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MERCİ-i TAKLÎD Skip to content MERCİ-i TAKLÎD İmâmiyye Şîası’nda fetvasına başvurulan en yetkili müctehid.
Müellif: Hamid Algar
Sözlükte “taklid için müracaat edilecek kişi” anlamına gelen merci-i taklîd tabiri terim olarak İmâmiyye Şîası’nın çoğunluğu tarafından, XVIII. yüzyılın sonlarından itibaren benimsenen Usûlî fıkıh ekolünce ictihad derecesine sahip yetkin âlime verilen unvanı ifade eder. Sıradan mümin (âmmî) fürû-i fıkıh ve dinin ayrıntılı hükümleri hakkında, özellikle de yeni ortaya çıkan veya şüpheli olan durumlarda bu unvana sahip müctehidi takip etmek ve ona danışmak zorundadır. Bu tarz bir taklidin meşruiyeti hususunda hem aklî hem naklî deliller ileri sürülmüştür. Şeyh Muhammed Kâzım Tabâtabâî Yezdî (ö. 1919) döneminden itibaren namaz dahil bütün ibadetlerin ancak bir müctehidi taklidle geçerli olabileceği kabul edilmiştir. Taklid sadece dinen önemli sayılan amellerde zorunlu olmakla birlikte bunun dışında kalan birçok konuda da merciin rehberliğine başvurulduğu görülmektedir. Yalnız usûlü’d-dîn hususunda taklid câiz değildir. Merci olarak görev yapan müctehidler fürû ve ahkâm konularında rehberlik görevleri yanında zekât, humus ve sehm-i imâm gibi dinen farz kılınan ödemeleri de toplatır ve dağıtırlar. Cami, türbe ve medreselere bağlı vakıfların yönetimi de onlara verilebilir. Müctehidin merci makamına yükseldiğini gösteren zâhirî bir işaret de “âyetullah” unvanına eklenen “uzmâ” (en üstün) sıfatıdır.
Merci görevi yapabilecek bir müctehidde bulunması gereken şartlar şunlardır: Erkek olmak (kadınlar müctehidlik mertebesine erişebilirse de mercilik makamına gelemezler; azınlığın görüşüne göre ise diğer kadınlara merci olabilirler), bulûğ, akıl, iman (Şiî İmâmî olmak), tahâret-i mevlid (nesebi sahih olmak), adalet (farzları yerine getirip haramdan sakınmak). Aynı dönemde bütün bu şartları taşıyan birden fazla müctehid bulunduğunda mukallidin bunların içerisinden en âlim olanını seçip ona uyması gerekir. Ancak sıradan insanların bu seçimi yapması zor olduğundan iki dindar ve âlim zatın -aynı vasıflara sahip diğer iki kişinin tavsiyesiyle çelişmeyen- tavsiyesine uyabilirler. Buna “taklidin tâlî şekli” denilebilir. Merci arayışındaki kişi, eğer bir müctehidin en âlim olduğuna karar veremeyip tahminde bulunur ve ondan daha iyisine de ulaşamazsa o müctehidi taklit etmek zorundadır. Birkaç müctehidi aynı derecede diğer fakihlerden daha âlim görürse taklit edeceği mercii bunlar arasından seçmesi gerekir.
Bu prensipler büyük oranda teoriktir. Müctehidin merci-i taklîd olarak ortaya çıkmasında diğer pratik faktörler daha etkili olmuştur. Bunlar arasında en önemlisi öğrenim, siyasî çıkar veya akrabalık bağıyla bir müctehide bağlı daha alt seviyedeki âlimlerin onu bu makama tavsiye etmeleridir. Ayrıca bir müctehidin siyasete yakınlığı veya uzaklığı da merci olarak tercih edilmesine etkide bulunabilir. Coğrafî veya etnik faktörler de bazan önemli rol oynar. Meselâ Azerbaycanlılar’ın çoğu merci olarak Âyetullah Şerîatmedârî’yi takip eder; bununla birlikte İran’ın diğer bölgelerinde de onun siyasî ve içtimaî tercih bakımından çoğu muhafazakâr takipçileri vardır. Seyyid Muhammed Hüseyin Fazlullah’ı merci kabul edenler daha çok Lübnanlılar’dır. Hint-Pakistan Şiîleri’nin hemen hemen tamamı, Irak, Körfez ülkeleri, Lübnan ve Suriye’deki Şiîler’in çoğu Âyetullah Ebü’l-Kāsım Hûî’yi, onun 1992’deki vefatından sonra da Âyetullah Seyyid Ali Sîstânî’yi izler. Bir dönemde birçok merciin bulunması mümkün görülmekle birlikte bazı zamanlarda bir müctehidin bütün Şiî dünyası için tek merci-i taklîd (merci-i taklîd-i mutlak) olarak kabul edildiği de bilinmektedir. Şeyh Muhammed Hasan Necefî, Şeyh Murtazâ Ensârî, Hasan eş-Şîrâzî, Mirza Ebü’l-Hasan İsfahânî ve Âyetullah Hüseyin Burûcirdî bunlardandır. Merci-i taklîdlerin neredeyse hepsi Şiî ilimlerinin geleneksel merkezleri olan Necef, Kerbelâ ve Kum gibi şehirlerde oturmuştur; bunun tek istisnası Şîrâzî’dir ki 1875-1895 yılları arasında Sâmerrâ’da ikamet etmiş ve görevini oradan yürütmüştür.
Müctehidler arasından en âlimini belirlemek mümkün değilse veya tesbit edip kendisine müracaatta bulunmak imkânı olmazsa daha alt seviyedeki bir kişi (mefdûl) merci seçilebilir. Taklîd-i meyyit (merci öldükten sonra onun yazılı fetvalarına göre hareket etmek) câiz değildir. Ancak ölen âlimin ilim bakımından yaşayanlardan çok daha üstün olduğu kesin olarak biliniyorsa fetvalarına uyulabilir. Aynı anda birkaç merciin taklit edilmesi, ancak aralarından hangisinin daha âlim olduğunun ayırt edilememesi durumunda câizdir; fakat en âlim belirlenebildiğinde ona dönmek gerekir. Başka bir merci-i taklîde uymaya başladıktan sonra önceki mercie kısmî dönüş câiz sayılmaz. Merci seçimi mutlaka ferdî olmalıdır; kadın kocasının, yetişkin genç de ailesinin merciine bağlanmak zorunda değildir.
Bir âlim genellikle “tavzîhu’l-mesâil” denilen ve “risâle-i ahkâm, risâle-i amelî” diye bilinen bir fetva kitabı neşrederek merci olduğunu ilân eder. Fürû-i fıkhın ana konularını özet şeklinde kapsayan bu eserlerde taklidle ilgili kurallar kısaca zikredildikten sonra ibadet ve muâmelâta dair meselelere yer verilir. Söz konusu el kitaplarının baş sayfasında “mutâbık bâ fetvâ-yi …” ibaresi yer alır. Fakat bu, risâlede incelenen konuların fetva alınmak için sorulan sorulardan oluştuğu anlamına gelmez; sadece kitabın içindekilerin müellifin fıkhî görüşlerini yansıttığını ifade eder. Bazı eserlerde, kendisi amel eden kişinin dinî sorumluluğunu yerine getirmiş olacağını belirten “el-amel bi-hâzihi’r-risâle eş-şerîfe müczin ve mübriün ez-zimme inşâallāhu teâlâ” vb. bir ibare yer alır. İbadetlere ve muâmelâta dair fetvalarda bir merciden diğerine çok az farklılık görülmesi anılan eserlerin neredeyse kelimesi kelimesine birbirine benzemesi sonucunu doğurmuş, bu tarza ve geleneğe âşinalığı bulunmayanlar bunu intihal olarak yorumlamışlardır. Merciin kendi seçkin bakış açısını temsil eden ve bir soruya cevap niteliği taşıyan görüşleri ise genelde “mesâil-i difâ‘” (saldırılara karşı müslüman toprakların savunma konuları) veya “mesâil-i müteferrika” başlıkları altında asıl metne ek olarak verilir (Humeynî, Risâle-i Aḥkâm, s. 326-335). Bu tür kitapların en seçkinleri arasında Muhammed Kâzım Tabâtabâî Yezdî’nin el-ʿUrvetü’l-vüs̱ḳā’sı, Ebü’l-Hasan el-İsfahânî’nin Vesîletü’n-necât’ı, Muhammed Hüseyin Tabâtabâî’nin Tavżîḥu’l-mesâʾil’i, Humeynî’nin Risâle-i Aḥkâm veya Tavżîḥu’l-mesâʾil’i, Hûî’nin Minhâcü’ṣ-ṣâliḥîn, el-Mesâʾilü’l-müyessere ve el-Mesâʾilü’l-münteḫabe’si anılabilir. Halk bu kitaplara müracaat ederek taklid vazifesini yerine getirir ve gerektiği takdirde içindekileri anlamak için başkalarından yardım isteyebilir. Risâlede yer almayan dinî konularda ya bizzat merciin kendisine veya onun yetkili vekiline başvurmak gerekir. Mukallid, merciin zaman içerisinde fetvalarında yapacağı değişiklikleri de takip etmek zorundadır. Bütün bir taklid süreci, bilgide mukallidden üstün olmasından dolayı mercie bahşedilen otorite üzerine kurulmasına rağmen ne kapsamlı el kitapları ne ferdî fetvalar merciin fikirlerini dayandırdığı şey konusunda bir delil sunar.
Merciden rehberlik etmesi istenen konular dolaylı veya dolaysız şekilde siyasî alana girdiğinde merci potansiyel olarak büyük bir siyasî güç konumuna gelir. Bununla birlikte birçok merci ya tabiatları gereği veya takvânın bunu yasakladığı inancıyla politikadan uzak durmuştur. İran’da Kaçarlar döneminde bazı mercilerin doğrudan siyasete müdahale ettiği görülür. Molla Ali Kanî’nin bir fetvası 1889’da Reuter imtiyazının, Hasan eş-Şîrâzî’nin fetvası da bir İngiliz şirketine verilen tütün hasat ve satış tekelinin 1891’de iptal edilmesine yol açmıştır. İran Meşrutiyet Devrimi sırasında 1905’ten 1909’a kadar anayasal hareketin lehinde ve aleyhinde sayısız fetva çıkarılmıştır. Âyetullah Burûcirdî’nin 1946-1961 yılları arasında süren merci-i taklîd-i mutlaklık görevi İran tarihinin olağan üstü çalkantılı bir dönemine denk gelmiş ve kendisinden siyasî alanda yaptığından daha fazla rehberlik etmesi beklenmiştir. Burûcirdî’nin vefatından sonra Kum, Necef ve Meşhed’de merciliğe lâyık birçok âyetullah bulunmasına rağmen merci-i taklîd-i mutlak olarak belli bir isim üzerinde uzlaşma sağlanamamıştır. Muhafazakâr eğilimli ulemâ Burûcirdî’nin siyaset dışı tutumunu devam ettirmek isterken daha radikal olanlar İslâm adaletini hâkim kılmak için siyasete ağırlık verilmesini savunmuştur. Bu sebeple mercilik müessesesinin ve fonksiyonlarının yeniden gözden geçirilmesi düşüncesi ön plana çıkmış ve 1962’de konuyla ilgili bir dizi etkin makale içeren Baḥs̱î der Bâre-i Merciʿiyyet ve Rûḥâniyyet adlı bir kitap yayımlanmıştır. Bu eserde Mehdî Bâzergân siyasî bilincin, kültürel ve bilimsel karmaşanın giderek arttığı bir çağda merci-i taklîdin rolünü tartışmaya açıyor (Baḥs̱î der Bâre-i Merciʿiyyet, s. 103-129), Âyetullah Seyyid Mahmûd Tâlekānî fetva neşrini merkezîleştirmenin olumlu ve olumsuz yönlerini sorguluyordu (a.g.e. , s. 201-213). Seyyid Murtazâ Cezâirî, kısmen daha yeni bir düşünce olan en âlimin taklit edilmesi fikrini irdeleyerek eskiden âlimlerin en meşhur görüşünün muteber sayıldığını dile getiriyor ve merciin fonksiyonlarının kendisine aktarılacağı bir heyet kurulmasını teklif ediyordu (a.g.e. , s. 216-231). Bazı yazarlar da günümüz problemlerinin tek bir müctehidin kavrayamayacağı kadar karmaşık olduğunu, bu sebeple merci-i taklîd-i mutlak fikrinin bırakılıp onun yerine her müctehidin belli bir alanda uzmanlaşmasını ve sadece o alanda taklit edilmesini öneriyordu. Allâme Seyyid Muhammed Hüseyin Tabâtabâî ise deneme kabilinden de olsa önde gelen fakihin geniş kapsamlı siyasî otoritesini (velâyet-i fakīh) ima ediyordu ki (a.g.e. , s. 71-100) bu düşünce on yedi yıl sonra kurulacak olan İran İslâm Cumhuriyeti’nin anayasal temelini teşkil edecekti. Merciin siyasete mesafeli durmasını savunarak Burûcirdî’nin çizgisini sürdürenler genelde Necef’te Âyetullah Seyyid Muhsin Tabâtabâî, ondan sonra da Âyetullah Ebü’l-Kāsım Hûî etrafında toplanırken İran’daki siyasî gelişmeler bir merci olarak Humeynî’yi ön plana çıkarmıştır. 1963’ten İran İslâm Devrimi’ne kadar gelen süreçte Humeynî bu terimi, siyasî ıslahat ve devlet yönetimini de fakihin yetki alanı içine alacak şekilde yeniden yorumlayarak İran İslâm Cumhuriyeti’nin anayasal temeli haline getirmiştir. Bu anlayış, 2-3 Aralık 1979’da yapılan referandumla kabul edilen anayasanın 107. maddesinde şu şekilde ifadesini bulmuştur: “5. maddede belirtilen vasıflara sahip (çağın şartlarını bilen, âdil, dindar, cesur, yetenekli, yönetme kabiliyeti olan) bir fakih insanların çoğunluğu tarafından merci ve rehber sayıldığı takdirde -yüce merci-i taklîd ve devrim lideri Âyetullāhi’l-uzmâ İmam Humeynî’nin durumunda olduğu gibi- o kişi yönetme ve onun gerektirdiği bütün yükümlülükleri icra etme yetkisine sahiptir.” Böylece taklid geleneği bir merci-i taklîdi en yüksek idarî güç makamına yükseltmekle sonuçlandı. Bununla birlikte Humeynî zamanın yegâne mercii değildi. Diğer mercilerin kendi bağlılarına verdikleri fetvalar bazan onun velî-i fakīh olarak verdiği kararlarla çelişmekteydi. Özellikle 1980-1981’deki toprak dağıtımı konusunda böyle bir durum ortaya çıkmış, idarî otoriteye sahip merciin fetvasının diğer mercilerin aynı konudaki farklı fetvalarından önce geleceği belirtilerek (Humeynî, İstiftâʾât, I, 19) durumu açıklığa kavuşturma zarureti doğmuştu.
Uzun zaman rehberlikte Humeynî’nin vekili gözüyle bakılan merci-i taklîd Âyetullah Hüseyin Ali Muntazırî, 1988 yazında devrimi ve teşhis ettiği eksiklikleri açıkça eleştirince kendisini bu makamdan hayli uzaklaştırmış oldu. Ancak Humeynî Haziran 1989’da öldüğünde İran’daki diğer mercilerden hiçbiri siyasî yetenek bakımından onun yerini doldurabilecek durumda değildi. Günümüzde bu makamda oturan Seyyid Ali Hamaney bir müctehid olmakla beraber o sırada henüz merci olarak ortaya çıkmamıştı. Bunun üzerine anayasanın 107. maddesi değiştirilerek rehberin tanınmış bir merci olması şartı kaldırılmış ve değişiklik 28 Temmuz 1989’da yapılan referandumla kabul edilmiştir. Humeynî’den sonra hayattaki tek büyük merci olan Âyetullah Ali Arâkī’nin Kasım 1994’teki ölümüyle Âyetullah Hamaney İran’daki birçok âlimin desteğiyle merciliğini ilân etmiştir. Böylece -artık anayasal bir gereklilik olmasa da- yine siyasî sistemin liderliğiyle mercilik görevi birleşmiş oldu. Merci olarak Hamaney’in bu makama getirdiği yenilik, kendisine teknik uzmanlık konularında tavsiyelerde bulunacak bir fetva konseyi tayin etmesi olmuştur. İran’da mesele resmen bu şekilde çözüme kavuşturulmuş görünse de merci-i taklîdin seçimi, yetkileri, devletle ve diğer mercilerle ilişkileri Şiî düşünce çevrelerinde hâlâ etkin biçimde tartışılmaktadır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2004 yılında Ankara’da basılan 29. cildinde, 172-174 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.