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KOCA SİNAN PAŞA Skip to content KOCA SİNAN PAŞA (ö. 1004/1596) Osmanlı sadrazamı.
Müellif: Mehmet İpşirli
Arnavut asıllı Ali adlı bir köylünün oğlu olup Luma’da Topojani’de, bir başka rivayete göre ise Delvine’de dünyaya geldi. Doğum tarihi kesin olarak bilinmemekle birlikte ikinci sadâreti sırasında yetmiş yaşında olduğundan hareketle 1520 yılına doğru doğduğu ileri sürülür. Çağdaş kaynaklarda seksen doksan yaşlarına kadar yaşadığından bahsedilir (Selânikî, s. 581-583). “Koca” dışında Yemen ve Tunus fâtihi lakaplarıyla da anılır. III. Murad ve III. Mehmed dönemlerinde beş kere sadârette bulunmuş, kendine has kişiliği, adamları, serveti ve vakıfları ile şöhret kazanmıştır. Küçük yaşta devşirilerek kendisinden önce saraya alınan ağabeyi Ayas Paşa’nın yardımıyla Enderun’a girdi. Ağabeyinin sayesinde kısa sürede yükselerek Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman’ın çaşnigîr başısı oldu. Daha sonra Malatya sancak beyliğiyle saraydan çıktı; ardından Kastamonu, Gazze ve Nablus sancak beyliklerinde bulunduktan sonra Zilhicce 971’de (Temmuz 1564) Erzurum, Rebîülevvel 973’te (Ekim 1565) Halep ve 24 Cemâziyelâhir 975’te (26 Aralık 1567) Mısır beylerbeyi oldu. Yavuz Sultan Selim’in kızının kızıyla evlendiği ve Emine Hatun isimli bir kızının doğduğu bir arzuhalden anlaşılmaktadır.
Mısır beylerbeyiliği sırasında karşı karşıya kaldığı en önemli mesele Yemen’de İmam Mutahhar’ın isyanıdır. İsyanı bastırmak üzere Şam Beylerbeyi Lala Mustafa Paşa vezâret pâyesiyle serdar olarak görevlendirilmiş, emrine verilen askerin önemli bir kısmı ile malî desteğin Mısır hazinesinden karşılanması kararlaştırılmıştı. Sinan Paşa, Yemen isyanının görüşüldüğü Kahire’de toplanan bir divanda ağabeyi Ayas Paşa’nın katlinden sorumlu gördüğü Lala Mustafa Paşa ile anlaşmazlığa düştü ve onu azlettirerek 21 Safer 976’da (15 Ağustos 1568) Yemen serdarlığının vezâret pâyesiyle kendisine verilmesini sağladı. Mekke üzerinden Yemen’e varan paşa önce buradaki Kahire Kalesi’ni aldı, gönderdiği kuvvetlerle Aden ve civarını, daha sonra San‘a’yı ve ardından Kevkebân’ı ele geçirdi. İkiye ayrılmış olan Yemen beylerbeyiliği tekrar birleştirilip Behram Paşa’ya verildi. Bölgeyi Osmanlı idaresine yeniden bağlayarak “Yemen fâtihi” unvanını alan Sinan Paşa, Mekke ve Medine’yi ziyaret edip 978’de (1571) hacı oldu, ardından Kahire’ye görevine döndü. Kısa bir süre sonra Kubbe vezirliğine yükseldi.
Kıbrıs fethi sırasında Kılıç Ali Paşa tarafından Osmanlı ülkesine katılan Tunus’un İnebahtı Savaşı’nın ardından 980 (1572) yılında İspanyol donanması tarafından ele geçirilmesi üzerine Sinan Paşa burayı geri almak için hazırlanan Osmanlı kuvvetlerinin serdarlığına tayin edildi. Kılıç Ali Paşa’nın başında bulunduğu Osmanlı donanması, 982’de (1574) otuz üç günlük kuşatma sonunda İspanyollar’ın askerî üssü olan Halkulvâdî’yi alıp Tunus’a yeniden hâkim oldu. Sinan Paşa bu başarısı üzerine dördüncü vezirliğe yükseltildi ve “Tunus fâtihi” unvanını aldı. Bunun ardından İran’daki karışıklıklar dolayısıyla açılması düşünülen doğu seferi için Lala Mustafa Paşa ile birlikte Şark serdarlığına getirildi. Fakat aralarındaki rekabet ve çekişme yüzünden seferin idaresi Lala Mustafa Paşa’ya verildi, Sinan Paşa azledildi. Seferin ikinci yılında Sokullu Mehmed Paşa’nın ölümünün ardından Sinan Paşa ekibi, siyasete ağırlığını koyarak başarılarına rağmen Lala Mustafa Paşa’yı azlettirip serdarlığın Sinan Paşa’ya verilmesini sağladı (Şâban 987 / Ekim 1579). Hatta Sokullu’dan sonra vezîriâzam olan Semiz Ahmed Paşa’nın ölümü üzerine seferde bulunan Sinan Paşa’nın taraftarlarının baskısıyla Lala Mustafa Paşa sadâret makamına tayin edilmeyerek vekîl-i saltanat unvanıyla sadâret kaymakamlığına getirilmiş, üç aydan fazla bu görevde kaldıktan sonra sadâret mührü Sinan Paşa’ya gönderilmiştir (18 Cemâziyelâhir 988 / 31 Temmuz 1580). Sadâret müjdesini Tomanis’te alan paşa, kışlamak üzere geldiği Erzurum’dan şahla barış yazışmalarına girişmesinin ardından zengin ganimetle İstanbul’a döndü. Ancak beklenen barışın sağlanamaması ve civar bölgelerin tehlikeye düşmesi üzerine 10 Zilkade 990’da (6 Aralık 1582) azledildi ve Malkara’ya gönderildi (a.g.e. , s. 137).
Dört yıllık bir mâzuliyetten sonra sunduğu kıymetli hediyeler sayesinde harem ve saray halkının gayretleriyle yeniden padişahın ilgisini kazanan Sinan Paşa, 994 Zilhiccesi sonlarında (Aralık 1586) Şam beylerbeyiliğine getirildi. Ardından bu görevden alındı ve İstanbul’a dönerek Üsküdar’da ikamet etmeye başladı. Züyûf akçe meselesinden çıkan ve “Beylerbeyi Vak‘ası” diye bilinen sipahi ayaklanması sırasında Siyavuş Paşa azledilince yine taraftarlarının rolüyle 16 Cemâziyelevvel 997’de (2 Nisan 1589) ikinci defa sadrazam oldu. İki yıldan fazla süren bu sadaretinde birçok önemli icraatta bulundu, özellikle Şah Abbas’ın barış isteği kabul edilerek 1578’den beri süregelen savaşlara son verildi (1590). Bu dönemde önemli bir problem haline gelen sikke tashihi konusunda verimli çalışmalar yapıldı, maden ocakları etkili bir şekilde işletildi, yeni darphâneler kuruldu. Ayrıca Sakarya nehri vasıtasıyla Karadeniz-İzmit körfezi kanalının açılması projesine yeniden başlandı. Sinan Paşa, bu iş için 30.000 civarında timarlı sipahinin usta ve amele olarak istihdamını düşündü; ancak Ferhad Paşa, Dârüssaâde Ağası Mehmed Ağa, Kaptanıderyâ Hasan Paşa gibi muhaliflerinin karşı çıkmasıyla bu girişim sonuçsuz kaldı. Ardından aleyhine yapılan bu çalışmalar sonucu sadâretten azledilerek yerine Ferhad Paşa getirildi (10 Şevval 999 / 1 Ağustos 1591). Bununla da yetinilmeyip vakıf müessesesi açısından çok önemli bir uygulamaya gidilerek Şam, Anadolu ve Erzurum eyaletlerinde, Üsküp ve Dukagin sancaklarında kurduğu vakıflar kaldırıldı ve padişah haslarına katıldı. Kendisi yine Malkara’ya yollandı.
Yeniçeriler arasındaki huzursuzluk sebebiyle Ferhad Paşa’nın azli, Siyavuş Paşa’nın tayini üzerine eski vezîriâzam Ferhad Paşa’nın teftişiyle ile görevlendirilen Sinan Paşa, sadârette bulunmuş birinin bu şekilde soruşturulmasının kötü bir örnek teşkil edeceği, ayrıca Malkara’dan İstanbul’a gelmesinin yanlış yorumlanabileceği düşüncesiyle bu görevi kabul etmedi. Kısa bir süre sonra da ulûfe dağıtılması hususundaki problem yüzünden Siyavuş Paşa azledilince yeniçerilerin desteğiyle üçüncü defa sadâret makamına getirildi (24 Rebîülâhir 1001 / 28 Ocak 1593).
Sinan Paşa’nın bu üçüncü sadâretinde en önemli olay, Avusturya’ya karşı yeni bir sefer açılması ve böylece 1606 yılına kadar sürecek olan uzun bir savaş döneminin başlamasıdır. Bazı devlet ve ilim adamlarının itirazına rağmen Sinan Paşa parlak sözler ve vaadlerle padişahı savaşa razı etti; 12.000 yeniçeri ve diğer askerî birliklerle 19 Şevval 1001’de (19 Temmuz 1593) yola çıktı. Sinan Paşa başlangıçta bazı başarılar elde ettiyse de giderek savaşın seyri değişti, sınır boylarında önemli kalelerden bazıları kaybedildi. Âcilen merkezden asker gönderilmesi istendi. Bunun üzerine geleneğe aykırı olarak ilk defa yeniçeri ağası idaresinde takviye yollandı, ayrıca Kırım Hanı II. Gazi Giray takviye kuvvetlerle yardıma gitti. Sinan Paşa, Tata Kalesi’nin ardından Yanıkkale’yi (Győr, Raab) ele geçirdi (12 Muharrem 1003 / 27 Eylül 1594) ve Belgrad’a döndü. Ancak 1003 Cemâziyelevvelinde (Ocak 1595) III. Murad’ın ölümü ve yerine III. Mehmed’in geçmesi onun durumunu sarstı. Rakibi olan Ferhad Paşa cephede bulunan Sinan Paşa’nın azlini sağladı (6 Cemâziyelâhir 1003 / 16 Şubat 1595). Fakat beş ay sonra Sinan Paşa vüzerâ ve ulemâdan etkili taraftarları vasıtasıyla dördüncü defa sadrazam oldu (29 Şevval 1003 / 7 Temmuz 1595). Ara verilen Avusturya savaşlarına yeniden başlandı. Oğlu Mehmed Paşa’yı Macaristan cephesine serdar olarak gönderen Sinan Paşa Eflak üzerine yürüdüyse de başarılı olamadı. Bu arada Osmanlılar’ın çok önem verdiği Estergon Kalesi de elden çıkmıştı (Eylül 1595). Bu başarısızlıklar sebebiyle 16 Rebîülevvel 1004’te (19 Kasım 1595) azledilen Sinan Paşa yeniden Malkara’ya yollandıysa da bu mâzuliyeti sadece on iki gün sürdü. Halefi Lala Mehmed Paşa’nın ölümü üzerine 28 Rebîülevvel’de (1 Aralık) beşinci defa sadâret makamına getirildi (a.g.e. , s. 543-544). Bu son sadâreti sırasında cephedeki nazik durum karşısında bizzat III. Mehmed’in ordunun başında sefere gitmesini teşvik etti. Vâlide Safiye Sultan’ın engellemesine rağmen özellikle Hoca Sâdeddin Efendi’nin ısrarlarıyla padişah sefere çıkmaya karar verdi. Hazırlıkların sürdüğü bir sırada Sinan Paşa hastalandı, Divan toplantılarına gelemedi, birkaç gün sonra da 5 Şâban 1004’te (4 Nisan 1596) vefat etti ve Çarşıkapı’da Divanyolu üzerindeki türbesine defnedildi.
Selânikî yakından tanıdığı ve hizmetinde bulunduğu Sinan Paşa’nın ölümü sırasında yaşının seksenden fazla olduğunu, özellikle Arabistan’da pek çok hayrat tesis ettiğini, geçmiş dönemlerin harap hale gelmiş vakıflarını bir yolla almaktan büyük haz duyduğunu, ulemânın ilmini, askerin şecaatini beğenmeyip bütün meziyetlerin kendisinde toplandığına inandığını, hediye alıp vermekten hoşlandığını, seferlerde çok mal elde ettiğini, her işin para ile yapılabileceği kanaatinde olduğunu belirtmektedir (a.g.e. , s. 581-583). Yine dönemin kaynaklarında cesur, çabuk kavrayan, inatçı, garazkâr, haşin ve mağrur bir zat olduğundan bahsedilir. Sinan Paşa, başta harem ve saray muhiti olmak üzere ulemâ ve asker çevresinden kıymetli hediyelerle veya mevkiler vererek bir taraftar kitlesi oluşturmuş, siyasî gücü bu ekiple birlikte kullanmıştır. Özellikle Lala Mustafa Paşa, Ferhad Paşa gibi amansız rakipleriyle giriştiği siyasî mücadele XVI. yüzyılın son çeyreğine damgasını vurmuştur. Siyasî gücü yanında muazzam servetiyle de dikkati çeken Sinan Paşa’nın vefatı sonrasında iç ve dış hazineye büyük borcu olduğu görülmüş, servetine, sahip olduğu mühimmat, cephane ve kıymetli eşyasına el konulmuştur (a.g.e. , s. 584-585).
Başta İstanbul olmak üzere Arabistan ve Balkanlar’da pek çok medrese, cami, imaret, sebil, dârülkurrâ, han, hamam tesis edip bunlara önemli miktarda gelir tahsis etmiştir. İstanbul’da Divanyolu üzerinde bugün çeşitli dernek ve kültür kurumunun merkezi olarak kullanılan külliye, sebil ve türbesi ziyarete açık bulunmaktadır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
BA, MD , nr. 10, hk. 534; nr. 12, hk. 73, 74, 75, 76, 84, 103, 537, 978. Vakfiye, Süleymaniye Ktp., Yazma Bağışlar, nr. 104, vr. 1a -7b . Nehrevâlî, el-Berḳu’l-Yemânî fi’l-fetḥi’l-ʿOs̱mânî (nşr. Hamed el-Câsir), Riyad 1387/1967, tür.yer. Feridun Bey, Münşeât , II, 570-572. Âlî Mustafa, Künhü’l-ahbâr, Nuruosmaniye Ktp., nr. 3409, vr. 407a -408a . Selânikî, Târih (İpşirli), bk. İndeks. C. Woodhead, Taʿlīkīzāde’s Şehname-i Hümāyūn: History of the Ottoman Campaign into Hungary 1593-94, Berlin 1983, s. 38-70. Kâtib Çelebi, Tuhfetü’l-kibâr , s. 97. Naîmâ, Târih , I, 78. Hammer (Atâ Bey), VII, 209-210. Uzunçarşılı, Merkez-Bahriye , s. 101,163, 166-167, 168, 182, 218. a.mlf., Osmanlı Tarihi, III/2, s. 340-342. Suraiya Faroqhi, Die Vorlagen (telḫīṣe) des Grosswesirs Sinān Paša an Sultan Murād III. (doktora tezi, 1967), Universität Hamburg. B. W. Wratislaw, Anılar (trc. Süreyya Dilmen), İstanbul 1981, s. 52-56. Kl. Schwarz – H. Kurio, Die Stiftungen des osmanischen Grosswesirs Koǧa Sinān Pascha (gest. 1596) in Uzunǧaova/Bulgarien, Berlin 1983. Hulûsi Yavuz, Kâbe ve Haremeyn İçin Yemen’de Osmanlı Hâkimiyeti: 1517-1571, İstanbul 1984, bk. İndeks. Dündar Aydın, Erzurum Beylerbeyiliği ve Teşkilatı, Ankara 1998, s. 152-157. C. H. Fleischer, Tarihçi Mustafa Âlî (trc. Ayla Ortaç), İstanbul 1996, bk. İndeks. Tahsin Öz, “Topkapı Sarayı Müzesinde Yemen Fatihi Sinan Paşa Arşivi”, TTK Belleten , X/37 (1946), s. 171-193. Haase, “Eine kleinere Waqf-Urkunde Koca Sinan Paschas für Malkara, Trakien”, Osm.Ar. , sy. 11 (1991), s. 129-157. Tunca Kortantamer, “Nev’i Efendi’nin Sadrazam Sinan Paşa’ya Ders Veren Bir Mektubu”, a.e. , sy. 11 (1991), s. 215-228. Şerafeddin Turan, “Sinan Paşa, Koca”, İA , X, 670-675. F. Babinger – [G. David], “Sinān Pas̲h̲a, K̲h̲od̲j̲a”, EI2 (İng.), IX, 631-632.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2002 yılında Ankara’da basılan 26. cildinde, 137-139 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
Categories TDV İA Tags Enderun , History of Turkey , History of Yemen , Kapudan paşa , Koca Sinan Paşa , Mehmet İpşirli , Non-Turkics in Ottomans state structure , Ottoman Empire , Suleiman the Magnificent , Sultan III Mehmed , Sultan III Murad