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MUHAMMED TAPAR Skip to content (ö. 511/1118) Büyük Selçuklu hükümdarı (1105-1118).
Müellif: Abdülkerim Özaydın
18 Şâban 474’te (21 Ocak 1082) Tâceddin Seferiyye Hatun adlı bir câriyeden doğdu. Babası Sultan Melikşah Bağdat’ta vefat ettiğinde (485/1092) yanında bulunuyordu. Bir süre sonra beş yaşındaki oğlu Mahmud’u Büyük Selçuklu tahtına çıkarmaya çalışan üvey annesi Terken Hatun’la başşehir İsfahan’a gitti. Ağabeyi Berkyaruk, İsfahan’da Terken Hatun ile Mahmud’u muhasara ederken bir fırsatını bulup Berkyaruk’un ordusundaki annesinin yanına kaçtı.
486’da (1093) Bağdat’a giderken Muhammed Tapar’ı da yanında götüren Sultan Berkyaruk onu Gence’ye melik olarak gönderdi; Emîr Kutluğ Tegin’i de kendisine atabeg tayin etti. Muhammed Tapar, Gence’de bulunduğu sırada çevresindeki emîrlerin ve Berkyaruk’un azlettiği Vezir Müeyyidülmülk’ün yönlendirmesiyle saltanat mücadelesine girişmeye karar verdi. Ancak Atabeg Kutluğ Tegin’i buna engel gördüğü için bir süre bekledi. Kendini yeteri kadar güçlü hissedince Kutluğ Tegin’i öldürtüp saltanat mücadelesini başlattı. Önce Gence’nin de içinde yer aldığı Arrân ve çevresini hâkimiyet sahasına kattı. Bu bölgede Sultan Berkyaruk adına okunmakta olan hutbeye son verip kendini Büyük Selçuklu sultanı ilân etti, Müeyyidülmülk’ü de vezirlik makamına getirdi. Daha sonra başşehir İsfahan’a hareket etti. Durumu öğrenen Sultan Berkyaruk da Zencan şehrine doğru yola çıktı. Bu sırada Mîrâhur İnanç Yabgu ve diğer bazı emîrler, Sultan Berkyaruk’a haber gönderip müstevfî Mecdülmülk el-Balasânî’yi kendilerine teslim etmesini istediler. Sultan bu isteği kabul etmedi; emîrleri ikna edemeyince 200 kişiyle ordugâhtan ayrılmak zorunda kaldı. Mecdülmülk yüzünden Sultan Berkyaruk’a muhalefet eden emîrler Harrekān’da Muhammed Tapar’a katıldılar. Muhammed Tapar, Berkyaruk’u takip etmek amacıyla Rey şehrine doğru yola çıkınca onunla savaşmayı göze alamayıp İsfahan’a dönen Berkyaruk halkın şehir kapılarını açmaması üzerine Hûzistan’a gitmek için İsfahan’dan ayrıldı.
Muhammed Tapar 2 Zilkade 492’de (20 Eylül 1099) Rey’e ulaştı. Bağdat şahnesi Sa‘düddevle Gevherâyin, Musul Emîri Kürboğa ve el-Cezîre hâkimi Çökürmüş gibi emîrlerin kendisine katılmasıyla güçlendi. Sa‘düddevle Gevherâyin’i Bağdat’a gönderip halifeden kendi adına hutbe okutmasını istedi. Bu isteğe uyan Halife Müstazhir-Billâh, “Gıyâsü’d-dünyâ ve’d-dîn” lakabını verdiği Muhammed Tapar’ın sultanlığını tasdik ederek onun adına hutbe okuttu (17 Zilhicce 492 / 4 Kasım 1099). Bunun üzerine Berkyaruk kendini halifeye yeniden meşrû sultan ilân ettirmek için harekete geçti. Vâsıt’ta iken Hille (Mezyedî) Emîri Seyfüddevle Sadaka b. Mansûr da onun yanında yer aldı. Böylece Sadaka’nın desteğiyle 15 Safer 493’te (31 Aralık 1099) Bağdat’ta hutbe tekrar Berkyaruk adına okunmaya başlandı. Muhammed Tapar’ın yanında olan Kürboğa gibi bazı emîrler Berkyaruk’un safına geçtiler. Kışı Bağdat’ta geçiren Sultan Berkyaruk çok sayıda Türkmen’in kendisine katılmasından sonra Muhammed Tapar üzerine yürüdü. 4 Receb 493’te (15 Mayıs 1100) Hemedan yakınlarındaki Sefîdrûd’da cereyan eden savaşta Mîrâhur İnanç Yabgu’nun hücumları sonunda bozulan birliklerini toparlayamayan Berkyaruk elli kişiyle savaş meydanını terketti. Vezir Müeyyidülmülk, Berkyaruk’un esir düşen veziri Ebü’l-Mehâsin’i Bağdat’a gönderip Halife Müstazhir-Billâh’tan hutbenin tekrar Muhammed Tapar adına okunmasını istedi. Halife de bu isteğe uyarak 14 Receb 493 (25 Mayıs 1100) Cuma günü hutbeyi Muhammed Tapar adına okuttu.
Sultan Berkyaruk, savaşın ardından emîr-i dâd Habeşî b. Altuntak ve diğer emîrlerden yardım sağlamak için çıktığı yolculukta Muhammed Tapar’ın öz kardeşi Horasan Meliki Sencer’e yenilince Cürcân ve Damgan’a (Dâmegān) giderek yeni kuvvetler toplamaya çalıştı. Muhammed Tapar, daha fazla kuvvetlenmesine fırsat vermeden Berkyaruk ile savaşmak üzere Hemedan’a yürüdü. 3 Cemâziyelâhir 494’te (5 Nisan 1101) Hemedan’da yapılan savaş Muhammed Tapar’ın yenilgisi ve veziri Müeyyidülmülk’ün esir düşmesiyle sonuçlandı.
Muhammed Tapar yenilgiden sonra Melik Sencer’in yanına gitti. Cürcân’dan Damgan’a gelen iki kardeş buradan Rey’e hareket etti; Berkyaruk da Rey’e doğru yola çıktı. Zaferin ardından Berkyaruk’a katılanların sayısı bir ara 100.000’e ulaştı. Ancak daha sonra bazı emîrler Berkyaruk’tan ayrılmaya başladılar. Muhammed Tapar ile Sencer yeniden toparlanmasına imkân vermeden Berkyaruk üzerine yürüdüler. Ümitsizliğe kapılan Berkyaruk 5000 kişilik bir kuvvetle 17 Zilkade 494’te (13 Eylül 1101) Bağdat’a girdi. Muhammed Tapar ve Sencer Berkyaruk’u takip ederek on gün sonra Bağdat’a ulaştılar. Yirmi gün Bağdat’ta kalan Muhammed Tapar ve Sencer’in halifenin desteğine rağmen Berkyaruk’un kuvvetlerine son darbeyi neden indiremediği bilinmemektedir.
Sencer’in Horasan’a dönmesinin ardından Bağdat’tan ayrılan Muhammed Tapar ile onu takip eden Berkyaruk Rûzrâver’de karşı karşıya geldiler. Bazı küçük çarpışmalardan sonra taraflar arasında antlaşma sağlandı (4 Rebîülevvel 495 / 27 Aralık 1101). Ülke topraklarının resmen ikiye bölündüğü bu antlaşmaya göre Berkyaruk sultan, Muhammed Tapar melik unvanını alacak, Muhammed Tapar kendisine bırakılan bölgelerde üç nevbet çaldıracak ve Sultan Berkyaruk’a yılda 1.300.000 dinar vergi ödeyecekti. Ancak bu antlaşma uzun sürmedi. Muhammed Tapar bir süre sonra kendisini barışa ikna eden emîrlerden Besmel’i öldürttü, Emîr Ay Tegin’in gözlerine mil çektirdi. Ardından Rey’e gidip beş nevbet çaldırarak sultanlığını ilân etti. Bunun üzerine sefere çıkan Berkyaruk, Rey yakınlarında cereyan eden savaşta Muhammed Tapar’ı mağlûp etti (Cemâziyelevvel 495 / Mart 1102). Muhammed Tapar az sayıda taraftarıyla İsfahan’a kaçtı. Berkyaruk tarafından kuşatılan Muhammed Tapar erzak sıkıntısı çekmeye başlayınca 1050 süvariyle İsfahan’dan gizlice ayrıldı. Muhammed Tapar’ın Sâve istikametinde gittiğini öğrenen Berkyaruk’a bağlı kuvvetler onu takip etti. Hoy kapısında meydana gelen savaşta (8 Cemâziyelâhir 496 / 19 Mart 1103) Emîr Ayaz’ın 500 kişilik süvari birliği Muhammed Tapar’ın ordusunu bozguna uğrattı.
Yıllardan beri devam eden iç savaşların devleti yıprattığını gören Berkyaruk ve Muhammed Tapar, Kadı Ebü’l-Muzaffer el-Cürcânî ve Ebü’l-Ferec el-Hemedânî’nin de teşvikiyle barış yapmaya karar verdiler. Rebîülâhir 497’de (Ocak 1104) gerçekleştirilen antlaşmaya göre Sultan Berkyaruk, Muhammed Tapar’ın beş nevbet çaldırmasına müdahale etmeyecek, Muhammed Tapar’ın payına düşen şehirlerde Berkyaruk adına hutbe okunmayacak, aralarındaki yazışma vezirler vasıtasıyla yapılacak, askerler diledikleri tarafa geçebilecekti. Cibâl, Fars, İsfahan, Rey, Hemedan, Hûzistan ve Bağdat Berkyaruk’un; Azerbaycan, Diyarbekir, el-Cezîre, Musul, Suriye ve Hille Emîri Sadaka b. Mansûr’un idaresindeki topraklar Muhammed Tapar’ın hâkimiyetine bırakılacaktı. Ayrıca Berkyaruk’tan sonra Muhammed Tapar sultan olacak, Melik Sencer’in Mâverâünnehir ve Horasan’daki durumunda herhangi bir değişiklik yapılmayacaktı; Sencer, Muhammed Tapar’ı metbû tanımaya devam edecekti. Bu antlaşma sayesinde Sultan Melikşah’ın 485’te (1092) ölümüyle başlayan taht kavgaları sona ermiş oluyordu.
Antlaşmanın ardından İsfahan’a geçen Berkyaruk burada hastalandı, Bağdat’a götürülürken Burûcird’de ağırlaştı. Oğlu Melikşah’ı veliaht, Emîr Ayaz’ı ona atabeg tayin ettikten kısa bir süre sonra vefat etti (2 Rebîülâhir 498 / 22 Aralık 1104). Atabegiyle Bağdat’a giden Melikşah, Halife Müstazhir-Billâh tarafından 23 Rebîülâhir 498’de (12 Ocak 1105) “Celâlüddevle” lakabıyla sultan ilân edildi. Bu sırada Musul’u kuşatmakta olan Muhammed Tapar, Berkyaruk’un ölüm haberini alınca Bağdat’a hareket etti ve 23 Cemâziyelevvel 498’de (10 Şubat 1105) şehre girdi. Şehrin batı yakasında hutbe Muhammed Tapar, doğusunda Melikşah adına okunmaktaydı. Taraflar yeni bir savaşa hazırlanırken barış müzakereleri olumlu sonuçlandı; ileri gelen devlet adamları Muhammed Tapar’ın huzuruna çıkarak atabeg Emîr Ayaz ve Melikşah adına af dilediler. Muhammed Tapar böylece Büyük Selçuklu Devleti sultanı oldu (26 Cemâziyelevvel 498 / 13 Şubat 1105).
Sultan Muhammed Tapar, tahta geçince merkezî otoriteyi sağlamak amacıyla yoğun bir mücadele başlattı. Tavırlarından rahatsız olduğu Atabeg Ayaz’ı öldürttükten sonra Selçuklu hânedanından Mengü Bars b. Böri Bars’ın isyanını bastırdı (499/1105-1106). Musul Emîri Çökürmüş ve Atabeg Çavlı Sakavu’yu itaat altına aldı. Anadolu Selçuklu Sultanı I. Kılıcarslan’ın 25 Receb 500 (22 Mart 1107) tarihinde Musul’a girip kendi adına hutbe okutması üzerine Çavlı Sakavu kumandasında gönderdiği kuvvetlerle Habur nehri kıyısında I. Kılıcarslan’ı bozguna uğrattı (9 Şevval 500 / 3 Haziran 1107) ve onun ölümüyle kuvvetli bir rakibinden kurtulmuş oldu (İbnü’l-Esîr’e göre [el-Kâmil, X, 429] savaş 20 Zilkade 500 [13 Temmuz 1107] tarihinde cereyan etmiştir). Ardından, taht kavgalarından istifade ederek hâkimiyet sahalarını genişleten ve Selçuklu sultanlarına karşı gelen Hille Mezyedî Emîri Sadaka b. Mansûr’u bertaraf etti (19 Receb 501 / 4 Mart 1108).
Muhammed Tapar’ı en çok uğraştıran meselelerden biri de Bâtınîler’in faaliyetleri olmuştur. Sultan Melikşah zamanından beri gizli bir örgüt halinde faaliyette bulunan Bâtınîler’le mücadeleyi gayri müslimlerle cihaddan daha önemli gören sultan, Şahdiz (Dizkûh) Kalesi’ne bir sefer düzenledi. Kaleyi ele geçirip İsmâilî-Bâtınî reisi İbn Attâş’ı esir aldı ve birçok bâtınîyi öldürttü (Zilkade 500 / Temmuz 1107). Sultan, Bâtınîler’e karşı ikinci seferi Alamut üzerine tertip etti (Muharrem 503 / Ağustos 1109); ancak kış bastırınca geri dönmek zorunda kaldı. Atabeg Anuş Tegin Şîrgîr, Cemâziyelevvel 505’te (Kasım 1111) Bâtınîler’e ait Bîre Kalesi’ni ele geçirdi. Muhammed Tapar, Selçuklu Meliki Rıdvan devrinde Halep’te oldukça kuvvetlenen Bâtınîler’e karşı da bir harekât başlattı. Halep Meliki Alparslan el-Ahras ile iş birliği içinde çok sayıda bâtınî öldürüldü (507/1113-14). Sultan, Alamut’a son darbeyi indirmek üzere yine Atabeg Anuş Tegin Şîrgîr’i görevlendirdi. 11 Rebîülevvel 511 (13 Temmuz 1117) tarihinde başlayan kuşatma Muhammed Tapar’ın ölüm haberinin gelmesiyle kaldırıldı.
İslâm dünyası, Sultan Melikşah’ın ölümünden sonra taht kavgaları ve mezhep çatışmaları yüzünden Haçlı istilâsına mâruz kalmış; Urfa, Antakya, Kudüs gibi stratejik önem taşıyan üç büyük şehrin Haçlılar’ın eline geçmesi bile hükümdar ve emîrleri Haçlılar’a karşı harekete geçirememişti. Muhammed Tapar tahta geçince Emîr Çökürmüş’ü Richard de Salerne’in idaresindeki Urfa üzerine gönderdi. Çökürmüş 450 Frank piyadesini katlederek Musul’a döndü.
Haçlılar, sahil bölgesini ve Suriye’deki kaleleri ele geçirdikten sonra müslüman halka zulüm ve işkence yapmış, bir kısmını katletmişti. Halktan gelen şikâyetler üzerine Muhammed Tapar, Emîr Çavlı Sakavu kumandasında büyük bir orduyu Haçlılar’a karşı sefere memur etti (500/1106). Ancak emîrler arasındaki çıkar çatışması yüzünden bu sefer gerçekleşmedi. Trablusşam Emîri Fahrülmülk İbn Ammâr ile Dımaşk Atabegi Tuğtegin’in Haçlılar’a karşı yardım istekleri de aynı sebeplerden dolayı cevapsız kaldı (502/1108). Muhammed Tapar, ertesi yıl kendisine tâbi emîrlere haber yollayıp Haçlılar’a karşı cihada kararlı olduğunu bildirdi. Atabeg Tuğtegin’e de mektup göndererek orduyu sevk ve idare etmesini istedi. Fakat çeşitli engeller yüzünden bu sefer de gerçekleştirilemedi.
Haçlılar’la mücadeleden vazgeçmeyen Muhammed Tapar, Musul Emîri Mevdûd b. Altuntegin kumandasındaki bir orduyu Urfa üzerine gönderdi (503/1110). Selçuklu ordusu şehri ele geçiremedi, ancak Fırat kenarında Franklar’a ağır bir darbe indirdi. Mevdûd 504 (1111) ve 505 (1112) yıllarında Urfa’ya iki sefer daha düzenleyerek bazı başarılar kazandıysa da yine Urfa’yı fethedemedi. Ardından Atabeg Tuğtegin, Mevdûd, Sincar Emîri Temirek ve Ayaz b. İlgāzî’nin emrindeki kuvvetlerden oluşan Selçuklu ordusu Taberiye yakınlarında Haçlı ordusunu yenilgiye uğrattı (11 Muharrem 507 / 28 Haziran 1113). Mevdûd’un aynı yıl Dımaşk’ta öldürülmesi Haçlılar’la mücadele eden Selçuklu ordusu için ağır bir kayıp oldu.
Muhammed Tapar, Mevdûd’un yerine Aksungur el-Porsukī’yi Musul valiliğine tayin edip Haçlılar’la cihada memur etti. Urfa üzerine yürüyüp şehri iki aydan fazla muhasara eden Aksungur, yiyecek sıkıntısı ve emîrlerin çekişmesi yüzünden kuşatmaya son vermek zorunda kaldı. Dönüşte Urfa, Serûc (Suruç), Sümeysât ve Fırat kenarında Haçlılar’a ait ekili araziyi ve bahçeleri tahrip ettirdi (507/1114). Daha sonra Dımaşk Atabegi Tuğtegin ve İlgāzî’nin Büyük Selçuklu Devleti’ne karşı Haçlılar’la ittifak yaptığını haber alan sultan, Hemedan Emîri Porsuk b. Porsuk’u Haçlılar’a karşı mücadele ile görevlendirdi; ancak Selçuklu ordusu Teldânis’te Haçlılar’ın beklenmedik baskını karşısında mağlûp oldu (509/1115). Aksungur el-Porsukī, 1114’te kaybettiği itibarını tekrar kazanmak amacıyla ve Tuğtegin’in desteğiyle Bikāa vadisindeki Haçlılar’a saldırdı; 3000’i aşkın Frank şövalyesini öldürüp çok miktarda ganimetle geri döndü (510/1116).
Karahanlılar’la Selçuklular arasındaki münasebetler Muhammed Tapar devrinde zaman zaman bozulmakla birlikte Karahanlılar, Muhammed Tapar’ı metbû tanımaya devam ettiler. Gazneli Sultanı III. Mesud döneminde (1099-1115) Gazneli-Selçuklu ilişkilerine barış hâkim oldu ve siyasî evlilikler yoluyla dostluklar pekiştirildi. Daha sonraki yıllarda Muhammed Tapar, Arslanşah ile Behram Şah arasındaki taht kavgalarına müdahale ederek Behram Şah’ın sultan ilân edilmesini sağladı, böylece Gazneliler’i kendisine tâbi kıldı (510/1117). Yapılan antlaşmaya göre hutbede önce Muhammed Tapar’ın, ardından Sencer’in ve nihayet Behram Şah’ın adı okunacak ve Gazneliler Selçuklular’a yıllık vergi ödeyeceklerdi. Gürcü Kralı II. David’in Kafkasya’daki Türkmenler’i bölgeden uzaklaştırıp Gence’ye kadar ilerlemesi üzerine Muhammed Tapar 503 (1110) yılında gönderdiği orduyla Gürcüler’i mağlûp etti. Onun döneminde Abbâsî halifeliğiyle ilişkiler de normal bir seyir takip etmiştir. Melikşah’tan sonra Selçuklular arasındaki taht kavgaları sırasında tarafsız kalan Abbâsî Halifesi Müstazhir-Billâh, Bağdat’a kim hâkim olmuşsa hutbeyi onun adına okutmuştur. Muhammed Tapar, gerek saltanat mücadelesinde gerekse tek başına Büyük Selçuklu tahtına geçtikten sonra Abbâsî halifesinin adını ve lakabını hutbelerde birinci sırada zikretmeyi ihmal etmemiştir.
Bir süredir hasta olan Muhammed Tapar, 511 yılı kurban bayramında (4-6 Nisan 1118) Oğuz töresince büyük bir toy düzenledi ve bu ziyafet sonunda sofrasını ve sarayını yağmalattı. 15 veya 23 Zilhicce (9 veya 17 Nisan) günü beş oğlundan (Mahmud, Tuğrul, Mesud, Süleyman Şah, Selçuk Şah) en büyüğü olan Mahmud’u yanına çağırarak artık ömrünün sonuna geldiğini söyledi, tahta oturmasını ve devlet işlerine nezaret etmesini istedi. Emîrlerden onun için biat aldı. 24 Zilhicce 511 (18 Nisan 1118) tarihinde vefat eden Muhammed Tapar’ın cenazesi İsfahan’da yaptırdığı medresenin hazîresine defnedildi. Bütün tarihçilerin ittifakla belirttiğine göre dedesi Alparslan’ı örnek alan Muhammed Tapar dindar, dinî ilimlere vâkıf, âdil, merhametli, aklıselim sahibi, cömert, ilim adamlarını himaye eden bir hükümdardı. Halkın işleriyle yakından ilgilenir, kendisine sunulan her dilekçeyi okur, halka adalet, doğruluk ve insafla muamele edilmesini isterdi. Mükûs, darâib ve ictiyâzât gibi bazı gayri şer‘î vergileri kaldırdığı için halkın sevgisini kazanmıştır.
İç mücadelelerin bozduğu birliği yeniden kurarak Büyük Selçuklu Devleti’ne eski itibarını ve kudretini kazandıran Muhammed Tapar, “es-Sultânü’l-a’zam Ebû Şücâ‘ Gıyâsüddünyâ ve’d-dîn Kasîmu emîri’l-müminîn” lakabıyla anılır ve kaynaklarda “Selçuklular’ın güçlü adamı ve kusursuz insanı” olarak tanıtılır. Onun Bâtınîler ve Haçlılar’la yaptığı mücadele İslâm dünyasında takdirle karşılanmış, Gazzâlî Naṣîḥatü’l-mülûk (et-Tibrü’l-mesbûk fî Naṣîḥati’l-mülûk) adlı eserini, Ebü’l-Berekât el-Bağdâdî astronomiyle ilgili bir kitabını ona ithaf etmiştir. Bağdâdî ayrıca sultanın bir sorusuna cevap olarak Risâle fî sebebi ẓuhûri’l-kevâkibi leylen ve ḫafâʾihâ nehâren adıyla bir eser kaleme almış, İbnü’l-Belhî Farsnâme’yi onun emriyle yazmıştır. Muhammed Tapar imar faaliyetleriyle de yakından ilgilenmiş, Melikşah’ın Bağdat’ta inşasını başlattığı Sultan Camii’ni tamamlatmış, İsfahan’da bir medrese, Nizâmiye Medresesi civarında da sûfîler için bir ribât yaptırmış ve su kanalları açtırmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2005 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 30. cildinde, 579-581 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.