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KARAHITAYLAR Skip to content KARAHITAYLAR , Doğu ve Batı Türkistan’ın büyük bir kısmında hüküm süren Moğol devleti (1130-1211).
Müellif: Ahmet Taşağıl
Tarih sahnesine ilk defa IV. yüzyılda çıkan ve Orhon yazıtlarında “doğudaki Türk düşmanı kavim” şeklinde tanıtılan Moğol asıllı Hıtaylar’ın (Kıtaylar-K’i-tan) anavatanları Mançurya’nın güneyidir. X. yüzyılın başında Yeh-lü A-pao-chi (Apaoki) adlı Hıtay reisi, kavminin bütün boylarını itaat altına alarak Moğolistan’ın büyük bir kısmına hâkim oldu ve 916 yılında kendini hükümdar ilân etti. Onun oğlu Te Kuang (926-947) Kuzey Çin’in bir kısmını ele geçirerek orada Çinliler’in Liao hânedanı dedikleri devleti kurdu. Kuzey Çin’de iki yüzyıldan fazla hüküm süren Liao İmparatorluğu’nun güney sınırları Chili eyaletinin kuzeyinden -şimdiki Pekin dahil- Shan-hsi’ye kadar uzanıyordu; ayrıca bütün Moğolistan ve Mançurya halkları, hatta Kırgızlar da bu devlete bağlanmıştı. Hıtaylar 1009’da batıya yöneldiler ve Uygurlar’la Karahanlılar’ı tehdit etmeye başladılar. Fakat Karahanlılar tarafından Balasagun yakınlarında bozguna uğratılarak (1016) batıya ilerleyişleri bir yüzyıl geciktirildi. Bununla beraber Oğuzlar’ın İran’a ve Peçenekler’in Avrupa’ya doğru göçleri Hıtaylar’ın bu ileri harekâtıyla ilgili görülmektedir. Liao hânedanının yıkılışından sonra Hıtaylar’ın büyük bir kısmı Tunguz kavmine mensup olan Curcenler’in hâkimiyetini kabul ederken Liao İmparatorluğu’nun kurucusu A-pao-chi’nin sekizinci göbekten torunu olan Prens Yeh-lü Ta-şi, yönetimi altındaki küçük bir grup ve Batı Moğolistan’daki birçok kavmin desteğini sağladıktan sonra Türkistan’a doğru ileri harekâta geçti.
1121-1126 yıllarında İslâm âlemiyle temasa geçen Yeh-lü Ta-şi kumandasındaki Karahıtay ordusu 1128 yılında Balasagun, Hoten ve Kâşgar bölgesine ilk girdiğinde Doğu Karahanlı Hükümdarı Arslan Han Ahmed b. Hasan tarafından mağlûp edildi. Fakat 1130 baharında Yenisey boyundaki Kırgız topraklarını geçtikten sonra tekrar güneybatıya yönelerek Tarbagatay’da İmil şehrini kuran Yeh-lü Ta-şi, Karluklar’la Kanglı boyları tarafından sıkıştırılan Karahanlı hükümdarının yardım istemesi üzerine herhangi bir mukavemetle karşılaşmadan Balasagun’a kadar geldi ve bu fırsattan yararlanarak Kâşgar, Beşbalık ve Hoten’i de kendine tâbi kılıp başşehri Balasagun olan Karahıtay Devleti’ni kurdu (1130). Yeh-lü Ta-şi’nin Liao İmparatorluğu’na mensup olmasından dolayı Çin kaynakları bu devleti Hsi Liao (Batı Liao) adıyla zikretmişlerdir. Türk-İslâm kaynakları ise büyük bir ihtimalle Hıtâ (Hatâ) dedikleri Kuzey Çin’deki Liao İmparatorluğu’ndan ayırt etmek için bu devlete Karahıtay adını vermişlerdir. Bundan sonra “gürhan” unvanıyla anılan Yeh-lü Ta-şi (1130-1142), önce eski yurtlarını geri almak için Kuzey Çin topraklarına bazı seferler düzenlediyse de pek başarılı olamadı. Bunun üzerine batıya yönelerek Mâverâünnehir’e ve Doğu İran’a saldırdı. 531’de (1137) Hucend yakınlarında Selçuklu Sultanı Sencer tarafından tayin edilen Batı Karahanlı Hükümdarı Mahmûd b. Muhammed’i mağlûp eden Yeh-lü Ta-şi daha sonra da Sultan Sencer’i Katvân savaşında ağır bir bozguna uğrattı (5 Safer 536 / 9 Eylül 1141). Toplam 30.000 kayıp veren Sencer Tirmiz’e kaçarken eşi Terken Hatun ve önde gelen emîrleri esir düştü; Mahmud Han da ülkeyi terketti. Katvân savaşının Karahıtaylar’ın zaferiyle sonuçlanması Büyük Selçuklular’ın yıkılışına zemin hazırladığı gibi bütün İslâm dünyasının siyasî, içtimaî ve iktisadî buhranlara sürüklenmesine de yol açmıştır. Böylece karşılarında rakip kalmayan Karahıtaylar, Ceyhun ırmağının sağ kıyısına kadar bütün Mâverâünnehir’i ele geçirdiler ve Buhara’da kendilerine direnen Burhan ailesinden Sadr Hüsâmeddin Ömer b. Abdülazîz işgal sırasında şehid edilince yerine Alp Tegin adlı birini vali tayin ettiler. Semerkant’ta ise Batı Karahanlı tahtına Tamgaç Buğra Han III. İbrâhim b. Muhammed’i oturttular ve vergi toplamak üzere memurlar görevlendirip geri çekildiler. Bu arada Hârizmşahlar’ı da yılda 30.000 dinar vergiye bağladılar.
1170 veya 1172’de Karahıtay ordusu vergisini vaktinde ödemeyen Hârizmşahlar üzerine sefere çıktı ve öncü kuvvetlerinin kumandanı Ayyâr Beg’i yenerek esir aldı. Bu sırada Hârizmşah İlarslan öldü ve başlayan taht mücadelesinde taraflardan biri olan hükümdarın büyük oğlu Cend Valisi Alâeddin Muhammed Tekiş, babasının veliaht seçtiği küçük kardeşi Sultanşah Mahmud ile annesi Terken Hatun’a karşı Karahıtaylar’dan yardım istedi ve tahta çıktığı takdirde vergileri muntazam bir şekilde ve fazlasıyla ödeyeceğini bildirdi. Bunun üzerine Karahıtaylar’ın başında bulunan Yeh-lü Ta-şi’nin kızı Çieng-tien (1164-1177) kocası Fu-ma’yı büyük bir orduyla yardıma gönderdi. Tekiş’i Hârizm’e kadar götüren Fu-ma Gürgenç’e yaklaştığında orada bulunan Sultanşah ve annesi Terken Hatun şehri terkettiler; sonuçta Tekiş tahta çıktı (568/1173). Fakat Tekiş, Karahıtaylar’ın yardımıyla tahta çıkmasına rağmen onlara karşı tutumunu değiştirdi. Çieng-tien de bu defa kocası Fu-ma’yı Tekiş’e karşı Sultanşah’ın yardımına gönderdi. Ancak Tekiş bentleri açıp yolları ve geçitleri sular altında bırakınca Karahıtay kuvvetleri geri dönmek zorunda kaldı (yaklaşık 1175).
1198 yılında Gurlular’dan Bahâeddin Sâm b. Muhammed’in Karahıtaylar’a bağlı bir Türk beyi tarafından idare edilen Belh şehrini alması üzerine Karahıtay ordusu Tayangu’nun kumandasında Ceyhun ırmağını geçerek Cûzcân’ın bir kısmını ve civar vilâyetleri yağmaladı. Fakat daha sonra yapılan savaşta Gur ordusuna yenildi ve 12.000 kayıp verdi. Bu yenilginin sebebini Hârizmşahlar’a yükleyen Karahıtaylar onlardan tazminat istediler; reddedilince de başşehirleri Gürgenç’i kuşattılar. Ancak Alâeddin Tekiş geceleri yaptığı baskınlarla kuşatmanın kaldırılmasını sağladı. 1204 yılından itibaren Karahıtaylar, Hârizmşahlar’la Gurlular arasındaki mücadelede aktif rol oynamaya başladılar. Gürhan Yeh-lü Ch’e-lu-ku (1178-1211), Gurlular’a karşı kendisini desteklemesini isteyen Hârizmşah Alâeddin Muhammed b. Tekiş’e yardım amacıyla Tayangu kumandasında büyük bir ordu gönderince Gurlular geri çekilmek zorunda kaldılar. Fakat Tayangu onları takip etti ve Gurlu Hükümdarı Muizzüddin (Şehâbeddin) Muhammed Endhûd (Endhûy) Kalesi’ne sığındı. Karahıtaylar, yanlarında bulunan kendilerine tâbi Batı Karahanlı Hükümdarı Sultan Osman’ın ara buluculuk yapması üzerine saldırmaktan vazgeçip Gurlular’ın verdiği hazine, silâh, teçhizat ve filleri alarak geri döndüler.
1206’da Karahıtaylar’ın yardımıyla Tirmiz’i alan Hârizmşah Muhammed b. Tekiş çevresindeki bütün müslüman rakiplerini sindirmişti ve artık onlara bağlı kalmak istemiyordu. Karahıtaylar da eski güçlerini yitirdikleri için kendilerine tâbi bölgeleri eskisi gibi kontrol altında tutamıyorlardı. Hârizmşah Muhammed b. Tekiş önce Semerkant ve Buhara’yı ele geçirdi; daha sonra da Seyhun ırmağını geçerek Tayangu’nun ordusunu İlâmış sahrasında (veya Talas’ta) mağlûp edip kendisini esir aldı. Çaresiz kalan ordu başşehir Balasagun’a dönünce ahali kale kapılarını kapattı. Bunun üzerine kuşatma altına alınan şehir üç gün yağma edildi ve katliama mâruz kaldı. 1209’da Karahıtaylar’ın tâbilerinden Uygur Hükümdarı İdikut Barçuk, Cengiz Han’a bağlandı. Bu sırada Hârizmşahlar, Moğol Naymanlar’ın hükümdarı ve Gürhan Ch’e-lu-ku’nun damadı olan Küçlüğ Han ile anlaşarak ayrı yönlerden saldırdılar. Önce Küçlüğ, arkasından Hârizmşah Muhammed b. Tekiş ve sonra tekrar Küçlüğ zafer kazandılar. Böylece Karahıtaylar’a son darbeyi vuran Küçlüğ kayınpederi Ch’e-lu-ku’yu esir ederek bu devlete son verdi (1211).
Karahıtay Devleti’nin sınırları en geniş olduğu dönemde doğuda Çin’in batısındaki Hsihsia’ya, kuzeyde Altay dağlarındaki Nayman ülkesine, batıda Ceyhun ırmağına, güneyde ise Belh, Tirmiz ve Hoten’e dayanıyordu. Doğuda Beşbalık’tan başlayarak Turfan, Karaşar ve Kuça’da oturan Uygur Türkleri, kuzeyde Aşağı İli’de oturan Karluklar, güneybatıda Mâverâünnehir ve Kuzey Afganistan halkları, Doğu İran’da da müslüman Türkler ve diğer bazı kavimler Karahıtaylar’a tâbi idiler. Müslüman yazarlar tarafından putperest olarak tanıtılan Karahıtaylar’ın dinleri Budizm ile Şamanizm karışımı bir mahiyette idi. İbnü’l-Esîr ilk hükümdarlarını Maniheist olarak gösterir (el-Kâmil, XI, 82). Karahıtaylar, İslâmiyet’i kabul etmemekle birlikte genelde bütün din ve inançlara karşı hoşgörülü davrandılar; son gürhan Ch’e-lu-ku’nun gizlice müslüman olduğu da rivayet edilir (Cûzcânî, II, 96). Çin hece sisteminden uyarlanmış özel bir yazıya sahip olan Karahıtaylar sürekli kendi kültürlerine dayanarak eski Liao İmparatorluğu’ndan getirdikleri gelenekleri ve idare sistemini muhafaza etmişlerdir. Devlet idaresinde Yeh-lü ve Hsiao adlı iki aile büyük rol oynamıştır. Beş hükümdardan ikisinin kadın olması ilgi çekicidir ve kadınların toplumda önemli bir yer işgal ettiğini göstermektedir. İpek yolu güzergâhını elinde bulunduran Karahıtaylar doğu ile olan ticarî münasebetlerini daha da güçlendirdiler. Karahıtaylar’ın yıkılmasından sonra hânedana mensup Barak Hâcib (Kutluğ Han) Kirman’da Kutluğhanlılar adıyla bilinen bir devlet kurmuştur (1222).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2001 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 24. cildinde, 415-416 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.