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KÂBİL Skip to content Afganistan’ın başşehri.
Kâbil nehrinin kıyısında ve Hindukuş dağlarının güneyinden Hindistan’a giden yol üzerinde, kurulmuş olup milâttan önce 1500’lü yıllardan itibaren varlığı bilinmektedir. Deniz seviyesinden yüksekliği 1798 metredir. 160 km. doğusunda yer alan ve içinde Pakistan sınır kapısı bulunan Hayber Geçidi’ni kontrolü altında tutması stratejik önemini arttırır. Türkçe’de “Kâbil” telaffuzuyla söylenen ismin aslı “Kâbül” olup Hindular’ın kutsal kitaplarından Rig Veda’da “Kubha”, Batlamyus’un Kitâbü’l-Coġrafya ’sında “Kophen nehri kenarında Kabolitler’in Kaboura şehri” ve Çin seyahatnâmelerinde “Kao-fu” şekillerinde geçer. Arap kaynaklarında adına ilk defa Câhiliye dönemi şiirlerinde Türkler’le özdeşleşmiş olarak (Türk ve Kâbul) “dünyanın en kuzeyindeki ülke” anlamında rastlanır.
632’de Kâbil’e gelen Çinli seyyah Hiuen-Tsang burada 100 Budist manastırı ve 6000 rahibin bulunduğundan bahsetmektedir. 630’da Göktürk Devleti’ni yıkan Çinliler’in batıya doğru ilerlemesi Arap fetihleri karşısında durduysa da baskılardan kaçan Türkler’den bir kısmı VII. yüzyılın ortalarında Afganistan topraklarına, bu arada Kâbil ve çevresine yerleşti. O dönemde bölgeye hâkim olan Kuşan kralı, burayı müslümanlara karşı korumak için şehrin iki tarafındaki Şîrdervâze ve Âsâmâyî tepelerine birer kale yaptırdı. Kâbil’de Kuşan Devleti’nin ve arkasından hüküm süren Kâbilşâhîler hânedanının yıkılmasından sonra Türkşâhîler dönemi başladı. Müslümanlar, ilk defa Halife Muâviye zamanında Sicistan (Sîstan) Valisi Abdurrahman b. Semüre ve Rebî‘ b. Ziyâd kumandasında Kâbil’e kadar ilerlediler (44/664) ve bölgeyi yağma edip Türkşâhî hükümdarını ve mahallî yöneticileri haraca bağladılar. Halife Abdülmelik döneminde Irak Valisi Haccâc b. Yûsuf 78 (697) yılında fetih amacıyla İbn Ebû Bekre’yi bölgeye gönderdiyse de başarı kazanılamadı ve ağır kayıplar verildi; Haccâc’ın 95’te (714) vefatı üzerine de Türkşâhîler haraç vermekten vazgeçtiler. Humeyd b. Kahtabe, Horasan valiliği sırasında Kâbil’e bir sefer düzenlediği gibi Horasan Valisi Fazl b. Yahyâ el-Bermekî de Halife Hârûnürreşîd zamanında iki defa Afganistan üzerine gönderildi ve bazı toprakları ele geçirildi. Fazl b. Yahyâ tarafından gönderilen İbrâhim b. Cibrâîl 179’da (795) Zâbülistan’ı aldı ve Kâbil’e girdi; bunun üzerine Kâbil’de oturan Türkşâhî hükümdarı müslüman oldu ve 1,5 milyon dirhem haraç vermeyi kabul etti. Müslümanların Kâbil ve civarında tam hâkimiyet kurmaları Sicistan’daki Saffârîler dönemine rastlar. Kâbil’in İslâmlaşması ise Sâmânîler’in Horasan valileri Alp Tegin (ö. 963) ve Sebük Tegin (ö. 997) dönemlerinde başlayıp Gazneli Mahmud zamanında tamamlanmıştır. Müslüman tarihçilerin eserlerinde, uzun süre buradan Bağdat’a gönderilen filler ve putperest köleler hakkında çeşitli bilgiler bulunmaktadır (Mes‘ûdî, s. 125-128). Ancak IX ve X. yüzyıl tarihçileri tarafından Kâbil hakkında verilen bilgiler genellikle bölgeyi görmedikleri için gerçekleri tam ifade etmemektedir; fakat müslüman tüccarların Hindistan’ın ticaret mallarını Kâbil’deki pazarlardan aldıkları doğrudur.
Araplar’ın Kâbil önlerine geldiği ilk zamanlardan sonra aradan geçen yaklaşık iki asır içerisinde şehirdeki Budizm yerini, bölgeye hâkim olan Hint asıllı hânedanlar sebebiyle güçlenen Hinduizm’e bırakmıştı. Gazneliler döneminin başlarında önemini koruyan Kâbil’de müslümanlarla Hindular birlikte yaşıyorlardı ve burada birçok putperest tapınağı bulunuyordu (Ḥudûdü’l-ʿâlem , s. 111). Bîrûnî’ye göre de şehirde Türkler’den Şâhiyye (Türkşâhî) denen toplulukla Hindular yaşamaktaydı (Kitâbü’l-Cemâhir , s. 82). Gurlular zamanında on idarî bölgeden biri olan Kâbil, Gazne ve Fîrûzkûh gibi önemli merkezlerin yanında fazla gelişemedi; Cengiz Han’ın saldırısı ile de harabeye döndü. İbn Battûta (ö. 770/1368-69), ziyareti sırasında buranın eski önemini kaybetmiş ve köy görünümü almış olduğunu belirtmektedir. Timur, Hindistan seferi sırasında Kâbil’in etrafında tarıma elverişli arazilerde yaşayan köylüler için su kanalı açtırdı ve torunu Pîr Muhammed uzun süre burada vali olarak bulundu. 865-907 (1461-1502) yılları arasında Kâbil’de hüküm süren Ebû Said Mirza Han’ın oğlu Uluğ Bey de bahçeler, çeşmeler ve su kanalları inşa ettirdi. O dönemde şehirde Türk, Arap, Sart ve Tacikler yaşamaktaydı. Uluğ Bey’in ölümünden sonra Kâbil Argun hânedanından Muhammed Mukīm Han’ın, 910’da da (1504) Bâbür’ün eline geçti. Bâbür burayı, Orta Asya’dan Hindukuş’u aşan ticaret yolları ve Hindistan’a yapılan askerî seferler için önemli bir konuma sahip bulunması sebebiyle olduğu kadar havası ve çevresindeki güzelliklerden dolayı da beğenerek kurduğu devlete başşehir yapmıştı. Bâbür’ün Kâbil’i ele geçirmesi şehrin tarihinde önemli bir dönüm noktasıdır ve bu konu onun hâtıralarında ayrıntılarıyla yer almaktadır. O dönemde Herat, İsfahan, Tebriz, Bağdat, Delhi, Bengal, Semerkant, Buhara, Fergana ve Kâşgar’dan her yıl toplam 20.000 civarında devenin katıldığı kervanlar Kâbil pazarına uğramaktaydı. Böylece Kâbil Hindistan, Çin, Orta Asya ve İran’dan getirilen ticaret mallarının satıldığı bir pazar haline gelmişti. Bâbür’ün Hindistan’ı fethedip Agra’ya yerleşmesinden sonra oğulları Hümâyun ve Kâmrân Mirza burada valilik yaptılar. 1530’da Agra’da ölen Bâbür geçici olarak orada defnedildi ve altı ay sonra naaşı Kâbil’e getirilip burada gömüldü. Bâbür’den sonra tahta geçen Hümâyun, kardeşi Kâmrân Mirza’ya verdiği Kâbil’deki hâkimiyetini tahtıyla birlikte kaybettiyse de İran şahının yardımıyla durumunu düzeltince tahtını geri aldı.
Afşarlılar’ın ilk hükümdarı Nâdir Şah, İran’dan Hindistan seferine çıktığında 1151’de (1738) Kâbil’i Bâbürlüler’den alarak topraklarına kattıysa da 1160’ta (1747) öldürülmesinden sonra şehri Mâzenderan Valisi Ahmed Şah Dürrânî ele geçirdi. 1187’de (1773) Ahmed Şah’ın yerini alan oğlu Timur Şah, Kuzey Hindistan’ı Kandehar’dan idare edemeyeceğini anlayıp iki yıl sonra Kâbil’i başşehir yaptı. 1793’te onun ölümünün ardından beş oğlu arasında taht mücadelesinin yaşandığı Kâbil’de sırasıyla oğullarından Zaman Şah, Mahmud Şah ve Şücâülmülk tahta çıktılar. Mahmud Şah’ın ikinci saltanatı döneminde isyan eden eski Hûzistan Valisi Dost Muhammed Barakzay Kâbil’i ele geçirdi (1819). Böylece Sadozay ve Barakzay (Muhammedzay) aileleri arasında bir iktidar mücadelesi başladı. Bu sırada İngilizler Afganistan bölgesine de el attılar. Gelişen olaylar I. Afgan-İngiliz savaşının çıkmasına yol açtı ve 1839’da İngiliz-Hint ordusu Kâbil’i işgal ederek Şücâülmülk’ü tahta çıkardı; Dost Muhammed de Buhara’ya kaçtı. 1841’de Kâbil’den çekilen İngiliz ordusunu Dost Muhammed’in oğlu Ekber Şah Kâbil Boğazı’nda pusuya düşürerek imha etti; şehirde ayaklanan halk da Şücâülmülk’ü öldürdü. Bunun üzerine General Pollock kumandasında Afganistan’a gönderilen bir İngiliz ordusu Kâbil’e girdi ve şehri yakıp yıkarak 70.000 kişiyi katletti (1842). Ertesi yıl iktidarı yeniden ele geçiren Dost Muhammed ülkenin birliğini sağlama çabasında olduğundan Kâbil’de fazla oturmadı. Onun ölümünün ardından oğulları arasında başlayan taht kavgası sebebiyle başşehirde yönetimin birkaç defa el değiştirmesinin dışında önemli bir olay yaşanmadı.
1879’da Dost Muhammed’in torunu Muhammed Yâkub’un İngilizler’in himayesinde tahta geçmesi üzerine halk isyan etti ve çıkan karışıklıkta Kâbil’e gelen İngiliz heyeti mensupları öldürüldü. Bunun üzerine çıkan II. Afgan-İngiliz savaşında İngilizler tarafından bütün idarî binalarla sarayın da bulunduğu Bâlâhisar yıkıldı ve şehir harabeye çevrildi. Ertesi yıl yine İngilizler’in desteklediği Abdurrahman Han tahta çıkınca Afganistan genelinde ilk defa bütünlük sağlandı ve yıkılan hisar yeniden yapıldı. Kâbil’e Arg Kalesi ile birkaç saray yaptıran Abdurrahman Han’ın yerine geçen oğlu Habîbullah Han zamanında (1901-1919) birçok bina inşa edildi ve şehre elektrik getirildi. 1919’da tahta geçen onun oğlu Emânullah Han, İngilizler’e karşı verdiği mücadeleden sonra 1924’te ülkenin bağımsızlığını elde etti ve kapılarını dış dünyaya açtı. Emânullah Han, Kâbil’in 8 km. kuzeybatısındaki Çardih vadisine, planları Fransız ve Alman mimarlar tarafından çizilen Dârülemân adını verdiği yeni bir taht merkezi kurdu. 1928’de Kâbil’i kısa bir müddet ele geçiren Saka Habîbullah döneminde buraya Dârühabîbullah ve onu deviren Nâdir Han zamanında Dârülfünun denildiyse de bugün Navey Kâbûl (Yeni Kâbil) diye bilinmektedir. Burada Kâbil Üniversitesi, kemikleri Türkiye’den getirilen Cemâleddîn-i Efgānî’nin mezarı, Câmi-i İdgah ve yıllarca Kâbil’de çalışan bir Türk doktorunun adını taşıyan Rıfkı Sanatoryumu bulunmaktadır. Kâbil’in tarihî eserleri arasında, Bâğ-ı Bâbür ve içindeki Bâbür’ün türbesiyle Şah Cihan’ın bu türbeyle birlikte karşısına aynı yıl Belh’i ele geçirmesinin şerefine yaptırdığı küçük mermer cami, Bâbür’ün inşa, Evrengzîb’in tamir ettirdiği Mescid-i Ulyâ ile Mescid-i Pul-i Hiştî ve Dürrânî hânedanından Timur Şah’ın türbesi en önde gelenlerdir.
Kâbil, Pakistan sınırına olan yakınlığı sebebiyle Afganistan’ın en büyük ihracat ve ithalât merkezi halini almıştır. Tarih boyunca dokumacılık, deri işçiliği ve kuyumculuğun geliştiği Kâbil’de Abdurrahman Han zamanında silâh fabrikası, Habîbullah Han zamanında yünlü kumaş fabrikası faaliyete geçmiş, daha sonra da darphâne ve matbaa ile kundura ve kibrit fabrikaları açılmıştır. Kâbil’de ilk açılan okullar Harbiye, lise seviyesinde Habîbiya (1918), Mekteb-i Mahrûse adlı kız mektebi (1920), Fransız öğretmenler tarafından eğitim verilen Emâniye Lisesi (1922, yeni adı İstiklâl), Alman öğretmenlerin ders verdiği Emânî Lisesi (1924, yeni adı Necât) ve Gazi Lisesi ile (1927) güzel sanatlar, posta-telgraf ve diğer meslek liseleridir. 1928 yılında Saka Habîbullah’ın altı aylık döneminde bütün okullar kapatıldıysa da bunlar Nâdir Han zamanında yeniden açıldı. Hocaları Türkiye’den gönderilen yeni bir Harbiye Mektebi ile yine birkaç Türk profesörünün görev yaptığı Tıp Fakültesi’nin eğitime başlamasıyla Kâbil Üniversitesi’nin 1933’te temelleri atıldı. Bu üniversite 1970-1980 arasında bölgedeki en önemli yüksek öğrenim kurumu iken 1992’den 2001 yılına kadar kapalı kaldı.
1979’da Sovyetler Birliği tarafından Afganistan’ı işgal etmek için gönderilen ilk askerî birlikler hava yoluyla Kâbil’e indirildi. Sovyet askerlerinin geri çekildiği 1989 yılından 1992’ye kadar kurulan hükümetler uzun ömürlü olmadı. 1992-1996 yılları arasında ülke genelinde devam eden iç savaş sonucunda Kâbil ve civarı, Pakistan’a göç eden Afgan göçmenlerinin orada yetişen çocuklarının kurduğu Tâliban adlı hareketin eline geçti; halen de (2001) onların hükümet merkezidir. 11 Eylül 2001 tarihinde Washington ve New York kentlerine yapılan terörist saldırının ardından Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin 7 Ekim 2001’de Afganistan’a karşı başlattığı askerî harekât sırasında diğer bazı şehirler yanında Kâbil’in de özellikle çevresi ağır bombardımana maruz kaldı.
Eski kısımları Kâbil ırmağının sağ yakasında, daha yeni kesimleri ırmağın sol yakasında bulunan Kâbil şehrinin nüfusu 1992 yılında 1.400.000 kadardı.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Ya‘kūbî, Les pays (trc. G. Wiet), Frankfurt 1997, s. 106-107.
Mes‘ûdî, Mürûcü’ẕ-ẕeheb (Meynard) , s. 125-128.
Bîrûnî, Kitâbü’l-Cemâhir fî maʿrifeti’l-cevâhir , Haydarâbâd 1355, s. 82.
Ḥudûdü’l-ʿâlem (Minorsky) , s. 111.
İbn Battûta, Seyahatnâme , I, 446-447.
Bâbür, Vekāyi‘ (Arat) , II, 129-284.
R. Furon, L’Afghanistan géographie, histoire, ethnographie, voyages , Paris 1926, s. 15, 33-59.
M. Şemseddin Günaltay, Türk Tarihinin İlk Devirleri Uzak Şark Kadim Çin ve Hind , İstanbul 1937, s. 281.
R. Grousset, L’empire des steppes Attila, Gengis-Khan, Tamerlan , Paris 1939, s. 110-115.
J. G. Droysen, Büyük İskender (trc. Bekir Sıtkı Baykal), Ankara 1949, III, 122-133.
Strabo, The Geography (trc. H. L. Jones), Cambridge 1961, VII, 45.
C. E. Bosworth, The Ghaznavids: Their Empire in Afghanistan and Eastern Iran: 994-1040 , Beirut 1973, s. 35.
a.mlf., “Kābul”, EI2 (Fr.) , IV, 371-373.
Bahaeddin Ögel, Büyük Hun İmparatorluğu Tarihi-II , Ankara 1981, I, 484; II, 296, 338-341, 355-356.
L. Frédéric, L’Inde de l’Islam , Paris 1989, s. 17, 25-26.
Abdülvehhâb Tarzî, “Kâbil”, İA , VI, 16-22.
“Kâbil”, TA , XXI, 76-82.
Muhammed Ali, “Kabul”, EBr. , XIII, 180-181.
Ömer Faruk Akün, “Bâbürnâme”, DİA , IV, 405.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2001 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 24. cildinde, 28-29 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.