir edildi, bazıları da öldürüldü. Esirler arasında bulunan reisin kızı Cüveyriye ile Resûl-i Ekrem’in yaptığı evlilik savaşın doğurduğu düşmanlığı hafifletmiş, ayrıca esirlerin karşılıksız serbest bırakılması sonucunda kabilenin hemen hemen tamamı müslüman olmuştur. Hendek Gazvesi için müşrikler Mekke’den Medine’ye doğru harekete geçtiklerinde Hz. Peygamber’e çok kısa zamanda durumu bildiren haberci grubu da Huzâa’ya mensuptu.
Resûl-i Ekrem’in 6 (628) yılındaki umre yolculuğu Kureyş’in engellemesi yüzünden Hudeybiye’de sona erince Huzâa’nın reislerinden Büdeyl b. Verkā gelip Hz. Peygamber’le görüşmüş, Mekke’ye dönüşünde de sırf Kâbe’yi tavaf amacıyla gelen insanları engellemenin doğru olmayacağını belirterek Kureyş eşrafına bu ziyareti kabul ettirmeye çalışmış, ancak onlardan sert tepki görmüştü. Hudeybiye’de imzalanan antlaşmaya göre Benî Bekir b. Abdümenât Kureyş’in yanında yer alırken Huzâa müslümanlara bağlı taraf oldu. Resûl-i Ekrem Hudeybiye’den döndükten sonra artık Huzâa’dan İslâm’a girmeyen kimse kalmamıştı. Bu gelişme, Huzâa ile yakın teması bulunan Kureyş müşriklerini ürkütmüş ve gelecek hakkında endişeye düşürüp Hudeybiye Antlaşması’nın şartlarını ihlâle sevketmiş olmalıdır. Benî Bekir ile Huzâa arasında Câhiliye döneminden beri süregelen bir kan davası vardı. Hudeybiye Antlaşması bu kan davasının bir tarafa bırakılmasını ve on yıllık bir barışı öngörmesine rağmen 8 (630) yılında Kureyş’in desteğini alan Benî Bekir Huzâa’ya bir gece baskını düzenledi. Vaktiyle Abdülmuttalib’le bir araya gelerek Hâşimoğulları-Huzâa antlaşmasına Huzâa adına imza koyan yaşlı reis Kâ‘b b. Amr’ın da öldürüldüğü bu baskından Huzâalılar canlarını Mekke’ye kaçıp Büdeyl b. Verkā’nın evine sığınarak kurtardılar. Huzâa, bu olayın intikamının alınması konusunda Medine’ye bir heyet göndererek Hz. Peygamber’e müracaat etti. Huzâa’ya karşı gerçekleştirilen bu katliam Mekke’nin fethiyle sonuçlanan bir sefere yol açmış ve Huzâa’dan Kâ‘b b. Amr oğulları da (Kâ‘boğulları) Kudeyd’de 500 kişilik bir kuvvetle İslâm ordusuna katılmıştı.
Fetihten sonra Resûl-i Ekrem, Mekke’nin harem bölgesini belirleyen taşları (alem) yenileme işini Huzâa’dan Temîm b. Üseyd’e verdi. Asr-ı saâdet’te zekât âmilliği gibi görevler yapmış başka Huzâalılar da vardır. Huzâalılar bu tür görevlere Hz. Ebû Bekir ve Ömer dönemlerinde de getirilmiştir. Hz. Ömer, divan teşkilâtını kurduktan sonra bizzat kendisi Kudeyd’e gelir ve burada divana göre bütün Huzâalılar’ın haklarını dağıtırdı. Kûfe ve Basra şehirleri kurulduğu zaman bazı Huzâalılar buralarda topluca ayrı mahallelere yerleştiler. Kûfe’de vefat eden son sahâbî Eslem’den Abdullah b. Ebû Evfâ idi. Kûfe ve Basra divanlarında görevli olan Abdullah b. Halef de Huzâa’ya mensuptu; oğlu Talha ise Sicistan divanında görev yapmıştır. Hz. Osman’a karşı girişilen isyana bazı Huzâalılar da katıldı; bunlardan Amr b. Hamık halifenin öldürülmesinde rol oynamıştır.
Hz. Ali döneminde Huzâa kabilesinin büyük bir kısmı onun saflarında yer almış, buna rağmen Sıffîn’de bazı Huzâalılar Muâviye tarafında çarpışmıştır. Adî b. Amr oğullarından Abdullah b. Büdeyl b. Verkā, bazı Huzâalılar’ın katıldığı bu savaşta Hz. Ali’nin sağ cenah kumandanı ve Irak kurrâsının etrafında toplandığı üç önemli şahsiyetten biri idi. Sa‘d b. Sâriye, Hz. Ali adına sâhibü’ş-şurta olarak bir süre görev yapmış, ardından Azerbaycan’a vali tayin edilmiştir. Huzâa’nın Hz. Ali’ye bağlılığı daha sonra da devam etmiş, onun taraftarları arasında daima pek çok Huzâalı bulunmuştur. Tevvâbîn’in reisi Süleyman b. Surad da bu kabiledendi. Sayıları az olmakla birlikte Emevî idaresinde görev alan Huzâalılar da vardır. Öte yandan Abbâsîler’in Emevî idaresine karşı başlattıkları ihtilâlde Huzâa’nın rolü büyük oldu. İhtilâlin öncüsü Muhammed b. Ali b. Abdullah b. Abbas, 103 (721) veya 104 (722) yılında Horasan’da ayaklanma faaliyetlerini yürütmek üzere bir araya toplattığı yetmiş kişiden seçtiği on iki nakibin beşi Huzâa’dandı. Ebû Müslim-i Horasânî 129’da (747) Merv bölgesinde Huzâa’ya ait bir köyü karargâh yapmış ve etrafa propagandacılarını göndermişti. Huzâalılar bu çağrıya uyup destek vermekte gecikmediler. Bu sebeple ihtilâlin başlangıcında Huzâa birtakım mevkiler elde etti. Ancak Abbâsîler’in iktidara tamamen sahip olmasından sonra Huzâa’nın verdiği desteğe uygun bir karşılık görmediği anlaşılmaktadır.
Mısır, Mağrib ve Endülüs’ün fethine Huzâalılar da katıldığı için bu ülkelerde, özellikle Endülüs’te yerleşmiş birçok Huzâalı vardı. Bunlar bu ülkelerde uzun süre kabilelerinin varlığını sürdürmüşlerdir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1998 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 18. cildinde, 431-433 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.