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İBN ABDÜRABBİH Skip to content Ebû Ömer Şihâbüddîn Ahmed b. Muhammed b. Abdirabbih b. Habîb el-Kurtubî el-Endelüsî (ö. 328/940)
el-ʿİḳdü’l-ferîd adlı eseriyle tanınan Endülüslü âlim ve şair.
10 Ramazan 246’da (28 Kasım 860) Kurtuba’da (Córdoba) doğdu. Atalarından Sâlim, Endülüs Emevî emîrlerinden Hişâm b. Abdurrahman’ın âzatlısı idi. İlk öğrenimine muhtemelen, Endülüs’ün ileri gelen fakih ve muhaddislerinden olan büyük kardeşi Ebû Bekir Yahyâ’nın yanında başladı. Kahire, Bağdat, Dımaşk, Kudüs, Halep gibi Doğu İslâm merkezlerine gidilmeden ilim öğrenilemeyeceği görüşünün yaygın olduğu bu dönemde Endülüs’te kalarak Bakī b. Mahled, Muhammed b. Abdüsselâm el-Huşenî ve Muhammed b. Vaddâh gibi âlimlerin öğrencisi oldu. Kısa zamanda fıkıh ve hadis öğrenimini tamamlayıp ders vermeye başladı. Bir yandan da şiir, edebiyat ve mûsikiyle ilgilendi. Geniş fıkıh bilgisi yanında irticâlen şiir söyleyecek kadar güçlü bir şair olan İbn Abdürabbih devlet büyükleri ve önde gelen kimseler için birçok şiir yazdı ve bu sayede refah içinde yaşadı. Endülüs emîrleri ve Kurtuba eşrafının köşk ve saraylarında seçkin bir yer edindi. Hayatının sonlarına doğru felç oldu; 18 Cemâziyelevvel 328’de (1 Mart 940) Kurtuba’da vefat etti.
Şöhretini el-ʿİḳdü’l-ferîd adlı eserine borçlu olan İbn Abdürabbih hayatta iken daha çok şairliğiyle tanınmıştır. İbn Saîd el-Mağribî’ye göre Endülüs şair ve ediplerinin önde gelenlerindendir (Râyâtü’l-müberrizîn , s. 77). Günümüze intikal eden bazı şiirleri Endülüs şiirinin en iyi örneklerinden sayılan İbn Abdürabbih’in Halife II. Hakem’in emriyle derlenmiş olan divanının kaybolması onun sanat yönünün meçhul kalmasına sebep olmuştur. Humeydî, bir kısmı kendi el yazısıyla olan divanının yirmi cüzden fazlasını gördüğünü söyler (Ceẕvetü’l-muḳtebis , I, 164). Şiirlerinde methiye, mersiye, hiciv ve gazel gibi klasik temaların yanında pastoral, duygusal, dinî ve ahlâkî konulara da yer vermiştir. Hazırcevaplığıyla tanınan İbn Abdürabbih’in birçok şiiri âdeta darbımesel haline gelmişti.
Endülüs Emevî Halifesi III. Abdurrahman’ın 300-322 yılları arasında yaptığı savaşları anlatan 445 beyitlik urcûzesi (el-ʿİḳdü’l-ferîd , IV, 501-527) kahramanlık şiirlerinin en uzun örneklerinden biri olarak kabul edilir. Şairin, beyit ve kafiye bağımsızlığı sebebiyle uzun ve kolay şiir yazımına, ezber ve rivayete elverişli bulduğu (a.g.e. , IV, 500) recez vezninde kaleme aldığı bu şiir Margoliouth gibi bazı şarkiyatçılara göre Arap edebiyatında destan türünün en eski örneklerindendir. Bu urcûze James T. Monroe tarafından İngilizce’ye tercüme edilmiştir (bk. bibl.).
İbn Abdürabbih, aralarında Mütenebbî’nin de bulunduğu birçok ünlü şair tarafından takdir edilmiştir. Mütenebbî’nin savaşla ilgili şiirleriyle bazı kasidelerinin nesîblerinde İbn Abdürabbih’ten etkilendiği bilinmektedir. Aynı zamanda edip olan Büveyhî Veziri Ebü’l-Velîd İsmâil b. Abbâd, hac dönüşü Mağrib’e gitmek üzere uğradığı Fustat’ta Mütenebbî ile görüşürken Mütenebbî ondan İbn Abdürabbih’i kastederek Endülüs melikinin şiirlerini okumasını istemiş, aynı şiirleri tekrar tekrar okuttuktan sonra, “Ey İbn Abdürabbih, işte Irak, sana koşarak geliyor!” demişti.
Musammat adı verilen Arap şiir türünden veya İspanyol halk şiirinden esinlenilerek doğmuş olan müveşşah tarzında şiir yazan ilk Endülüslü şairin Mukaddem b. Muâfir olduğu ve onu İbn Abdürabbih’in takip ettiği, ancak müveşşahlarının kaybolduğu sanılmaktadır (İA , VIII, 867). İbn Abdürabbih yaşlanınca gençliğinde yazdığı eğlence türü (lehviyyât) şiirlerinden dolayı pişmanlık duyarak aynı vezin ve kafiyede “mümahhısât” (günahları silenler) adını verdiği zühd, takvâ ve öğüt kabilinden şiirler kaleme almıştır (Humeydî, I, 165).
İbn Abdürabbih’in hayatı, sanatı ve el-ʿİḳdü’l-ferîd adlı eseri hakkında birçok çalışma yapılmış olup bunların bazıları şunlardır: Cebrâil Süleyman Cebbûr, İbn ʿAbdirabbih ve ʿİḳdüh (Beyrut 1979, 2. baskı); Ali İbrâhim Ebû Zeyd, el-Mümaḥḥıṣât fî şiʿri İbn ʿAbdirabbih el-Endelüsî (Kahire 1986); A. Wormhoudt – W. Penn-College, al-ʿIkd al-farīd: Selections, English & Arabic (1981, 1989); W. Werkmeister, Quellenuntersuchungen zum Kitāb al-ʿIqd al-farīd des Andalusiers Ibn ʿAbdrabbih (Berlin 1983).
Eserleri. İbn Abdürabbih’in en meşhur eseri el-ʿİḳdü’l-ferîd ’dir. Siyaset, edebiyat, tarih, nevâdir, ahlâk, mizah, nükte, fıkra, mûsiki ve eğlence gibi çok değişik konular hakkında bilgi veren eser bir genel kültür ansiklopedisi ve bir antoloji mahiyetindedir. Müellif, eserin yazılış amacını ve kendinden önceki eserlerden farkını anlattığı uzun mukaddimede kitaba “eşsiz gerdanlık” anlamında el-ʿİḳdü’l-ferîd adını verdiğini söylediği halde bazı yeni araştırmalarda eserin asıl adının el-ʿİḳd olduğu, “el-ferîd” sıfatının müstensihler tarafından ilâve edildiği ileri sürülmektedir. İbn Abdürabbih, uzun yıllar uğraşarak kaleme aldığı yirmi beş bölümden (kitab) meydana gelen eserini yirmi beş mücevherden oluşan gerdanlığa benzetmiş, kitabın ortasını teşkil eden on üçüncü bölüme gerdanlığın en kıymetli taşı olan “el-vâsıta”, her bölüme de bir mücevher adı vermiştir. Bölümlerin adları ve temsil ettikleri konuların sıralanışı şöyledir: “el-Lü’lüe” (hükümdarlık), “el-Ferîde” (savaşlar), “ez-Zebercede” (cömertlik), “el-Cümâne” (elçiler), “el-Mercâne” (hükümdarlarla sohbet), “el-Yâkūte” (ilim ve edebiyat), “el-Cevhere” (atasözleri), “ez-Zümürrüde” (mev‘iza ve zühd), “ed-Dürre” (tâziye ve mersiyeler), “el-Yetîme” (Araplar’ın soy kütüğü), “el-Ascede” (bedevî Araplar’ın sözleri), “el-Mücennebe” (güzel cevaplar), “el-Vâsıta” (hutbeler), “el-Mücennebetü’s-sâniye” (yazışmalar ve yazı malzemesi), “el-Ascedetü’s-sâniye” (halifeler), “el-Yetîmetü’s-sâniye” (Ziyâd b. Ebîh, Haccâc, Tâlibîler ve Bermekîler’le ilgili bilgiler), “ed-Dürretü’s-sâniye” (eyyâmü’l-Arab), “ez-Zümürrüdetü’s-sâniye” (şiir), “el-Cevheretü’s-sâniye” (aruz ve kafiye), “el-Yâkūtetü’s-sâniye” (müzik), “el-Mercânetü’s-sâniye” (kadınlar ve özellikleri), “el-Cümânetü’s-sâniye” (yalancı peygamberler, tufeyliler), “ez-Zebercedetü’s-sâniye” (insan ve hayvan karakterleri), “el-Ferîdetü’s-sâniye” (yiyecek ve içecekler), “el-Lü’lüetü’s-sâniye” (hediyeler, şakalar ve nükteler). Eserin birçok bölümünde esas unsuru şiir teşkil etmektedir. On sekiz ve on dokuzuncu bölümler aruz, kafiye ve şiir türlerine ayrılmıştır. İbn Abdürabbih, çeşitli konularda 200’den fazla şaire ait yaklaşık 10.000 örnek beyit yanında kendi şiirlerinden de birçok örnek vermiştir. On üçüncü bölüm meşhur hatiplerin hutbelerine ayrılmıştır. Diğer bölümlerde de hitabet örneklerine rastlanmaktadır. Yazışmalar, yazı malzemesi, kâtipler ve kâtiplerde bulunması gereken özelliklerden önemle söz edilmiş, bazı meşhur tevkī‘ örnekleri zikredilmiştir. Eserde İslâm tarihiyle ilgili olarak değişik yerlerde verilen bilgiler büyük bir yekün tutar. el-ʿİḳdü’l-ferîd , daha çok Doğu İslâm dünyasına ait bilgileri Endülüslüler’e aktarmak amacıyla yazılmakla birlikte I. Abdurrahman’dan (750-788) III. Abdurrahman’a (912-961) kadar Endülüs Emevîleri’nin tarihini de kapsamaktadır. Yedinci bölümde Arap atasözlerini, sekizinci bölümde mev‘iza ve zühd konusunu ele alan yazar ahlâk ve dindarlık konularını gerçekçi bir yaklaşımla incelemiş, dünya ve âhiret işlerinin bir denge içinde sürdürülmesini tavsiye etmiştir. İbn Abdürabbih, okuyucuyu dinlendirmek ve yorulmadan okumasını temin etmek düşüncesiyle kitabın birçok yerinde zarif nükte ve fıkralara yer vermiştir. Mûsikiye tahsis ettiği yirminci bölümde mûsiki ve güzel sesin insan ruhu üzerindeki etkisini anlattıktan sonra konuyla ilgili hadisleri naklederek bu sanatla meşgul olmanın dinen bir sakıncası bulunmadığını, mûsiki mekruh ise ondan en çok Kur’an ve ezanın korunması gerektiğini, mekruh değilse ona en çok şiirin muhtaç olduğunu, Allah’ın insan ruhu için bir güzelden çıkan güzel sesten daha etkili bir şey yaratmadığını söyleyerek mûsiki hakkındaki kanaatini belirtir. Eserde döneminin sosyal hayatı, gelenek ve görenekleri, yiyecek ve içecekleri, sağlık ve tıp konuları, sihir, üfürükçülük, muska, göz değmesi, insan ve hayvan karakterleri, bölge ve şehirlerin özellikleri, kadın ve hususiyetleri gibi çok değişik konularda bilgiler bulunmaktadır.
Bazı araştırmacılara göre el-ʿİḳdü’l-ferîd İbn Kuteybe’nin ʿUyûnü’l-aḫbâr adlı eserinin bir tekrarı mahiyetindedir. el-ʿİḳdü’l-ferîd ’e ʿUyûnü’l-aḫbâr ’dan çok şey alındığı doğru olmakla beraber gerek yazılı Doğu İslâm kaynaklarından gerekse Endülüs’teki şifahî kaynaklardan bir hayli ilâve bilgiler de yer almaktadır. Ayrıca İbn Abdürabbih’in her bölümün baş tarafına “ferş” adıyla yaptığı giriş mahiyetindeki değerlendirmeler, İbn Kuteybe’ye Şuûbiyye konusunda yönelttiği tenkitler, ʿUyûnü’l-aḫbâr ’daki malzemeyi değişik yerlerde değişik maksatlar için kullanmış olması gibi sebeplerden dolayı onun eserine bir tekrar denemez. Eserin yazıldığı dönemde Endülüs’te sadece o bölgenin kültür ve tarihiyle ilgilenenlerle, Endülüs’le ilgilenmekle birlikte Doğu İslâm dünyasının ilim ve kültür değerlerini de aktarmak isteyenler şeklinde iki akım vardı. İbn Abdürabbih’in bu iki akımı birleştirdiği görülmektedir. el-ʿİḳdü’l-ferîd , naklettiği bilgilerin râvi zincirini kısaltmasına rağmen ʿUyûnü’l-aḫbâr ’dan daha hacimlidir. İbn Abdürabbih, ana kaynağı ʿUyûnü’l-aḫbâr olmakla birlikte Halîl b. Ahmed’in Kitâbü’l-ʿArûż ’u, Ebû Ubeyde Ma‘mer b. Müsennâ’nın en-Neḳāʾiż ve el-Eyyâm ’ı, Ebû Ubeyd Kāsım b. Sellâm’ın Kitâbü’l-Ems̱âl ’i, Câhiz’in el-Beyân ve’t-tebyîn ’i, Müberred’in el-Kâmil ’i, İbnü’l-Mukaffa‘ın Kelîle ve Dimne ’si ile el-Edebü’l-kebîr ve el-Edebü’ṣ-ṣaġīr ’i, Taberî’nin Târîḫu’l-ümem ve’l-mülûk ’ü, İbn Sellâm el-Cumahî’nin Ṭabaḳātü’ş-şuʿarâʾ sı gibi eserlerden de faydalanmıştır. Kitapta Tevrat ve İncil’den, Doğu kaynaklarında sık rastlanan İran ve Hint sözlerinden ve Aristo’dan nakiller de yer almaktadır. Müellifin kendinden öncekilerden yaptığı nakiller sayesinde el-ʿİḳdü’l-ferîd ilk dönem İslâm tarihinin siyasî, içtimaî iktisadî ve kültürel kaynaklarından biri olma özelliğine sahip bulunduğu gibi söz konusu nakilleri doğru, tam ve sağlıklı biçimde aktarması dolayısıyla kendisinin faydalandığı bu eserlerin neşri sırasında başvurulacak güvenilir bir kaynaktır. Nitekim ʿUyûnü’l-aḫbâr yayımlanırken el-ʿİḳdü’l-ferîd ’den istifade edilmiştir.
Eserde müstensihlerin ilâveleri sebebiyle bir kısım hatalar ve dönemin anlayışı gereği bazı hurafeler de mevcuttur. Meselâ bir yerde Muâviye vefat ederken oğlu Yezîd’in yanında olduğu (el-ʿİḳdü’l-ferîd , IV, 272), bir başka yerde ise aksi söylenmekte (a.g.e. , IV, 387), müellifin ölümünden sonra yaşamış Abbâsî halifeleri Râzî-Billâh, Müttakī-Lillâh, Müstekfî-Billâh ve Mutî‘-Lillâh’ın biyografileri verilmekte (a.g.e. , V, 129-131), Gatafân kabilesinden bir kişinin 190 yaşında saçının ve dişlerinin yeniden çıktığı ve gençleştiği nakledilmektedir. Sâhib b. Abbâd’ın el-ʿİḳdü’l-ferîd ’de yeni bir şey bulamadığını söylemesi, “Bu bizim malımızdı, iade edildi” anlamındaki âyeti (Yûsuf 12/65) temsil getirerek onun Doğu âlimlerinin eserlerinden alıntılar olduğunu telmih etmesi abartılı ve haksız bir eleştiridir. Zira eser, Endülüs tarihi ve sosyal hayatıyla ilgili olarak ihtiva ettiği bilgilerin yanı sıra başta İbn Abdürabbih’in kendisi olmak üzere Endülüslü şairlere ait şiirler dolayısıyla bir orijinallik taşımaktadır.
el-ʿİḳdü’l-ferîd İbşîhî’nin el-Müsteṭraf ’ı, İbn Haldûn’un Muḳaddime ’si, Kalkaşendî’nin Ṣubḥu’l-aʿşâ ’sı ve Abdülkādir el-Bağdâdî’nin Ḫizânetü’l-edeb ’i gibi birçok kitaba kaynak olmuştur. Eser, Ebû İshak İbrâhim b. Abdurrahman el-Vâdîâşî el-Kaysî ile İbn Manzûr tarafından ihtisar edilmiş, Mısır Millî Eğitim ile Mısır Kültür ve İrşad bakanlıkları tarafından birer muhtasarı yayımlanmıştır. İlki Bulak’ta 1263’te (1847) olmak üzere birçok defa basılan eserin (Kahire 1302, 1305, 1316, 1353) ilmî neşirleri Muhammed Saîd Aryân (I-VIII, Kahire 1940), Ahmed Emîn, Ahmed ez-Zeyn ve İbrâhim el-Ebyârî (I-VII, Kahire 1940-1953), Müfîd Muhammed Kumeyha ile Abdülmecid et-Terhînî (I-IX, Beyrut 1404/1983) tarafından yapılmıştır. Eserdeki kadınlarla ilgili bilgiler Abdümühennâ ve Semîr Câbir tarafından bir araya getirilerek Aḫbârü’n-nisâʾ fi’l-ʿİḳdi’l-ferîd adıyla yayımlanmıştır (Beyrut 1410/1990). Muhammed İbrâhim Sâlim Teʾdîbü’n-nâşiʾîn bi-edebi’d-dünyâ ve’d-dîn adıyla eserden bir seçme hazırlayıp yayımlamıştır (Kahire 1406/1985).
Humeydî, bir kısmı İbn Abdürabbih’in kendi el yazısı ile olan divanından yirmi cüzün üzerinde bir kısmını gördüğünü söylemekteyse de (Ceẕvetü’l-muḳtebis , I, 164) bu divan günümüze ulaşmamıştır. Şairin çeşitli kaynaklardan derlenen şiirleri Dîvânü İbn ʿAbdirabbih adıyla yayımlanmıştır (nşr. Muhammed Altuncî, Dımaşk 1397/1977; nşr. Muhammed Rıdvân ed-Dâye, Dımaşk 1399/1979, 1407/1987). Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn ’da İbn Abdürabbih’e nisbet edilen (II, 1543) el-Lübâb fî maʿrifeti’l-ʿilm ve’l-âdâb adlı bir eserin el-ʿİḳdü’l-ferîd ’in altıncı bölümünün bir parçası olduğu tahmin edilmektedir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbn Abdürabbih, el-ʿİḳdü’l-ferîd , I-VII.
a.mlf., Dîvân (nşr. Muhammed Altuncî), Dımaşk 1397/1977, neşredenin girişi, s. 3-49; a.e. (nşr. M. Rıdvân ed-Dâye), Dımaşk 1407/1987, neşredenin girişi, s. 5-15.
İbnü’l-Faradî, Târîḫu ʿulemâʾi’l-Endelüs (nşr. İbrâhim el-Ebyârî), Kahire 1403/1983, I, 87-88.
Seâlibî, Yetîmetü’d-dehr , II, 6-10.
Humeydî, Ceẕvetü’l-muḳtebis (nşr. İbrâhim el-Ebyârî), Kahire 1410/1989, I, 164-167.
Feth b. Hâkān el-Kaysî, Maṭmaḥu’l-enfüs (nşr. M. Ali Şevâbike), Beyrut 1403/1983, s. 51-53, 270-275.
Dabbî, Buġyetü’l-mültemis , I, 191-193.
Yâkūt, Muʿcemü’l-üdebâʾ , IV, 211-224.
İbn Dihye el-Kelbî, el-Muṭrib (nşr. İbrâhim el-Ebyârî v.dğr.), Kahire 1954, s. 151-156.
Brockelmann, GAL , I, 161; Suppl. , I, 250-251.
a.mlf., “İbn Abd Rabbihi”, İA , V/2, s. 693.
a.mlf., “Ibn ʿAbd Rabbih”, EI2 (İng.) , III, 676-677.
A. G. Palencia, Târîḫu’l-fikri’l-Endelüsî (trc. Hüseyin Mûnis), Kahire 1955, s. 169-172.
C. Zeydân, Âdâb (Dayf) , II, 177-178.
Hannâ Fâhûrî, Târîḫu’l-edebi’l-ʿArabî , Beyrut 1960, s. 826-828.
a.mlf., el-Mûcez fi’l-edebi’l-ʿArabî ve târîḫih , Beyrut 1985, III, 48-67.
Sezgin, GAS , II, 681-682.
Ahmed Emîn, Ẓuhrü’l-İslâm , Beyrut 1388/1969, III, 84-88.
İzzeddin İsmâil, el-Meṣâdirü’l-edebiyye ve’l-luġaviyye , Beyrut 1977, s. 177-186.
Cebrâil Süleyman Cebbûr, İbn ʿAbdirabbih ve ʿİḳdüh , Beyrut 1979.
M. Rıdvân ed-Dâye, Târîḫu’n-naḳdi’l-edebî fi’l-Endelüs , Beyrut 1401/1981, s. 279-287.
Ömer Ferruh, Târîḫu’l-edeb , IV, 210-220.
Yûsuf Es‘ad Dâgır, Meṣâdirü’d-dirâseti’l-edebiyye , Beyrut 1983, I, 259-261.
Mustafa Muhammed eş-Şek‘a, Edebü’l-Endelüs , Beyrut 1983, s. 371-374.
a.mlf., Menâhicü’t-teʾlîf ʿinde’l-ʿulemâʾi’l-ʿArab , Beyrut 1991, s. 291-315.
W. Werkmeister, Quellenuntersu-chungen zum Kitāb al-ʿIqd al-farīd des Andalusiers Ibn ʿAbdrabbih (246/860-328/940) , Berlin 1983.
Maʿa’l-Mektebe , s. 237-239.
James T. Monroe, “The Historical arjūza of Ibn ʿAbd Rabbih”, JAOS , XCI/1 (1971), s. 67-95.
Hâzim Abdullah, “el-ʿİḳdü’l-ferîd beyne’l-meşriḳ ve’l-Endelüs”, Âdâbü’r-Râfideyn , VII, Musul 1976, s. 329-364.
Ahmed M. en-Neccâr, “Meṣâdirü’l-ʿİḳdi’l-ferîd”, ME , LVI/4 (1983), s. 660-665; LVI/5 (1983), s. 806-811; LVI/7 (1983), s. 1159-1163.
Moh. Bencheneb, “Müvaşşah”, İA , VIII, 867.
M. Ali Lisânî Fişârekî, “İbn ʿAbdirabbih”, DMBİ , IV, 188-194.
M. Halîfe et-Tûnisî, “el-ʿİḳdü’l-ferîd”, Tİ , II, 14-32.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1999 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 19. cildinde, 281-283 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.