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İBNÜ’l-ESÎR, İzzeddin Skip to content Ebü’l-Hasen İzzüddîn Alî b. Muhammed b. Muhammed eş-Şeybânî el-Cezerî (ö. 630/1233)
el-Kâmil ve Üsdü’l-ġābe adlı eserleriyle tanınan tarihçi, edip ve muhaddis.
4 Cemâziyelevvel 555’te (12 Mayıs 1160) Cizre’de (Cezîre-i İbn Ömer) doğdu; bundan dolayı Cezerî nisbesiyle, babasının Esîrüddin lakabını taşımasından dolayı da İbnü’l-Esîr künyesiyle anılır. İlk İslâm fetihleri sırasında Irak’a yerleşen ve IV. (X.) yüzyılda Şehrizor’da yaşarken Büveyhî Hükümdarı Adudüddevle’nin baskısıyla Cizre’ye giden Bekir b. Vâil kabilesinin Şeybânoğulları kolundan bir aileye mensuptur. İbnü’l-Esîr’in yazdıklarından, babasının Musul Atabegi İmâdüddin Zengî döneminde (1127-1146) Vezir Cemâleddin’in Cizre’deki nâibi, Mevdûd b. İmâdüddin Zengî devrinde ise (1149-1170) Cizre Dîvânü’l-harâcı’nın reisi olduğu, aynı zamanda ticaretle ve Kasruharb adlı köyü ile Akīme köyündeki çiftliğinde tarımla uğraştığı öğrenilmektedir (et-Târîḫu’l-bâhir , s. 118, 147, 157). İbnü’l-Esîr babasının ölüm tarihi hakkında bilgi vermez; ancak onun 587’de (1191) hayatta olduğu anlaşılmaktadır (a.g.e. , s. 186-187).
Ebü’l-Kerem Esîrüddin, üçü de ileride İbnü’l-Esîr lakabıyla ün kazanacak birer âlim olan oğulları Mecdüddin, İzzeddin ve Ziyâeddin’in öğrenimiyle yakından ilgilenerek onları en yetkili hocalara gönderdi. İzzeddin yirmi bir yaşında iken hacca gitti ve Haremeyn’de bazı âlimlerle görüşüp onlardan hadis öğrendi; dönüşünde de bir süre Bağdat’ta kalarak Şâfiî fakihi Şeyh Ebü’l-Kāsım Yaîş ile hadisçi İbn Sükeyne’nin derslerine devam etti. 579 (1183) yılında, babası Esîrüddin’in çocuklarının tahsilini düşünerek Cizre’den ayrılıp o devrin önemli ilim ve kültür merkezlerinden biri olan Musul’a yerleşmesi üzerine Ebü’l-Fazl Abdullah et-Tûsî, Ebü’l-Ferec Yahyâ es-Sekafî, Ebû Mansûr Müslim es-Sîhî ve İbn Şebbe en-Nahvî el-Mukrî’nin öğrencisi oldu. Ayrıca hocaları arasında Ebû Muhammed Abdullah et-Tikrîtî, Ebü’l-Abbas Ahmed b. Efdalüzzaman, Cemâleddin Ebû Ali el-Hamevî, Ebü’l-Ferec Abdülmün‘im el-Harrânî, Ebû Hafs Ömer el-Bağdâdî, Abdülmuhsin el-Hatîb et-Tûsî ve Kadı İbn Ganâim el-Halebî de vardı. İbnü’l-Esîr, tahsil hayatının bu son yıllarında Musul atabeginin sözlü mesajlarını halifeye iletmek üzere birkaç defa Bağdat’a gidip geldi ve her seferinde hem Abdülmün‘im b. Küleyb gibi bilginlerden, hem de kütüphanelerdeki kıymetli kitaplardan ve temin edebildiği resmî belgelerden faydalandı. Bu arada yine atabegin elçisi sıfatıyla Dımaşk, Halep ve Kudüs’e gitti; sefâret görevini yerine getirmesinin yanında birçok fakih, kurrâ, muhaddis ve nahivciden de çeşitli bilgiler aldı.
Kudüs’ün fethinden sonra 584’te (1188) Dımaşk’ta Selâhaddîn-i Eyyûbî ile görüşen ve Hittîn Savaşı’nın cereyan ettiği alanı gezen İbnü’l-Esîr, aynı yıl hükümdarın Antakya Prinkepsliği’ne karşı düzenlediği sefere Musul askerlerinin yanında tarihçi olarak katıldı. Ardından Musul’a döndü ve ölümüne kadar hayatını Atabeg Bedreddin Lü’lü’ün himayesinde geçirdi. 603’te (1207) tekrar hacca, 626’da da (1229) Halep’e gitti. İbn Hallikân, İbnül Esîr’in bu Halep ziyaretinde el-Melikü’l-Azîz’in atabegi Şehâbeddin Tuğrul tarafından saygın bir misafir olarak ağırlandığını bizzat gördüğünü söyler ve onu mütevazi, ahlâk ve fazilet âbidesi bir âlim olarak tanıtır; kendisinin de onun ilminden istifade ettiğini belirtir (Vefeyât , III, 349). İbnü’l-Esîr 627’de (1230) tekrar Dımaşk’a gitti; Müsnidüşşâm Kāsım b. Sasrâ ve Zeynülümenâ b. Asâkir’den semâ yoluyla hadis aldı; ertesi yıl Halep’e ve oradan da fazla gecikmeden Musul’a döndü. Ömrünün son yıllarında kendini hadis ilmine vakfederek ilerlemiş yaşına rağmen bu alanda öğrenci yetiştirip özellikle sahâbe biyografilerine ve hadis râvilerinin nisbelerine dair eserler verdi. İbnü’l-Esîr 25 Şâban 630’da (6 Haziran 1233) Musul’da vefat etti. Musul’daki kabrinin üzerinde bugün 1939’da yaptırılan büyük bir türbe bulunmaktadır.
el-Kâmil fi’t-târîḫ adlı eseriyle haklı bir şöhrete kavuşan İbnü’l-Esîr aynı zamanda hadiste hâfızlık derecesine ulaşmış, usûl-i hadis, siyer, edebiyat, ensâb ve eyyâmü’l-Arab’da da üstat sayılmıştır; evi her zaman âlim ve ediplerle dolup taşardı. Hâfızası çok kuvvetli, zeki ve mütevazi bir insandı. Makam ve mevki sahibi olmayı istememiş, kendisine itibar gösteren Zengîler’in ve Eyyûbîler’in yaptıkları bütün teklifleri geri çevirmiştir. el-Kâmil ’de, önemli mevkilere çıkmış nice devlet adamının hiç beklemediği anda nasıl perişan bir hale düştüğünü anlattıktan sonra geçimini sağlayacak geliri olan bir insanın resmî görev almamasını tavsiye eder. İbn Kesîr, onun Musul hükümdarlarına vezirlik yaptığını söylerse de (el-Bidâye , XIII, 139) bu doğru değildir.
İbnü’l-Esîr rivayetleri değerlendirirken ihtiyatlı davranmasıyla, haberleri tahlil ve tenkit süzgecinden geçirdikten sonra kullanmasıyla ve yalnız güvenilir kaynaklara başvurmasıyla tanınmıştır. Bir tarihçi sıfatıyla geçmişe ait bilgilerden, örnek hadise ve tecrübelerden faydalanılması gerektiğini, tarihin iyi ve kötü yönleriyle tekerrürden ibaret olduğunu, dolayısıyla insanların ondan ibret alarak kendilerine yön vermelerini ve âhiret hayatı için de azık hazırlamalarını tavsiye eder. İbnü’d-Dübeysî, Şehâb el-Kūsî, Mecdüddin b. Ebû Cerâde, Ebü’l-Kāsım Şeref b. Asâkir, Ebû Saîd Sungur el-Kudâî, Ebü’l-Fazl b. Asâkir ve İbn Hallikân ondan rivayette bulunmuşlardır (Sübkî, VIII, 300).
Eserleri. 1. el-Kâmil fi’t-târîḫ . İbnü’l-Esîr’e Ortaçağ’ın en büyük ve en güvenilir tarihçilerinden biri olma vasfını kazandıran umumi tarih kitabı olup ilk defa Carl Johan Tornberg tarafından yayımlanmış (Leiden 1851-1876), daha sonra çeşitli baskıları yapılmış ve Türkçe’ye çevrilmiştir.
2. et-Târîḫu’l-bâhir fi’d-devleti’l-Atâbekiyye (Târîḫu’d-devleti’l-Atâbekiyye fi’l-Mevṣıl ). İbnü’l-Esîr bu eserini Zengîler’in İslâm’a, müslümanlara, ailesine ve şahsına yaptıkları iyilikleri vefa duygusuyla dile getirmek, isimlerini ebedîleştirmek ve onları dünyaya örnek bir hânedan olarak tanıtmak amacıyla yazmıştır. Telif sırasında daha çok babasının verdiği haberleri esas almış, ayrıca İbn Asâkir’in Târîḫu Medineti Dımaşḳ ’ı ve İbnü’l-Adîm’in Aḫbâru Ḥaleb ’iyle (Buġyetü’ṭ-ṭaleb fî târîḫi Ḥaleb ) İmâdüddin el-İsfahânî’nin bazı eserlerinden, görgü şahitlerinden ve el-Kâmil için kullandığı kaynak ve belgelerden faydalanmıştır. Nûreddin Arslanşah’ın maddî ve mânevî desteğiyle yazımına başlanan, ancak oğlu el-Melikü’l-Kāhir İzzeddin Mes‘ûd zamanında (1211-1218) tamamlanıp ona sunulan kitap, hânedanın atası Kasîmüddevle Aksungur’dan Nûreddin Arslanşah’ın vefatına (607/1211) kadar gelen olayları kapsar. Eser genelde el-Kâmil ile uyuşur; zaman zaman da ters düşer. Bu arada onda verilmeyen bazı bilgiler de içerir. Meselâ İmâdüddin Zengî’nin, babası öldürüldükten sonra küçük yaşta Musul emîrleriyle birlikte savaşlara katıldığı anlatılarak onun savaş ve siyaset konusundaki başarısının sebeplerine dikkat çekilmiş, yine Nûreddin Mahmud Zengî’nin hayatı hakkında el-Kâmil ’de zikredilmeyen önemli bilgiler verilmiştir. Ayrıca Zengîler devrindeki ilmî ve idarî müesseseler, onların Musul’a yaptıkları hizmetler, İmâdüddin Zengî ve Nûreddin Mahmud Zengî’nin Haçlılar karşısında gösterdikleri kahramanlıklar dile getirilmiştir. Eserde Zengîler’le Eyyûbîler arasındaki mücadeleye temas edilmeyip bu hususta el-Kâmil ’e atıfta bulunulur. İbnü’l-Esîr’in el-Kâmil ’de olayları bir tarihçi sıfatıyla ve sade bir üslûp içerisinde veciz bir ifadeyle anlatırken et-Târîḫu’l-bâhir ’de tarihçiliğinin yanı sıra ediplik vasfını da ortaya koyarcasına secili ifadeler kullandığı görülür. Bu arada Muhammed el-Kayserânî, Ahmed et-Trablusî, Haysa Beysa gibi çağdaşı şairlerin şiirlerinden örneklere ve darbımesellere de yer vermiştir. Müellif, el-Kâmil ’de olduğu gibi bu eserinde de babasından ve ağabeyi Mecdüddin’den duyduklarına ve tarih kitaplarındaki bilgilere istinat ettiğini söylemekle yetinmiş, ayrıca kaynaklarının adlarını saymamıştır. Ebû Şâme el-Makdisî Kitâbü’r-Ravżateyn ’i, İbn Vâsıl Müferricü’l-Kürûb ’u, Nâsırüddin İbnü’l-Furat Târîḫ ’ini, Bedreddin İbn Kādî Şühbe el-Kevâkibü’d-dürriyye fi’s-sîreti’n-Nûriyye ’yi yazarken onun bu kitabından faydalanmıştır. Eserin ilk defa, Haçlı seferleriyle ilgili bölümünün Arapça metni Baron Mac-Guckin de Slane tarafından neşre hazırlanmış, Casimir Adrien Barbier de Meynard tarafından da Histoire des Atabegs adıyla Fransızca’ya çevrilerek Arapça metinle birlikte yayımlanmıştır (RHC Or. , sy. II/2, s. 5-375). Daha sonra Abdülkādir Ahmed Tuleymât kitabın tamamını neşretmiştir (Bağdad-Kahire 1382/1963).
3. Üsdü’l-ġābe fî maʿrifeti’ṣ-ṣaḥâbe (Aḫbârü’ṣ-ṣaḥâbe) . Sahâbîlerin hayatı hakkında olup bu tür eserler arasında çok seçkin bir yere sahiptir. Eser ilk defa Mısır’da yayımlanmış (1863-1869), daha sonra çeşitli baskıları yapılmıştır.
4. el-Lübâb fî tehẕîbi’l-Ensâb . Sem‘ânî’nin nisbeleri esas alarak yazdığı Kitâbü’l-Ensâb ’ın, büyük bir itina ile gözden geçirilip hataları düzeltilerek ve eksikleri tamamlanarak yapılmış bir ihtisarıdır. İbnü’l-Esîr’in senedleri kısaltmak ve tekrarları çıkarmak suretiyle daha kullanılır hale getirdiği üç cilt hacmindeki kitabın bir bölümü ilk defa Ferdinand Wüstenfeld (Specimen el-Lobabi sive genealogiarum arabum , Göttingen 1835), tamamı ise Hüsâmeddin el-Kudsî (Kahire 1356-1357) ve Mustafa Abdülvâhid (Kahire 1971) tarafından yayımlanmıştır. İbn Hallikân’ın, kendi zamanında çok yaygın olarak kullanıldığını belirttiği eser (Vefeyât , III, 349) İslâm toplumunun sosyal yapısı açısından zengin malzeme içerir. Süyûtî de kitabı Lübbü’l-Lübâb fî taḥrîri’l-Ensâb adıyla ihtisar etmiştir. İbnü’l-Esîr’in bunlardan başka Târîḫu’l-Mevṣıl adlı tamamlanmamış bir çalışması bulunmakta, ayrıca diğer bazı eserler de ona nisbet edilmektedir (Muhammed b. Abdullah el-Hamdân, s. 99-104).
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2000 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 21. cildinde, 26-27 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.