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MÜŞRİF Skip to content MÜŞRİF , İslâm devletlerinde askeriye ve adliye dışındaki kurumları denetleyen Dîvân-ı İşrâf’ın başkanı ve ona bağlı memurlar için kullanılan bir terim.
Müellif: Mustafa Sabri Küçükaşçı
Sözlükte “yükseğe çıkmak, yüksekten bakmak; kontrol etmek” anlamındaki işrâf masdarından türeyen müşrif kelimesi, devletin askerî ve adlî alanları dışında her türlü malî işlerini ve hesaplarını kontrol eden denetçi ve müfettişleri ifade eder. Devletin aktif malî politikasının belirlenmesiyle korunması görevini üstlenen müşrifler malî muhasebe konusunda uzman kişiler arasından seçilir, malî muvazeneye tesir edecek her şeyi, her kararı kayıt ve kontrolden sorumlu tutulurdu (Barthold, s. 121-122). Müşrif Ortaçağ’da “nâzır, mütevelli, kayyım” anlamında cami, hastahane, sultan hazinesi, vakıf, kütüphane gibi kurumların yönetim ve denetimine bakan kimseler için de kullanılmıştır.
Buhârî, Resûl-i Ekrem’in Benî Süleym’e gönderdiği zekât memurunu hesaba çekmesini “Devlet başkanlarının vergi memurlarını muhasebesi” (“Zekât”, 68) başlığı altında zikretmiş olup bu da ilk denetimin bizzat Hz. Peygamber tarafından geçekleştirildiğini göstermektedir. Hz. Ebû Bekir’in Muâz b. Cebel’den Yemen vergi tahsilatının hesabını istemesi, Hz. Ömer’in vali ve vergi memurlarını mal beyanına tâbi tutması ve kazançlarında fazlalık gördüğünde bunları müsadere etmesi, Hz. Ali’nin Abdullah b. Abbas’a tahsilâtı nereye harcadığını sorması ve Rey şehrinin vali ve haraç âmili olan Yezîd b. Temîmî’yi gelir eksikliği yüzünden hesaba çekmesi gibi örnekler bu uygulamanın Hulefâ-yi Râşidîn döneminde de sürdüğünü göstermektedir. Öte yandan âmillerin yanında teftiş ve denetleme için bir memurun görevlendirilmesi uygulaması Sâsânîler’e kadar gitmektedir. İslâm döneminde bu uygulama Hz. Ömer zamanından itibaren başlamış, bu tür görevlilere sonradan müşrif vb. adlar verilmiştir (Mahzûmî, s. 61-62; Ali b. Muhammed el-Huzâî, s. 583).
Emevîler devrinde denetleme görevini yapan özel bir daireye rastlanmamaktadır. Bu görevler merkezde devlet başkanları, eyaletlerde valiler tarafından yürütülmüştür. Abbâsî Halifesi Ebû Ca‘fer el-Mansûr’un 155 (772) yılında Medine valiliğine tayin ettiği Abdüssamed b. Ali’yi teftiş için Füleyh b. Süleyman’ı görevlendirmesi (Taberî, VIII, 49) bu dönemle ilgili ilk örnek olarak nitelendirilebilir (Ârif Abdülganî, s. 136). Abbâsî Devleti’nin malî kontrol mekanizmasını sağlam esaslara oturtmak isteyen Mehdî-Billâh Dîvânü’z-zimâm’ı 162’de (779) kurdu. 168’de de (784-85) diğer malî daireler içerisinde yer alan teftiş ve muhasebe bürolarını ihtiva eden Dîvânü zimâmi’l-ezimme adıyla yeni bir divan oluşturarak taşra eyaletlerindeki zimâm divanlarını buraya bağladı. Genellikle vezirlere bağlı olan bu divana zamanla merkez ve taşra için ayrı ayrı müşrif tayin edildi. Bazan Mısır ve Suriye gibi eyaletlerin denetimi için özel müşrif görevlendirilirdi (Hilâl b. Muhassin es-Sâbî, s. 183; İbnü’l-Esîr, VIII, 151).
Ebû Yûsuf’un başkadılık görevinden itibaren vergi memurlarının yanına vergi tahsilâtına bizzat katılarak âmilden ayrı belge düzenleyen bir müşrif verilmiştir (Mahzûmî, s. 35). Devletin vergi politikasıyla ilgili olarak bazı esaslar belirleyen Ebû Yûsuf, vergi tahsilinin denetimi ve yönetenlerin teftişi için halife tarafından müşrif ve divan mensubu askerî gözlemci tayin edilmesinin gerektiğini söyler. Güvenilir ve malî konularda bilgi sahibi olan müşrifler düzenli biçimde valilerin, âmillerin uygulamalarını, vergileri nasıl topladıklarını, vergi menşurlarındaki şartlara riayet edip etmediklerini, vazifelerini ne şekilde yaptıklarını halife adına denetlemelidir. Bu teftiş neticesinde onların kötü tutum ve fiilleri sabit olursa müşrifler halktan haksız yere alınan mallara el koyar ve onları cezalandırırlar (Ebû Yûsuf, s. 120).
Endülüs Emevî Devleti’nde malî işlerle ilgilenen, gelir giderleri kontrol eden ve bu iş için müşrifleri görevlendiren Dîvânü’l-harâc ve’l-cibâyât veya Dîvânü’z-zimâm da denilen Dîvânü’l-eşgāl’in başında vezirden daha nüfuzlu olan sâhibü’l-eşgāl bulunurdu. Bu uygulamanın Endülüs’te IV. (X.) yüzyıldan itibaren başladığı, daha sonra Kuzey Afrika’da kurulan devletlerde de yaygınlaştığı anlaşılmaktadır (Lévi-Provençal, III, 40). Müşrif kelimesi Ortaçağ İspanyolcası’na “almoxarife”, modern İspanyolca’ya “almojarife” şeklinde girmiştir (EI2 [İng.], VII, 679).
Fâtımîler’de malî divanların hesaplarını inceleyen ve Dîvânü’n-nazar’a bağlı çalışan büroya Dîvânü’t-tahkīk adı verilirdi. Eyyûbîler’de Dîvânü’t-tahkīk’in vazifesini Dîvânü’l-mâl üstlenir, Meclisü ashâbi’d-devâvîn isimli heyet tarafından tayin edilen, nâzırü’d-devâvîn, nâzırü’n-nüzzâr veya sâhibü dîvâni’l-mâl adı verilen ve doğrudan sultana bağlı olan başkana Suriye’de müşrifü’d-dîvân denirdi. Müşrif bu makama gelince vergi mükelleflerinin adlarını, vergi türleri ve miktarlarını gösteren defterleri teslim alır, âmiller topladıkları malları Meclisü’l-harb denilen bir memurlar grubu önünde denetlemesi için müşrife teslim ederlerdi (Şeşen, s. 174). Müşriflerin bazan görevlerini ifa ederken birtakım zorluklarla karşılaştıkları olurdu. Dîvânü’l-inşâ’nın yanı sıra 568 yılı başlarında (1172 ortaları) divan müşrifliğine tayin edilen İmâdüddin el-İsfahânî (Ebû Şâme el-Makdisî, I, 205) özellikle emîr ve askerlerin teftişini yaparken Emîr Ziyâeddin Bekrisân’dan yardım almak zorunda kalmış, Nûreddin Mahmud Zengî ölünce kâtiplik dışındaki bütün görevlerinden ve bu arada müşriflikten azledilmişti.
Memlükler’de teftiş ve müşriflik görevi Dîvânü’n-nazar’ın uhdesinde idi. Daha sonra bu görev, sultana mahsus arazinin ve tahsil edilen vergilerin kontrolüyle ilgilenen Dîvânü’l-hâs’a (nazarü’l-hâs) verildi. Bunun dışında Memlükler’de hazine müşrifliği ve matbah müşrifliği gibi görevler vardı (Kalkaşendî, IV, 30; V, 427).
Gazneliler’de beş büyük divandan biri olan Dîvân-ı İşrâf (Dîvân-ı Şuğl-i İşrâf-ı Memleket) Vezâret Divanı’nın teftiş ve denetim işleriyle ilgili bölümü olup başında bizzat sultan tarafından görevlendirilen müşrif bulunur, ayrıca ona bağlı müşrifler olurdu. Kendisine hil‘at verilen müşrif sultanın huzuruna çıkar, görevine dair tâlimat alırdı. Dîvân-ı İşrâf ganimet, vergi, hediye, müsâdere gibi yollarla hazineye giren ve hazineden çıkan malları kontrol eder, suistimaller veya uygunsuz harcamalar ortaya çıktığında teftiş yaptırır ve müstevfîlerce tutulan raporlara göre bunlar tahsil edilmeye çalışılırdı. Memuriyet tayininde hazineye mal bildirimi mecburi idi. Görevden ayrılan müşriflerin servetleri içinde gayri meşrû yoldan edinilmiş bir fazlalık varsa hazineye intikal ettirilirdi (Muhammed b. Hüseyin el-Beyhakī, s. 159-161, 257-259).
Hazinenin denetiminden sorumlu müşrife müşrif-i hizâne, medrese ve vakıflarla ilgili işlere bakan daireye İşrâf-ı Evkāf adı verilirdi. Gazneliler’de müşriflerin yanında daha çok saray ve çevresinde gizli haber alma işini üstlenen müşrif-i dergâh adlı bir görevli mevcut olup emrinde müşrifler bulunurdu. Bütün devlet görevlileri müşrifler tarafından kontrol edilir, sultanın ailesi ve çocukları dahi denetime tâbi tutulurdu. Resmî görevi Dîvân-ı Risâlet’te debîrlik olan ve sultanın emriyle gizli olarak müşrifliği üstlenen görevliye müşrif-i gulâmân-ı sarâyî adı verilirdi. Bir tür muhbir olan bu kişi gulâm koğuşlarının levazım memurları vasıtasıyla bunlar hakkında bilgi toplayarak doğrudan sultana arzederdi (a.g.e., s. 121-122, 158-160, 272).
Büyük Selçuklular’da, Dîvân-ı İstîfâ başta olmak üzere devletin askerî ve adlî konuların dışındaki dairelerinin kontrolünü yapan ve gelirlerin harcanmasını denetleyen kuruma Dîvân-ı İşrâf adı verilir, bunun başında bulunan kimseye sâhib-i dîvân-ı işrâf, müşrif-i memâlik veya sadece müşrif denirdi. Müşriflik birden fazla görevle birlikte üstlenildiği gibi vezâret makamına yükselme öncesinde yapılan önemli görevlerden biriydi (Bündârî, s. 124). Müşriflerin her eyalette ve bölgede bir nâibi olurdu. Bunlar eyalet divanını ilgilendiren şeylerden hesap vermek zorundaydılar. İşrâfın önemli görevlerden biri olduğunu kaydeden Nizâmülmülk müşriflerin güvenilir kimseler arasından seçilmesinin, bunların şehir ve nahiyelere nâib göndermesinin, ülke içinde olup biten her şeyden haberdar olmaları, hıyanet ve rüşvetten korunmaları için hazineden kendilerine gereken miktarda tahsisat ayrılmasının önemini vurgular (Siyâsetnâme, s. 79). En yüksek hesap makamı olarak nitelendirilen müşrif-i memâlik görevini üstlenecek kimselerin ayrıca itikad bakımından kuvvetli, halkın ve devletin hukukunu gözetip divan emvâlini arttıracak kimselerden olması aranırdı. Bazan müşriflerin çeşitli baskılara mâruz kaldıkları, rüşvet teklifiyle karşılaştıkları veya halka zulmettikleri de görülmektedir (Bündârî, s. 179-180). Sultan Muhammed Tapar devrinde Kemâlülmülk es-Sümeyremî, Sultan Sencer zamanında Müntecebüddin Bedî‘ el-Kâtib müşriflik yapmışlardı (Özaydın, s. 201; Köymen, VIII/4 [1951], s. 613, 622-623).
Anadolu Selçukluları’nda Büyük Selçuklular’da olduğu gibi, divan görevlileri arasında müşrif de bulunur, doğrudan vezire bağlı olan müşrif-i memâlik derece bakımından vezirden sonra gelirdi. I. İzzeddin Keykâvus zamanında İmâdüddin Zencânî, Dîvân-ı İşrâf’ın yanında evkaf idaresini de üstlenmişti. II. İzzeddin Keykâvus’a ait bir temliknâmenin şahitleri arasında müşrifü’l-eytâm ve müşrif-i beytülmâl unvanlı kişilere rastlanması, ayrıca işrâf-ı büyûtât-i hâs, işrâf-ı hizâne-i âmire gibi görevlerin bulunması, müşriflerin malî alandaki teftiş ve denetimin yanı sıra değişik görevler yaptıklarını göstermektedir.
İlhanlılar’da da denetim ve teftiş görevini üstlenen kişiye müşrif-i memâlik adı verilirdi ve ilk dönemde müşriflik doğu ve batı olmak üzere iki kısma ayrılmıştı (Uzunçarşılı, s. 218). İşrâf Divanı’nda askerî ve adlî işler dışında devletin bütün uygulamalarının yanı sıra memurların teftiş ve denetim işleri görülür, müşrif-i memâlikten özellikle suistimale müsait olan Dîvân-ı Büzürg’deki idarî ve malî uygulamaları kontrol etmesi istenirdi. Müşrif-i memâlik bir göreve tayin edilecek memurlarla ilgili görüş bildirir ve bunlar hakkında vilâyetleri teftiş için gönderdiği memurları vasıtasıyla bilgi edinirdi.
Ortaçağ’da atabegler tarafından kurulan hânedanlarda, Moğol-Türk devletlerinde ve Hindistan’da hüküm süren Türk devletlerinin teşkilâtlarında da Dîvân-ı İşrâf vardı (Şemseddîn-i Sirâc Afîf, s. 409-410; İbn Battûta, III, 235; IV, 152; Horst, s. 38).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 32. cildinde, 167-169 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.