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İBN HİŞÂM Skip to content Ebû Muhammed Cemâlüddîn Abdülmelik b. Hişâm b. Eyyûb el-Himyerî el-Meâfirî el-Basrî el-Mısrî (ö. 218/833)
es-Sîretü’n-nebeviyye adlı eseriyle meşhur olan tarihçi, dil ve ensâb âlimi.
Basra’da doğdu. Birçok kaynakta Yemenli Himyer kabilesinin Meâfirî koluna mensup olduğu kaydedilmektedir. Zehebî ise onun Zühl kabilesinin Sedûs kolundan olduğunu, Ebû Saîd b. Yûnus’un zamanımıza intikal etmemiş olan Târîḫu Mıṣr adlı kitabındaki rivayete dayanarak belirtir (Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , X, 428-429; Târîḫu’l-İslâm , s. 282; ayrıca bk. Süyûtî, II, 115). İbn Hişâm tahsilini Basra’da tamamladı. Daha sonra Mısır’a gitti ve ölünceye kadar Fustat şehrinde yaşadı. Onun Basra’dan ne zaman ayrıldığı ve Mısır’a gitmeden önce tahsil için diğer ilim merkezlerine seyahat edip etmediği bilinmemektedir. 175 (791) yılında vefat eden Leys b. Sa‘d ile görüşmüş olduğundan hareketle Mısır’a bu tarihten önce geldiği söylenebilir. Ancak İbn İshak’ın es-Sîre ’sini kendisine rivayet eden hocası Ziyâd b. Abdullah el-Bekkâî ile görüşmek üzere Kûfe’ye veya Bağdat’a gitmiş olmalıdır. İbn Hişâm 13 Rebîülâhir 218 (8 Mayıs 833) tarihinde Fustat’ta vefat etti. Bazı kaynaklarda 213’te (828) öldüğü nakledilir (Süheylî, I, 43; Ebû Zer el-Huşenî, neşredenin girişi, I, 43; Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 179). Zehebî onun 218 (833) yılında vefat ettiğini, diğer tarihin Abdurrahman b. Abdullah es-Süheylî’nin vehmi olduğunu söyler (Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , X, 429).
Mısır’da İmam Şâfiî ile Arap şiiri üzerinde sohbetlerde bulunan İbn Hişâm’ın önceleri onunla pek görüşmek istemediği, fakat görüştükten sonra dil, şiir ve ensâb ilmi konusunda derin bilgi sahibi olduğunu anlayarak kendisinden övgüyle söz ettiği bilinmektedir (Zehebî, Târîḫu’l-İslâm , s. 282). İmam Şâfiî de İbn Hişâm’ın dilde hüccet (Süyûtî, II, 115) ve Arap dili konusunda iyi yetişmiş bir âlim olduğunu belirtmiştir.
İbn Hişâm kaynaklarda tarih, ahbâr, ensâb, şiir, nahiv ve lugat âlimi olarak tanıtılmakla birlikte hocaları, eserleri ve görüşleri hakkında bilgi bulunmamaktadır. İbn İshak’ın Sîretü İbn İsḥâḳ diye de bilinen Kitâbü’l-Mübtedeʾ ve’l-mebʿas̱ ve’l-meġāzî ’sini yeniden tertip eden İbn Hişâm şöhretini bu esere borçludur. Eseri hazırlarken İbn İshak’ın en meşhur râvilerinden Ziyâd b. Abdullah el-Bekkâî’nin Kûfî-Bağdâdî diye meşhur olan nüshasını esas alarak eseri kısaltmış, bu arada bazı ilâvelerde de bulunmuştur. Kitap zamanla onun adıyla (Sîretü İbn Hişâm , Tehẕîbü İbn Hişâm ) anılır olmuştur. Kıftî, Zehebî, İbn Kesîr, İbnü’l-İmâd, İbn Hallikân ve Sehâvî gibi müellifler, bu eseri Hz. Peygamber’in hayatına dair en sağlam ve en iyi siyer kitabı olarak kabul etmişlerdir.
İbn Hişâm, İbn İshak’ın kitabını esas almakla birlikte onun aksine Kur’an’da temas edilmeyen ve Hz. Peygamber’le ilgisi olmayan konulara, pek tanınmayan şairlerin şiirlerine, nezaket dışı bazı ifadelere ve hocası Bekkâî’nin güvenilir bulmadığı rivayetlere itibar etmediğini söyler (es-Sîre2 , I, 4). Müellif eserine aldığı bazı şiirlerin dilini ve veznini düzeltmiş, bazılarının nisbet edilen şahıslara ait olmadığını belirtmiş, bir kısmının kaynağını ve râvilerini zikretmiş, bazan da yeni şiirler ilâve etmiştir. İbn Hişâm’ın eserde yer alan âyet, hadis ve şiirlerdeki garîb kelimeleri açıklarken verdiği bilgiler, onun Arap dili ve edebiyatına vâkıf olduğunu göstermesi açısından önemlidir. Kelimeleri şiirlerden deliller getirmek suretiyle açıklayan İbn Hişâm, ayrıca Ebû Ubeyde Ma‘mer b. Müsennâ başta olmak üzere Yûnus b. Habîb, Ebû Muhriz Halef el-Ahmer, Ebû Zeyd el-Ensârî ve Hasan-ı Basrî gibi âlimlerden nakillerde bulunmuştur. Bazı tarihî bilgileri esere ilâve etmesi, birtakım kelimelerin okunuşunu belirtmesi ve şahısların nesepleriyle ilgili bilgileri ilâve etmesi, onun İbn İshak’ın eserine yaptığı diğer katkılar arasında sayılabilir. İbn Hişâm, esere yaptığı bu ilâveleri “kāle İbn Hişâm” diye başlayan bir ibareyle göstermiştir.
Eserleri. 1. es-Sîretü’n-nebeviyye (Sîretü İbn Hişâm, Sîretü Resûlillâh) . Hz. Peygamber’in hayatına dair tamamı zamanımıza intikal etmiş en eski kitaptır. İbn İshak’ın es-Sîre ’sinin farklı râviler tarafından nakledilen birçok nüshasının hiçbiri tam olarak günümüze gelmemiştir (bk. İBN İSHAK ). İbn Hişâm’ın eseri ise daha çok Mısırlı râviler yoluyla diğer İslâm ülkelerine ulaştırılmıştır (İbn Hişâm’ın eserini rivayet edenler için bk. Mutâ‘ et-Tarâbîşî, s. 194-200). Bunlardan bilhassa Muhammed b. Hasan el-Kattân, Abdürrahîm b. Abdullah el-Berkî ve kardeşi Ahmed el-Berkî’nin isimleri zikredilmelidir.
es-Sîretü’n-nebeviyye birçok defa basılmış, şerh ve ihtisar edilmiş, manzum hale getirilmiş ve çeşitli dillere çevrilmiştir. İlk baskısı Mısır’da yapılan kitabı (I-III, Bulak 1259) Ferdinand Wüstenfeld tahkik ederek yayımlamıştır (I-III, Göttingen 1858-1860). Eserin ayrıca birçok tahkikli neşri yapılmış olup Mahmûd Seyyid Tahtâvî (I-III, Kahire 1329), Mustafa es-Sekkā – İbrâhim el-Ebyârî – Abdülhafîz eş-Şelebî (I-IV, Kahire 1355/1936, 1375/1955), Muhammed Muhyiddin Abdülhamîd (I-IV, Kahire 1356/1937), Muhammed Halîl Herrâs (I-IV, Kahire 1971), Tâhâ Abdürraûf Sa‘d (I-IV, Kahire 1391/1971); Muhammed Fehmî es-Sercânî (I-IV, Kahire 1978), Ömer Abdüsselâm Tedmürî (Beyrut 1987) ve Mecdî Fethî es-Seyyid’in (I-V, Tanta 1416/1995) neşirleri bunlar arasında zikredilebilir. es-Sîretü’n-nebeviyye ’ye dört ayrı şerh yazılmış olup bunların üçü basılmıştır. En geniş şerhi, Endülüslü muhaddis Abdurrahman b. Abdullah es-Süheylî (ö. 581/1185) tarafından er-Ravżü’l-ünüf fî şerḥi’s-Sîreti’n-nebeviyye li’bni Hişâm adıyla kaleme alınmıştır. İlk olarak Mısır’da basılan bu eser (I-II, Kahire 1332/1914) daha sonra Abdurrahman el-Vekîl tarafından da neşredilmiştir (I-VII, Kahire 1387-1390/1967-1970). Süheylî’nin şerhinin iki muhtasarı yapılmıştır. Bunların ilki Muhammed b. Ahmed b. Osman ez-Zehebî’nin Muḫtaṣarü’r-Ravżi’l-ünüf ’ü (Berlin Staatsbibliothek, nr. 9565), diğeri Ebü’l-Feth Muhammed b. İbrâhim b. Muhammed b. Mukbil el-Bilbîsî’nin el-İlmâm bi’r-Ravż ve Sîreti’bni Hişâm el-Mülaḳḳab bi-Celâʾi’l-efkâr bi-sîreti’l-Muḫtâr ’ıdır (Kudüs el-Mektebetü’l-Hâlidiyye, Siyer, nr. 3). Vezîr el-Mağribî diye bilinen Ebü’l-Kāsım Hüseyin b. Ali b. Hüseyin (ö. 418/1027), İbn Hişâm’ın eserinin yeni ve sağlam bir rivayetini kaleme alırken bazı yerlerde kısa fakat değerli açıklamalar yapmıştır. Bu eseri Süheyl Zekkâr es-Sîretü’n-nebeviyye li’bni Hişâm bi-Şerḥi’l-Vezîri’l-Maġribî adıyla yayımlamıştır (I-II, Beyrut 1412/1992). Diğer bir Endülüslü âlim olan Ebû Zer el-Huşenî, es-Sîretü’n-nebeviyye ’de geçen garîb kelimeleri açıklayan bir şerh yazmıştır. İbn Hişâm’ın eseri üzerine yazılmış şerhleri inceleyen Paul Brönnle, Die Commentatoren des Ibn Ishaq und ihre Scholien (1895, Halle Üniversitesi) adlı doktora tezinde Huşenî’nin eserini de tahkik etmiş ve bu şerhi daha sonra Âs̱ârü’l-luġati’l-ʿArabiyye Şerḥu’s-Sîreti’n-nebeviyye adıyla yayımlamıştır (Kahire 1329/1911, 1969; İstanbul, ts.). Eseri Hemmâm Saîd ve Muhammed b. Abdullah Ebû Suaylîk (I-IV, Ürdün 1988, İbn Hişâm’ın metniyle), ayrıca Abdülkerîm Halîfe el-İmlâʾü’l-muḫtaṣar fî şerḥi ġarîbi’s-Siyer adıyla (I-III, Amman 1412/1991) yeniden tahkik ederek neşretmişlerdir. Bedreddin Mahmûd b. Ahmed el-Aynî’nin Keşfü’l-lisâm fî şerḥi Sîreti İbn Hişâm adlı şerhi ise zamanımıza intikal etmemiştir. Arthur Schaade, Süheylî ve Ebû Zer el-Huşenî’nin şerhlerinde geçen Uhud Gazvesi’ne dair şiirlerin şerhini Die Kommentare des Suhailī und des Abū Ḏarr zu den Uḥud-Gedichten adıyla ayrıca yayımlamıştır (Leipzig 1920).
es-Sîretü’n-nebeviyye ’nin çeşitli muhtasarları yazılmış olup birçoğu henüz yazma halindedir (Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , II, 1012-1013). Bunlardan, İbrâhim b. Muhammed el-Murahhal eş-Şâfiî’nin 611 (1214) yılında yaptığı ez-Zahîre fî muḫtaṣari’s-Sîre ve İmâdüddin Ebü’l-Abbas Ahmed b. İbrâhim el-Vâsıtî’nin 711’de (1311) kaleme aldığı Muḫtaṣaru Sîreti İbn Hişâm önemlidir. Eserin bazı muhtasarları da basılmıştır. Abdüsselâm Muhammed Hârûn’un Tehẕîbü Sîreti İbn Hişâm ’ı (I-II, Kahire 1955, 1964, 1408/1987) Arif Erkan tarafından Hz. Muhammed’in Hayatı adıyla Türkçe’ye çevrilmiştir (İstanbul 1981). Muhammed Afîf ez-Zu‘bî’nin (Cidde 1400/1980) ve Mısır’da bir heyetin (Kahire 1413/1993) yaptığı muhtasarlar yayımlanmıştır.
es-Sîretü’n-nebeviyye muhtelif şairler tarafından manzum hale getirilmiştir. Bunlar arasında Ebû Hasr Feth b. Mûsâ el-Hadravî, Saîd ed-Dîrînî diye meşhur Abdülazîz b. Ahmed ve Ebû İshak et-Tilimsânî İbnü’ş-Şehîd’in (Muhammed b. İbrâhim) adları sayılabilir. İbnü’ş-Şehîd’in Fetḥu’l-ġarîb fî sîreti’l-Ḥabîb adlı eseri 10.000’den fazla beyit ihtiva etmektedir. Sîretü İbn Hişâm , Atabeg Sa‘d b. Zengî (1198-1226) adına Sîret-i Resûlullāh (Terceme-i Siyer-i Nebî) adıyla Refîuddin İshak b. Muhammed Hemedânî tarafından Farsça’ya tercüme edilmiş olup eseri Asgar Mehdevî tahkik ederek yayımlamıştır (I-II, Tahran 1361/1982). Farsça’ya yapılan diğer bir tercümesi de Ebü’l-Meâlî Şehâbeddin Ahmed b. İshak-ı Eberkūî tarafından gerçekleştirilmiştir (Terceme-i Sîretü’n-nebeviyye , Tahran 1348 ş.).
es-Sîretü’n-nebeviyye ’yi Türkçe’ye ilk defa Sîret-i Resûlullah adıyla Aydınlı Eyyûb b. Halîl çevirmiş ve 12 Rebîülevvel 986 (19 Mayıs 1578) tarihinde şehzadeliği sırasında III. Murad’a takdim etmiştir. Yazma nüshası İstanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi’nde (TY, nr. 2414) bulunan eser, Mes‘ad Süveylim Ali eş-Şâmân tarafından Türk Edebiyatında Siyerler ve İbn Hişam’ın Siyer’inin Türkçe Tercümesi adıyla doktora tezi olarak neşre hazırlanmıştır (1982, AÜ İlâhiyat Fakültesi). Sîretü İbn Hişâm ’ın dört ciltlik Kahire neşrinin (1936) I. cildini İzzet Hasan ve Neşet Çağatay Hz. Muhammed’in Hayatı (I, Ankara 1971), II. cildini Yusuf Velişah Uralgiray aynı adla (II, Riyad 1405/1985) Türkçe’ye tercüme etmişlerdir. Eserin tamamını İslâm Tarihi Sîret-i İbn-i Hişam Tercemesi adıyla Hasan Ege Türkçe’ye çevirmiştir (I-IV, İstanbul 1985). Kitap ayrıca Gustav Weil tarafından Das Leben Muhammeds nach Muhammed Ibn Ishak bearbeitet von Abd el-Malik Ibn Hischam adıyla Almanca’ya (Stuttgart 1864), Abdülcelîl Sıddîkī ve Gulâm Resûl Mihr tarafından Sîretü’n-nebiyy-i Kâmil adıyla Urduca’ya (I-II, Lahor 1971) tercüme edilmiştir. İbn Hişâm’ın, es-Sîretü’n-nebeviyye ’de geçen âyetlerdeki garîb kelimelere dair açıklamalarını İsmail Cerrahoğlu yayımlamıştır (AÜ İlâhiyat Fakültesi İslâm İlimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi , sy. 3 [1977], s. 1-28).
2. Kitâbü’t-Tîcân fî mülûki Ḥimyer (et-Tîcân li-maʿrifeti mülûki’z-zamân fî aḫbâri Ḳahṭân) . Eserin Vehb b. Münebbih’e ait olup İbn Hişâm tarafından rivayet edildiği ileri sürülmektedir. Güney Arabistan’la ilgili halk hikâyelerinin Tevrat ve İncil hikâyeleriyle karıştırılıp destanlaştırılmasından meydana gelen ve Himyer melikleri hakkında bilgi veren eserin tarihî bir değeri bulunmamaktadır. Kitap, İbn Hişâm’a nisbet edilerek Fritz Krenkow (Haydarâbâd 1347/1928) ve Abdülazîz el-Mekālih (Kahire 1996) tarafından neşredilmiştir. Süyûtî ve Kâtib Çelebi’nin Ensâbü Ḥimyer ve mülûkühâ adıyla İbn Hişâm’a nisbet ettikleri kitap da muhtemelen bu eserdir (Buġyetü’l-vuʿât , II, 115; Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 179).
İbn Hişâm’ın ayrıca İbn İshak’ın es-Sîre ’sinde yer alan şiirlerdeki garîb kelimeleri açıklayan Kitâb fî şerḥi mâ vaḳaʿa fî eşʿâri’s-Siyer mine’l-ġarîb adlı bir risâlesi olduğu ileri sürülmektedir (Süheylî, I, 43; Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , II, 1012). Ancak onun böyle bir eserine başka kaynaklarda işaret edilmemiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbn Hişâm, es-Sîre2 , I, 4; ayrıca bk. neşredenlerin girişi, I, 3-23; a.e. (nşr. M. Muhyiddin Abdülhamîd), Kahire 1399/1979, neşredenin girişi, s. 12-30; a.e. (Zekkâr), neşredenin girişi, I, s. e-ʿa. İbn İshak, es-Sîre , neşredenin girişi, s. e-b. İbn Hayr, Fehrese , s. 233-236. Süheylî, er-Ravżü’l-ünüf , I, 43; ayrıca bk. neşredenin girişi, I, 5-29. Ebû Zer el-Huşenî, el-İmlâʾü’l-muḫtaṣar fî şerḥi ġarîbi’s-Siyer (nşr. Abdülkerîm Halîfe), Amman 1412/1991, neşredenin girişi, I, 11-50. İbnü’l-Kıftî, İnbâhü’r-ruvât , II, 211-212. İbn Hallikân, Vefeyât (Abdülhamîd) , II, 349-350. Zehebî, Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , X, 428-429. a.mlf., Târîḫu’l-İslâm : sene 211-220 , s. 281-282. İbn Kesîr, el-Bidâye , X, 281. Süyûtî, Buġyetü’l-vuʿât , II, 115. Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 179; II, 1012-1013. İbnü’l-İmâd, Şeẕerât , II, 45. Hediyyetü’l-ʿârifîn , I, 624. Ziriklî, el-Aʿlâm , IV, 314. Kehhâle, Muʿcemü’l-müʾellifîn , VI, 192. Sezgin, GAS , I, 297-299. Abdülhay el-Kettânî, Fihrisü’l-fehâris , I, 334. Mutâ‘ et-Tarâbîşî, Ruvâtü Muḥammed b. İsḥâḳ b. Yesâr fi’l-Meġāzî ve’s-siyer ve sâʾiri’l-merviyyât , Beyrut 1414/1994, s. 192-200. İsmâil Ahmed el-Âlim, “Menhecü İbn Hişâm fî rivâyeti şiʿri’s-Sîre”, Dirâsât , XV/3, Amman 1988, s. 9-27. Abdüsselâm eş-Şükrîvî, “İbn Hişâm ve ṣanîʿuhû fi’s-Sîreti’n-nebeviyye”, el-Baḥs̱ü’l-ʿilmî , XXIV/39, Rabat 1409/1989, s. 45-82. Brockelmann, “İbn Hişâm”, İA , V/2, s. 754. W. Montgomery Watt, “Ibn His̲h̲ām”, EI2 (Fr.), III, 824.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1999 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 20. cildinde, 71-73 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.