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İBN MÜHENNÂ Skip to content Ebü’l-Fazl Cemâlüddîn Ahmed b. Muhammed b. Hasen el-Hillî (ö. 682/1283)
Kendi adıyla da anılan sözlüğüyle tanınmış Iraklı dil âlimi ve tarihçi.
Nisbesinden Bağdat ile Kûfe arasındaki Hille şehrinde doğup büyüdüğü anlaşılan İbn Mühennâ’nın ailesi ve öğrenim durumu hakkında kaynaklarda bilgi yoktur. Hayatına dair bilinenler, çağdaşı ve muhtemelen talebesi olan Iraklı tarihçi İbnü’l-Fuvatî’nin (ö. 723/1323) verdiği sınırlı bilgilerden ibarettir. İbn Mühennâ’nın kitaplarından geniş ölçüde nakillerde bulunan İbnü’l-Fuvatî ondan büyük bir saygıyla söz eder (Telḫîṣu Mecmaʿi’l-âdâb , IV/1, s. 100, 256).
İbn Mühennâ Abbâsî Devleti’nin Moğollar tarafından yıkılışına şahit oldu (1258). Muhtemelen Bağdat’ta ve İlhanlı Devleti’nin merkezi Merâga’daki Dârü’l-ilm ve’l-hikme ve’r-rasâd’da resmî görevlerde bulundu. Zehebî, İbnü’l-Fuvatî’ye dayanarak Mühennâ’nın 682 yılı Safer ayında (Mayıs 1283) Bağdat’ta öldüğünü kaydeder (Târîḫu’l-İslâm , XI, vr. 107a ). İbnü’l-Fuvatî’nin eserinden onun İzzeddin Hüseyin adında fakih, edip ve şair bir kardeşi olduğu, Dımaşk’ta yaşadığı ve 675’te (1276) vefat ettiği anlaşılmaktadır (Telḫîṣu Mecmaʿi’l-âdâb , IV/1, s. 141-142).
İbn Mühennâ dil, tarih ve ensâb ilimlerinde geniş bilgi sahibiydi. Safedî İbn Mühennâ’yı devri için önemli bir pâye olan “tercümânü’z-zamân” unvanıyla zikreder (el-Vâfî , I, 50). Tâceddin b. Muhammed el-Hüseynî onun el-Müşeccer fi’l-ensâb adlı eserini gördüğünü, bu eserde pek çok hata bulduğunu, şiir söylediğini fakat iyi bir şair sayılamayacağını belirtir (Ġāyetü’l-iḫtiṣâr , s. 90).
XIII. yüzyıl ortalarında bütün İlhanlı sahasında olduğu gibi Irak’ta da Farsça, Türkçe ve Moğolca önem kazanarak yaygın şekilde kullanılmıştır. İbn Mühennâ, Ḥilyetü’l-insân ve ḥalbetü’l-lisân adlı sözlüğünü bu ortamda kaleme almıştır. Eserin XIII. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında Merâga veya Bağdat’ta yazıldığı tahmin edilmektedir. İlhanlı Devleti’nin resmî dili Türkçe olmakla beraber kültür, idare, ticaret ve toplum hayatında Arapça, Farsça ve Moğolca’nın da kullanıldığını dikkate alan İbn Mühennâ eseri bu üç dilin belli başlı özelliklerini esas alarak Arapça yazmış, böylece devrinde bir ihtiyaca cevap verdiği gibi Farsça, Türkçe ve Moğolca’nın önemli kaynaklarından sayılan bir eser ortaya koymuştur. Bir mukaddime ile üç kısımdan meydana gelen sözlüğün İstanbul nüshasına göre (Arkeoloji Müzeleri Ktp., nr. 1202) 5-111. sayfaları Farsça’ya, 113-310 arası Türkçe’ye, 311-371. sayfaları Moğolca’ya ayrılmıştır. Eserin Farsça’ya ayrılan kısmı, genel dil bilgisi kurallarının anlatıldığı bir giriş ve yirmi sekiz bölümden meydana gelir. Birinci bölümde Allah’ın otuz üç ismiyle on üç terime Farsça karşılıklar gösterilmiştir. İkinci bölümde fiil çekimleri verilmiş, diğer bölümlerde ise çeşitli alanlardaki 1291 Arapça kelimenin Farsça karşılıkları kaydedilmiştir. Sözlüğün Türkçe kısmı “nevi” adıyla iki bölüme ayrılmıştır. Birinci bölümde ses, şekil ve kısa etimoloji bilgilerine yer verilmiş, ardından yapım ve çekim ekleriyle isim tamlaması, zarflar ve edatlar işlenmiş, daha sonra fiil kip ve çekimleri üzerinde durulmuştur. İkinci bölümde Allah’ın isimleriyle çeşitli ad grupları yirmi dört alt bölümde ele alınmıştır. 1563 ismin sıralandığı bu bölümün dizinini hazırlayan Abdullah Battal Taymas’a göre buradaki toplam kelime sayısı 2191’dir. Eserin Moğolca kısmında fiil ve zamir konusundaki bazı kısa bilgiler dışında dille ilgili herhangi bir açıklama yapılmamış, sadece çeşitli gruplara ait isim, fiil ve edatlar yirmi beş bölüm halinde sıralanmıştır. Bu kısımda 928 Moğolca kelimenin yer aldığı Nicholas N. Poppe neşrinde görülmektedir.
Halk dilinden alınan malzeme ile maddî ve mânevî kültür unsurlarına geniş yer verilen eser özellikle Türk ve Moğol kültür tarihi açısından önemlidir. Sadece sanat ve ziraata ait Türkçe tabir ve adların sayısı 100’den fazladır. Eserden, XIII. yüzyılda karışık bir etnik yapıya sahip olan bu bölgede konuşulan Türkçe’nin başka unsurlarla da karıştığı anlaşılmaktadır. Müellifin “Türkistan Türkçesi” diye nitelendirdiği Hâkāniye (Kâşgar) Türkçesi ile “bizim memleket Türkçesi” dediği Azerbaycan edebî Türkçesine de yer verdiği eser, Azerbaycan Türkçesi’nin mevcudiyetini ve karakteristik özelliklerini belirtmesi açısından önemli olduğu kadar (Caferoğlu, II, 148) Türkmen lehçesinden bahsetmesiyle de dikkat çeker. İbn Mühennâ sözlüğünü hazırlarken faydalandığı eserleri de belirtmiştir. Bunlar Nâdirü’d-dehr ʿalâ luġati Meliki’l-ʿaṣr , Kitâbü Yaḥya’l-melik , Kitâbü Tuḥfeti’l-melik , Muhammed b. Kays’ın adı belli olmayan bir eseri ve Şerefüzzaman Tâhir el-Mervezî’nin 418’de (1027) yazdığı Kitâbü Ṭabâyiʿi’l-ḥayevân ’ıdır. Bunlardan ilk dördünün adı eserin Türkçe bölümünde, Türkler’in özelliklerinden bahseden beşinci eserin adı ise Moğolca bölümünde zikredilmiştir.
Türkçe üzerine yazılmış ilk eserlerden biri olan İbnü-Mühennâ Lûgati ’nin altı nüshası bilinmektedir. Bunlardan biri İstanbul Arkeoloji Müzeleri Kütüphanesi’nde (nr. 1202), üçü Oxford’daki Bodleian Library’de, biri Berlin Staatsbibliothek’te (nr. 60), biri de Paris Bibliothèque Nationale’dedir (Anc. fond Turc., nr. 208). Eser ilim âlemine ilk defa, İstanbul nüshası dışındaki beş nüshayı karşılaştırarak bir doktora tezi hazırlayan Platon M. Melioranskiy tarafından tanıtılmıştır. İncelediği nüshalarda müellif ve kitap adıyla tarih bulunmadığı için çalışmasına “Türk dili hakkında bir Arap filologu” anlamında bir ad veren Melioranskiy eserin Türkçe kısmını bir önsözle birlikte 1900’de, Moğolca kısmını da 1904’te yayımlamıştır (bk. bibl.). Kilisli Rifat (Bilge) sözlüğün İstanbul nüshasını bir önsözle birlikte neşretmiş (İstanbul 1340), ayrıca bir makale ile eseri değerlendirmiştir (“İbn Mühennâ Lugati”, İkdam , nr. 9058, 5 Haziran 1338/1922). İstanbul nüshasının Türkçe bölümünün dizini Abdullah Battal Taymas tarafından hazırlanmıştır (İbnü-Mühennâ Lûgati , İstanbul 1934). Sergey Efimoviç Malov İstanbul nüshasını Türk dili yönünden değerlendirmiştir. Abdullah Battal Taymas ile Hasan Eren, müşterek olarak yazdıkları bir makalede yazma nüsha ile Kilisli Rifat neşrindeki bazı kelime farklılıkları ve açıklanması zor kelimeleri ele almışlardır. İstanbul nüshasının Moğolca bölümü Nicholas N. Poppe tarafından yayımlanmış, Louis Ligeti İstanbul nüshasındaki Moğolca kelimeleri inceleyen iki makale kaleme almıştır (bk. bibl.); Hüseyin Namık Orkun da Kilisli Rıfat neşrini tanıtan yazısında eserle ilgili bazı problemler üzerinde durmuştur (Szeged József Attila Tudományegyetem, Altaisztikai Tanszék Németh Gyula Köynvtára, nr. 73). İbn Mühennâ’nın kaynaklarda adı geçen diğer eserleri de şunlardır: Vüzerâʾü’z-zevrâʾ (İbnü’l-Fuvatî, IV/2, s. 724), Letâʾifü’l-meʿânî fî şuʿarâʾi zamânî (a.g.e. , IV/3, s. 104, 304), el-Müşeccer fi’l-ensâb (a.g.e. , IV/1, s. 100, 104). İbnü’l-Fuvatî bu son eseri 681 (1282-83) yılında okuduğunu belirtmektedir (a.g.e. , IV/1, s. 141).
İbn Mühennâ adıyla tanınan başka kişiler de mevcut olup İbnü’l-Fuvatî bunların bir kısmını kaydetmiştir (a.g.e. , IV/1, s. 256, 291). İbn Mühennâ bu şahıslardan bazılarıyla karıştırılmıştır. Onun en çok karıştırıldığı kişi, ʿUmdetü’ṭ-ṭâlib fî ensâbi âli Ebî Ṭâlib adlı eserin müellifi, Cemâleddin Ahmed b. Ali b. Mühennâ el-Asgar ed-Dâvûdî el-Hasenî’dir (ö. 828/1424) (Dihhudâ, X, 94). Ali Emîrî ile Kilisli Rifat Bilge (Hilyetü’l-insân , s. lâhika, h [ح]) sözlüğün, kaynaklarda İbn Inebe olarak anılan Cemâleddin Ahmed’e ait olduğunu ileri sürmüş, Cemal Muhtar da (bk. bibl.) bu görüşe katılmıştır. İbn Mühennâ’yı Cemâleddin Ahmed ile karıştıranlardan biri de Muhammed Rızâ eş-Şebîbî’dir (Risâletü’l-İslâmiyye , XI/1, s. 18). Ancak Hüseyin Namık Orkun, eserin ʿUmdetü’ṭ-ṭâlib müellifi Cemâleddin Ahmed tarafından yazılma ihtimalinin bulunmadığını belirtmiştir. İbn Mühennâ ile karıştırılan diğer bir kişi de Ahmed b. Mühennâ b. Îsâ el-Emîr’dir (ö. 749/1348) (Safedî, VIII, 197). Kilisli Rifat’ın sözlük yazarı olma ihtimali üzerinde durduğu (Hilyetü’l-insân , mukaddime, h [هـ]) bu şahıs bir bedevî emîridir. İbn Mühennâ adıyla şöhret bulan diğer bazı kişiler şunlardır: Tarihçi Abdülcebbâr b. Abdullah b. Muhammed el-Havlânî ed-Dârinî (ö. 365/975’ten sonra), şair Ebû Abdullah Muhammed b. Mühennâ b. Muhammed (ö. 600/1204), Tâhâ b. Muhammed el-Cebrînî el-Halebî eş-Şâfiî (ö. 1178/1764).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbn Mühennâ, Hilyetü’l-insân ve halbetü’l-lisân (nşr. Kilisli Rifat [Bilge]), İstanbul 1338-40, s. 1-8; mukaddime, h [هـ], lâhika h [ح].
Zehebî, Târîḫu’l-İslâm ve ṭabaḳātü’l-meşâhir ve’l-aʿlâm , Süleymaniye Ktp., Ayasofya, nr. 3014, XI, vr. 107a .
Safedî, el-Vâfî , I, 50; VIII, 197-198.
Tâceddin b. Muhammed el-Hüseynî, Ġāyetü’l-iḫtiṣâr , Bulak 1310, s. 90.
İbn Inebe, ʿUmdetü’ṭ-ṭâlib fî ensâbi âli Ebî Ṭâlib , Bombay 1318, s. 1, 195.
İbnü’l-Fuvatî, Telḫîṣu Mecmaʿi’l-âdâb (nşr. Mustafa Cevâd), Dımaşk 1962-65, IV/1, s. 100, 102-104, 141-142, 256, 291, 323, 330, 355, 385, 533, 577, 943, 948, 1103, 1179-1180; IV/2, s. 689, 724; IV/3, s. 104, 184, 260, 304, 568, 671; IV/4, s. 671, 673, 699.
Yâkūt, Muʿcemü’l-büldân , II, 294.
W. Pertsch, Die Handschriften-Verzeichnisse der Königlichen Bibliothek zu Berlin. Türkischen Handschriften , Berlin 1889, VI, 100-101, nr. 60.
Ethé, Catalogue , I, 1022.
Platon M. Melioranskiy, Arap filolog o Turetskom yazıke , St. Petersburg 1900.
a.mlf., “Arap filolog o Mongol’skom yazıke”, ZVO , sy. 15 (1904), s. 75-172.
E. Blochet, Bibliothèque Nationale catalogue des manuscrits persans , Paris 1934, IV, 50-51, nr. 2080.
Abdullah Battal [Taymas], İbnü-Mühennâ Lûgati , İstanbul 1934.
a.mlf. – Hasan Eren, “İbn Mühenna Lûgati Hakkında”, Türk Dili ve Tarihi Hakkında Araştırmalar , Ankara 1950, I, 127-158.
N. N. Poppe, Mongolskiy Slovar Mukaddimat al-Adab , Leningrad 1938, s. 432-451.
Abdülkadir İnan, “Mısır’da Oğuz-Türkmen ve Kıpçak Lehçeleri”, TDAY Belleten (1953), s. 56-57, 61.
Muhammed Rızâ eş-Şebîbî, Müʾerriḫu’l-ʿIrâḳ: İbnü’l-Fuvatî , Bağdad 1958, II, 196-200.
a.mlf., “S̱eḳāfetüne’l-luġaviyye fî ʿaṣri’l-Moġol”, Risâletü’l-İslâmiyye , XI/1, Kahire 1959, s. 17-22.
Kehhâle, Muʿcemü’l-müʾellifîn , II, 6.
Âgā Büzürg-i Tahrânî, eẕ-Ẕerîʿa ilâ teṣânîfi’ş-Şîʿa , Beyrut 1972, VII, 81.
Hüseyin Ali el-Mahfûz, “İbni Mühennâ”, I. Milletlerarası Türkoloji Kongresi (İstanbul 15-20 Ekim 1973) Bildiri Özetleri , İstanbul 1973, s. 70.
Ahmet Caferoğlu, Türk Dili Tarihi , İstanbul 1974, II, 144-149, 190.
S. E. Malov, “İbn Muxanna o turetskom yazıke”, ZKV , III (1928), s. 221-248; V (1930), s. 507-525.
Hasan Eren, “Beiträge zur türkischen wortforschung”, KCs.A , III/2 (1940), s. 2-5.
Louis Ligeti, “Un vocabulaire mongol d’Istanboul”, AOH , XIV (1962), s. 3-99.
a.mlf., “Notes sur le vocabulaire mongol d’Istanboul”, a.e. , XVI (1963), s. 103-174.
Cemal Muhtar, “İslâm’da Sözlük Çalışmaları”, MÜİFD , IV (1986), s. 350.
Süleyman Tülücü, “İbn Mühennâ Sözlüğü ve Bu Sözlükte Kadın ve Kadın Akrabalık Adları İçin Kullanılan Sözler”, Atatürk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi , sy. 2, Erzurum 1995, s. 155-165.
Dihhudâ, Luġatnâme , X, 94.
“Cemâlüddin, Ahmed İbni Ali”, TA , X, 146.
“İbni Mühenna Lügati”, TDEA , IV, 320.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1999 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 20. cildinde, 218-219 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.