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İBN KUTLUBOĞA Skip to content Ebü’l-Adl Zeynüddîn (Şerefüddîn) Kāsım b. Kutluboğa b. Abdillâh es-Sûdûnî el-Cemâlî el-Mısrî (ö. 879/1474) Hanefî fakihi ve hadis âlimi.
Müellif: Talat Sakallı
802 yılının Muharrem ayında (Eylül 1399) Kahire’de doğdu. Allâme Kāsım ve Kāsım el-Hanefî diye de anılır. Brockelmann künyesini Ebü’l-Fazl, baba adını da Abdullah şeklinde yanlış kaydeder (GAL Suppl., II, 93; ayrıca bk. İA , V/2, s. 763). Dedesi Abdullah hakkında herhangi bir bilgiye rastlanmamışsa da Sultan Zâhir Berkuk’un emîrlerinden saltanat nâibi Cemâleddin Sûdûn b. Abdullah eş-Şeyhûnî’nin kölesi olarak Mısır’a geldiği sanılmaktadır. Zerrâf lakabıyla anılan babası Kutluboğa ise kendisini âzat eden Sûdûn eş-Şeyhûnî’nin memlüklerinin kumandanı idi, Cemâlî ve Sûdûnî nisbesini de bundan dolayı almıştır.
Babasını küçük yaşta kaybeden İbn Kutluboğa Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’i ve diğer bazı temel eserleri ezberledi. Hayatını kazanmak için bir süre terzilik yaptı. Fakat ilme karşı duyduğu ilgi sebebiyle yeniden ders almaya başladı. Alâeddin Muhammed b. Muhammed el-Buhârî, İbn Hacer el-Askalânî, Şerefeddin Mûsâ b. Ahmed es-Sübkî, Şemseddin İbnü’l-Cezerî, Şemseddin Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Bisâtî, Kāriu’l-Hidâye, Takıyyüddin el-Makrîzî, Sa‘deddin İbnü’d-Deyrî ve Tâceddin Ahmed b. Muhammed el-Fergānî gibi birçok âlimden tefsir, hadis, fıkıh, kelâm, mantık, matematik, tarih ve Arapça’ya dair ilimleri okudu. 834’te (1430) İbn Hacer’den el-Îs̱âr bi-maʿrifeti ruvâti’l-Âs̱âr adlı eserini okurken zaman zaman yaptığı itirazları hocası yerinde bularak eserinde düzeltmeler yaptı ve mukaddimesinde de buna işaret etti. Hocası İbnü’l-Hümâm ile, derse başladığı 825 (1422) yılından vefat ettiği 861 (1457) yılına kadar alâkasını devam ettirdi. İlim tahsili için İskenderiye’ye ve Şam bölgesine seyahat yaptı. Birkaç defa eda ettiği hac ibadeti esnasında Mekke’de, Medine’de ve ayrıca Kudüs’te âlimlerle görüşüp ilmî sohbetlerde bulundu.
İbn Kutluboğa hocalarının takdirine mazhar olarak genç yaşta ders okutmaya, fetva vermeye ve kitap yazmaya başladı. Ebü’l-Velîd Muhibbüddin İbnü’ş-Şıhne, Burhâneddin İbrâhim b. Ömer el-Bikāî, Hasan et-Tûlûnî, Şemseddin es-Sehâvî, Hatîb el-Cevherî diye de bilinen Nûreddin İbnü’s-Sayrafî ve İbnü’l-Aynî onun öğrencilerinden bazılarıdır. Baybars Medresesi’ndeki hadis hocalığı ile Cânıbek Medresesi şeyhliği gibi iki kısa süreli resmî görevin dışında ilmî mevkii ile mütenasip bir görev alamadı. Dönemin devlet adamlarından ilgi ve destek görmekle birlikte mütevazi bir hayat sürdü ve hayatının çoğunu Eşrefiyye Dergâhı’nda fakir bir derviş olarak geçirdi. 4 Rebîülâhir 879 (18 Ağustos 1474) tarihinde Kahire’de vefat etti.
Tabakat müelliflerinin ortaklaşa ifadesine göre başta fıkıh ve hadis olmak üzere dinî ilimlerde derin bilgi sahibi olan İbn Kutluboğa aynı zamanda cedel ve münazaraya yatkınlığıyla tanınır. Ülfet ve ünsiyet kabiliyeti, üstün mizacı ve kaleminden daha güçlü olan hitabeti sayesinde devrinin âlimleriyle tartışmaya girmekten çekinmemiştir. Zühdü ve takvâsıyla da tanınan İbn Kutluboğa Eşrefiyye Dergâhı’na müntesip bir sûfî idi ve vahdet-i vücûd konusunda Muhyiddin İbnü’l-Arabî’nin görüşlerini benimserdi. İbnü’l-Fârız’ın vahdet-i vücûd ve hulûl görüşlerine yer verdiği “Kasîde-i Tâiyye”si üzerinde meydana gelen tartışmalar sırasında Muhibbüddin İbnü’ş-Şıhne ve Burhâneddin el-Bikāî gibi birçok âlim İbnü’l-Fârız’ı küfürle itham ederken Kâfiyeci, Zekeriyyâ el-Ensârî, Süyûtî ve İbnü’l-Gars ile birlikte İbn Kutluboğa da onu savundu. Hatta bu yüzden öğrencisi Bikāî’nin insafsız hücumlarına mâruz kaldı. İtikadî konularda Hanefî-Mâtürîdî bir çizgide yer alan İbn Kutluboğa, hocası İbnü’l-Hümâm’ın el-Müsâyere’sine yazdığı şerhte (aş.bk.) Allah’ın tekvin sıfatının ezelîliği, kulun iradesi, cennet, cehennem, ruh, imanın tasdik ve ikrarın rolü gibi konularda kendi görüşlerini açıklayarak hocasının katılmadığı fikirlerine işaret etmiş (Şerḥu’l-Müsâyere, s. 85, 90-91, 97-98, 102-103, 223, 245, 249, 289-292, 296, 299), akla yüklediği fonksiyon ve bazı kelâmî tercihleri sebebiyle Eş‘arî çizgiye biraz yaklaşmıştır. Başta hocaları olmak üzere dönemindeki âlimler tarafından takdirle anılan İbn Kutluboğa’nın (Sehâvî, VI, 187-188) eserlerini ve fetvalarını inceleyen bazı çağdaş araştırmacılar kendisini klasik fukaha tasnifi içindeki ashâbü’t-tahrîc den göstermişlerdir (Mûcebâtü’l-aḥkâm, neşredenin önsözü, s. 25).
Eserleri. İbn Kutluboğa, risâleleri dışında hadis ve fıkıh başta olmak üzere çeşitli ilim dallarında 100’ün üzerinde eser yazmıştır. Bu konuda yapılan bir araştırmaya göre (Fazlurrahman, V/1-2 [1964], s. 145-200) Arap dili ve edebiyatına dair beş, akaide dair beş, mantığa dair dört, Kur’an ilimlerine dair iki, hadis ilimlerine dair çoğu döneminin meşhur eserlerinin hadislerini tahrîc niteliğinde olan otuz beş, ricâl, siyer ve tabakata dair yirmi dört, fıkıh usulüne dair yedi, ferâiz ilmine dair altı, fıkha dair on dört kitap yazmış, bunların yanı sıra çoğu fıkıh alanında olmak üzere çeşitli konularda kırk bir risâle kaleme almıştır. Bu risâlelerin büyük bir kısmı İstanbul kütüphanelerinde çeşitli yazma mecmuaları içinde mevcuttur (Süleymaniye Ktp., Esad Efendi, nr. 620, 702, 1016, 3816, Bağdatlı Vehbi Efendi, nr. 530, Yenicami, nr. 1186, Lâleli, 951; Köprülü Ktp., nr. 652). Büyük çoğunluğu günümüze kadar gelen eserlerinin belli başlıları şunlardır:
1. Şerḥu’l-Müsâyere fi’l-ʿaḳāʾidi’l-münciye fi’l-âḫire. Hocası İbnü’l-Hümâm’ın eserinin şerhi olup Kemâleddin İbn Ebû Şerîf’in el-Müsâmere bi-şerḥi’l-Müsâyere’si ile birlikte basılmıştır (Kahire 1317; Bağdad 1962; İstanbul 1979). Mehdî Selmâsî, İbn Kutluboğa’nın eserini yanlış olarak el-Müsâmere bi-Şerḥi’l-Müsâyere adıyla kaydetmiştir (DMBİ , IV, 482).
2. Tâcü’t-terâcim. Hocası Makrîzî’nin Hanefî âlimlerine dair et-Teẕkire adlı eserindeki bilgileri tashih etmek ve zenginleştirmek amacıyla kaleme almıştır. 350 civarında Hanefî âliminin isimlerine göre alfabetik sırayla yer aldığı eserde özet halinde biyografileri verilip telif ettikleri eserler belirtilmiştir (nşr. G. L. Flügel, Leipzig 1862; Bağdad 1962; nşr. İbrâhim Sâlih, Dımaşk 1412/1992; nşr. Muhammed Hayr Ramazan Yûsuf, Dımaşk 1413/1992).
3. Mûcebâtü’l-aḥkâm ve vâḳıʿâtü’l-eyyâm. Müellifin döneminde rehnedilen bir akarın vakfedilmesiyle başlayan fıkhî bir ihtilâfta Hanbelî kadısının verdiği hükmün kendisine sorulması üzerine telif edilmiş ve bu vesileyle fürû-i fıkhın bütün konularında Hanefî mezhebinin yerleşik görüşü ve Hanefî kadının gözetmesi gereken fıkhî hükümler belirtilmiştir. Eser Muhammed Suûd el-Maînî tarafından neşredilmiştir (Bağdad 1983).
4. Men revâ ʿan ebîhi ʿan ceddih. Dedesi ve babası tarikiyle hadis rivayet eden râvilere ve rivayetlerine dairdir (nşr. Bâsim Faysal el-Cevâbire, Küveyt 1409/1988).
5. Münyetü’l-elmaʿî fîmâ fâte min taḫrîci eḥâdîs̱i’l-Hidâye li’z-Zeylaʿî. Cemâleddin ez-Zeylaî’nin Mergīnânî’ye ait el-Hidâye’deki hadisleri tahriç ettiği Naṣbü’r-râye’yi ikmal için yazdığı küçük hacimli bir hâşiye olup Zâhid Kevserî’nin tahkikiyle önce İbn Hacer’in ed-Dirâye fî telḫîṣi Naṣbi’r-râye’si üzerine İbn Kutluboğa’nın yaptığı bazı ta‘lîkātla birlikte müstakil olarak (Kahire 1369/1950), daha sonra Naṣbü’r-râye’nin IV. cildinin sonunda (Kahire 1393/1973) yayımlanmıştır.
6. ʿAvâli’l-Leys̱ b. Saʿd (nşr. Abdülkerîm Bedr el-Mevsılî en-Naîmî, Cidde 1408/1987).
7. Reddü’l-ḳavli’l-ḫâʾib fi’l-ḳaḍâ ʿale’l-ġāʾib. Hindistan’da bir grup risâle ile birlikte basılmıştır (Serkîs, II, 1971).
8. et-Taʿrîf ve’l-iḫbâr bi-taḫrîci eḥâdîs̱i’l-İḫtiyâr. Mevsılî’nin fıkha dair el-İḫtiyâr adlı eserindeki hadisleri tahriç etmiştir (TSMK, Medine, nr. 307’deki yazmanın tıpkıbasımı, nşr. Sadi Çöğenli, Erzurum 1988; nşr. Abdullah Muhammed ed-Dervîş, I-III, Dımaşk 1417/1997).
9. Taḫrîcü eḥâdîs̱i’l-Pezdevî. Ebü’l-Usr el-Pezdevî’nin fıkıh usulüne dair Kenzü’l-vüṣûl adlı eserindeki hadislerin tahrîci olup müellifi hayatta iken yazılmış elli altı varaklık bir nüshası Kahire el-Mektebetü’l-Hidîviyye’de, bunun mikrofilmi Medine’deki el-Câmiatü’l-İslâmiyye’nin merkez kütüphanesinde (nr. 1275) bulunmakta olup Muhammed Edîb Sâlih tarafından neşre hazırlanmıştır.
10. Ġarîbü’l-Ḳurʾân. İbn Cemâa’nın el-Beyân fî ġarîbi’l-Ḳurʾân ve Ebû Hayyân el-Endelüsî’nin Tuḥfetü’l-erîb adlı eserlerinin birleştirilmesiyle telif edilmiş olup Ahmed Muhammed el-Hammâdî tarafından yüksek lisans tezi olarak neşre hazırlanmıştır (1407, Câmiatü’l-İmâm Muhammed b. Suûd el-İslâmiyye [Riyad]).
11. et-Tercîḥ ve’t-taṣḥîḥ ʿale’l-Ḳudûrî. Kudûrî’nin el-Muḫtaṣar adlı eseri üzerine yapılmış bir çalışmadır (Halep, el-Mektebetü’l-Ahmediyye, nr. 605, 606; Mektebetü Abdullah b. Abbas, Tâif, nr. 4/155; Dârü’l-kütübi’l-Mısriyye, nr. 22591/B; Süleymaniye Ktp., Süleymaniye, nr. 500). 16 Şâban 868 (24 Nisan 1464) tarihli müellif hattı nüshası Chester Beatty Library’de (nr. 5040) Taṣḥîḥu’l-Ḳudûrî adıyla yer alan eser bazı kütüphane kayıtlarında Şerḥu müşkilâti’l-Ḳudûrî (İÜ Ktp., AY, nr. 2642), Taṣḥîḥu Muḫtaṣari’l-Ḳudûrî (Süleymaniye Ktp., Serez, nr. 1074), Ḥâşiye ʿalâ Muḫtaṣari’l-Ḳudûrî (Millet Ktp., Murad Molla, nr. 796) adlarıyla da geçer. Eser, Şevket Kerâsnîş tarafından Medine el-Câmiatü’l-İslâmiyye’de yüksek lisans tezi olarak neşre hazırlanmıştır (1417/1996, Külliyetü’ş-şerîa).
12. ez-Zehrü’l-bâsim fî sîreti Ebi’l-Ḳāsım (Süleymaniye Ktp., Şehid Ali Paşa, nr. 1878).
13. Ḥâşiye ʿalâ Şerḥi’n-Nuḫbe. İbn Hacer’in hadis usulüne dair Nuḫbetü’l-fiker adlı eserine yazdığı hâşiyedir (Dârü’l-kütübi’l-Mısriyye, Tal‘at, Hadis, nr. 165; Süleymaniye Ktp., Fâtih, nr. 672). Eser, Ḥâşiye ʿalâ Nüzheti’n-naẓar fî tavżîḥi Nuḫbeti’l-fiker adıyla da anılmaktadır (Süleymaniye Ktp., Serez, nr. 620, Şehid Ali Paşa, nr. 336, 348; Medine, el-Câmiatü’l-İslâmiyye Ktp., mikrofilm nr. 454).
14. Ḥâşiye ʿalâ Fetḥi’l-muġīs̱. Zeynüddin el-Irâkī’nin hadis usulüne dair eserinin hâşiyesidir (Dârü’l-kütübi’l-Mısriyye, Tal‘at, Mecâmî‘, nr. 789).
15. Ḥükmü’l-İslâm fî luḥûmi’l-ḫayl (nşr. Muhammed Hayr Ramazan Yûsuf, Beyrut 1414/1994).
16. Risâletü’l-üsûs fî keyfiyyeti’l-cülûs. Namazda oturuşla ilgilidir (nşr. Ebû Yûsuf Muhammed Hasan el-Eserî, Riyad 1414/1993).
17. Şerḥu Muḫtaṣari’l-Menâr. Ebü’l-Berekât en-Nesefî’nin fıkıh usulüne dair Menârü’l-envâr’ına Ebü’l-İz İbn Habîb el-Halebî (Tâhir b. Hasan) tarafından yapılan muhtasarın şerhidir (Halep, el-Mektebetü’l-Ahmediyye, nr. 606; Süleymaniye Ktp., Serez, nr. 620, Pertev Paşa, nr. 154).
18. el-Fetâva’l-Ḳāsımiyye (Süleymaniye Ktp., Şehid Ali Paşa, nr. 937, Yenicami, nr. 1186).
19. el-Vâḳıʿât (Halep, el-Mektebetü’l-Ahmediyye, nr. 604).
20. Tercemetü Ẕinnûn el-Mıṣrî ve ʿavâlî ḥadîs̱ihî.
21. ʿAvâlî Ebî Caʿfer eṭ-Ṭaḥâvî.
22. Müsnedü ʿUḳbe b. ʿÂmir.
23. Münteḳā min Münteḳā İbn Cârûd (son dört eserin yazma nüshaları için bk. Medine, el-Câmiatü’l-İslâmiyye Ktp., mikrofilm nr. 1167).
24. Tertîbü’s̱-s̱iḳāt mine’r-ruvât (Köprülü Ktp., nr. 264, 1060, I ve II. cilt; Rabat, el-Hizânetü’l-âmme, nr. 361 K, eserin bir bölümü) (İbn Kutluboğa’nın eserlerinin listesi ve yazma nüshaları için bk. Brockelmann, bibl.; Mûcebâtü’l-aḥkâm ve vâḳıʿâtü’l-eyyâm, neşredenin önsözü, s. 31-35; Men revâ ʿan ebîhi ʿan ceddih, neşredenin önsözü, s. 43-60; Tâcü’t-terâcim [nşr. İbrâhim Sâlih], neşredenin önsözü, s. 16-26; a.e. [nşr. M. Hayr Ramazan Yûsuf], neşredenin önsözü, s. 16-38]).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbn Kutluboğa, Mûcebâtü’l-aḥkâm ve vâḳıʿâtü’l-eyyâm (nşr. M. Suûd el-Maînî), Bağdad 1983, neşredenin girişi, s. 16-35. a.mlf., Men revâ ʿan ebîhi ʿan ceddih (nşr. Bâsim Faysal el-Cevâbire), Küveyt 1409/1988, neşredenin girişi, s. 26-60. a.mlf., Tâcü’t-terâcim (nşr. İbrâhim Sâlih), Dımaşk 1412/1992, neşredenin girişi, s. 3-26; a.e. (nşr. M. Hayr Ramazan Yûsuf), Dımaşk 1413/1992, neşredenin girişi, s. 11-63. a.mlf., Münyetü’l-elmaʿî (Zeylaî, Naṣbü’r-râye, IV içinde, nşr. M. Zâhid el-Kevserî), [baskı yeri yok] 1393/1973 (el-Mektebetü’l-İslâmiyye), neşredenin girişi, s. 3-8. Bikāî, ʿUnvânü’z-zamân fî terâcimi’ş-şüyûḫ ve’l-aḳrân, Köprülü Ktp., nr. 1119, vr. 192. Sehâvî, eḍ-Ḍavʾü’l-lâmiʿ , VI, 184-190, 223. İbn İyâs, Bedâʾiʿu’z-zühûr , III, 97.Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I-II, tür.yer. İbnü’l-İmâd, Şeẕerât , VII, 326. Şevkânî, el-Bedrü’ṭ-ṭâliʿ , II, 45-47. Leknevî, el-Fevâʾidü’l-behiyye , s. 99. Abdülhay el-Kettânî, Fihrisü’l-fehâris, Fas 1346, II, 321-322. Kettânî, er-Risâletü’l-müsteṭrafe , s. 131. Serkîs, Muʿcem , I, 216; II, 1971. Brockelmann, GAL , I, 469; II, 224; Suppl., I, 296, 362, 611-612, 635, 638, 658; II, 90, 92, 93, 264. A. J. Arberry, The Chester Beatty Library a Hand List of the Arabic Manuscripts, Dublin 1964, VII, lv. 181. Abdullah Mustafa el-Merâgī, el-Fetḥu’l-mübîn fî ṭabaḳāti’l-uṣûliyyîn (nşr. Abdülhamîd Ahmed Hanefî), Kahire, ts., III, 48. Hayreddin Karaman, İslâm Hukuk Tarihi, İstanbul, ts. (İrfan Yayınevi), s. 165. Salâh M. el-Hıyemî, Fihrisü maḫṭûṭâti Dâri’l-kütübi’ẓ-Ẓâhiriyye: ʿUlûmü’l-Ḳurʾâni’l-Kerîm, Dımaşk 1405/1984, III, 313-314. Ahmet Özel, Hanefi Fıkıh Âlimleri, Ankara 1990, s. 101. Fazlurrahman, “Ḳāsım b. Ḳuṭlûboġā el-Ḥanefî”, Mecelle-i ʿUlûm-i İslâmiyye, IV/2, Aligarh 1963, s. 59-91; V/1-2 (1964), s. 145-200. “İbn Kutlu-Boğa”, İA , V/2, s. 763. F. Rosenthal, “Ibn Ḳuṭlūbug̲h̲ā”, EI2 (İng.), III, 848-849. Mehdî Selmâsî, “İbn Ḳuṭlûboġā”, DMBİ , IV, 482.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1999 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 20. cildinde, 152-154 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.